9K37 buk

9K37 buk
Buk-M2 guided missile launcher
General Information
Type	Surface-to-air guided missile system
Local name	9K37 Buk, 9K37M1 Buk-M1, 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2, 9K317 Buk-M2, 9K317M Buk-M3
NATO designation	SA-11 Gadfly, SA-17 Grizzly, SA-27
Country of origin	Soviet Union Russia
Manufacturer	NIIP, DNPP, Nowator NPO
development	1972
Commissioning	1980
Working time	in service
Unit price	~ 300,000 US dollars (9M317 missile)
Technical specifications
length	9M38 & 9M317 : 5.55 m. 9M317M : 5.18 m
diameter	9M38 & 9M317 : 330/400 mm 9M317M : 360 mm
Combat weight	9M38 : 690 kg 9M317 : 715 kg 9M317M : 581 kg
span	9M38 & 9M317 : 860 mm 9M317M : 820 mm
drive	Solid rocket engine
speed	9M38 : 850 m / s 9M317 : 1,200 m / s 9M317M : 1,550 m / s
Range	9M38 : 28 km 9M317 : 50 km 9M317M : 65-70 km
Service ceiling	9M38 : 20,000 m 9M317 : 25,000 m 9M317M : 35,000 m
Furnishing
steering	INS , data link
Target location	SARH
Warhead	9M38 70 kg fragmentation warhead 9M317 : 70 kg continuous rod 9M317M : 62 kg continuous rod
Detonator	Impact and radar proximity fuze
Weapon platforms	Tracked vehicles, wheeled vehicles, ships
Lists on the subject

The 9K37 Buk ( Russian Бук М1 , " beech ") is a mobile medium -range surface-to-air guided missile system that was developed in the Soviet Union and is used today by the armed forces of Russia , among others . The NATO code names are SA-11 Gadfly , SA-11 Grizzly and SA-27, depending on the version .

development

In 1971 a study began in the Soviet Union to develop a successor system for the air defense systems 2K12 Kub (NATO code name SA-6 Gainful) and 2K11 Krug (NATO code name SA-6 Ganef). The study concluded that the main vulnerability of the 2K11 and 2K12 systems was the vulnerability of the batteries' central fire control radars . If this fire control radar was destroyed or interfered with with electronic countermeasures , this meant the failure of the entire battery. Because of this, the study authors recommended that the future system should house the fire control radar along with the guided weapons on a tracked vehicle . Likewise, the new guided missiles were to be equipped with a solid rocket engine and not with a ramjet engine like the previous models . In the first days of January 1972, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR awarded the contract to develop the 9K37 Buk system. The new system was to be used by both the air defense troops of the land forces of the USSR and the Soviet Navy . Development began on January 13, 1972 under the direction of the Tichomirow Scientific Research and Development Office (NIIP) in Zhukovsky . Next, companies were Dolgoprudny Research Production Enterprise (DNPP) , Nowator NPO , Fasotron-NIIR and Mechanical Ulyanovsk (UMZ) involved in the development. The marine version is developed in collaboration with the Altair-MNIIRE design office . During the development in 1974, the requirement was to integrate the 9K37 system into the 2K12 Kub systems that were already in use in order to enable the parallel use of both air defense systems. After adjustments to the 9K37 system and factory tests in 1975, troop trials took place in 1976. The resulting system was called 2K12M4 Kub-M4 or 9K37-1 Buk-1 and was put into service in 1978. The factory tests and shooting attempts with the pre-production version 9K37-1 Buk-1 took place between 1977 and 1978. At the same time, the first systems for troop tests were delivered to the land forces of the USSR. The actual production version 9K37 Buk was operational in 1980.

technology

The 9K37 Buk is used to combat combat helicopters , combat aircraft , unmanned aerial vehicles , cruise missiles and air-to-ground guided missiles at low to medium altitudes. From the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 version, short-range ballistic missiles can also be intercepted. It is used for air defense above the battlefield and to protect motorized and mechanized formations. Buk can be used mobile in the field and is all weather capable. All components are on GM-567 , GM-569 and 579 GM - tracked vehicles installed. This means that Buk can move on and off the road. The system does not require any prepared positions and this can be anywhere in the area. It takes five to seven minutes to prepare for battle . The vehicles use extendable antennas for data transmission among each other .

The Buk system roughly consists of the following components: a fire control station, a surveillance radar, the missile starters with the missiles and the fire control radar , reloading vehicles with a crane and other components for autonomous or combined use.

Fire control station

A central fire control station is used with the Buk system. In the first versions, this is called 9S470 . The fire control station is installed on a GM-579 tracked vehicle. This has a length of 8.37 m, is 3.25 m wide and has a height of 2.96 m (without antennas ). The vehicle weighs 28.9  tons and reaches a speed of 65 km / h on the road. The reconnaissance data from the 9S18 surveillance radar and those from the fire control radars from the missile starters converge in the fire control station and are processed there with redundant real-time computer systems. Six operators lead the fire fight from the fire control station, and they can also receive instructions from a higher-level command post . The fire control center has extensive communication facilities that allow combat command personnel to communicate with various reconnaissance and command systems. In the fire control station, the flight routes and from 46 to 75 destinations (depending on the version) can be followed at the same time . Of these, the target parameters can be determined from six and sent to the missile starters. The fire control station carries out the following actions:

• Control / coordination of up to six guided missile starters of the battery
• Acquisition, identification, tracking of air targets
• Friend-Foe Detection (IFF)
• Prioritization of the individual air targets and the transfer of the most dangerous ones to the fire control radars of the guided missile starters
• Control and coordination of electronic countermeasures
• Data exchange with neighboring units as well as the higher level

Depending on the Buk version, the fire control station bears the designation 9S470M1 , 9S470M1-1 or 9S470M2 . From version 9K317 Buk-M2 onwards, it bears the designation 9S510 .

Surveillance radar

9S18M1 surveillance radar

The surveillance radar of the original version 9K37-1 Buk-1 was the 9S18 Kupol (NATO code name Tube Arm ). This was installed on a tracked vehicle of the type MT-S . It had a crew of three and weighed 28.5 tons. The surveillance radar uses a toroidal antenna with which targets can be detected and monitored in a 360 ° circle. The rotation speed of the antenna was infinitely variable between 4.5 and 18 seconds per rotation. The radar antenna was lowered onto the vehicle roof during transport. This surveillance radar was a frequency-controlled pulse radar with an average pulse power of 3.5  kilowatts . The radar worked in the S-band in the centimeter range. The radar system had a friend-foe detection (IFF) and had a range of 110 to 120 km. A large flight target at an altitude of 3,000 m could be accompanied over a distance of 110 to 120 km. A flight target at an altitude of 30 m could be located at around 45 km. The 9S18 surveillance radar proved to be less reliable in practice. The radar components were unreliable and software problems regularly resulted in data loss and total system failure. The radar was also vulnerable to electronic countermeasures . Because of these shortcomings, it was soon taken out of service and replaced by a more powerful radar.

From the first series version 9K37 Buk, the improved 9S18M Kupol-M (NATO code name Snow Drift ) 3D surveillance radar is used. This radar is installed on a GM-567M1 tracked vehicle and has a crew of three. The vehicle is 9.95 m long, 3.25 m wide and 3.25 m high (without radar antenna). The vehicle weighs around 35 tons and reaches a speed of 65 km / h on the road. The surveillance radar uses a rectangular phased array antenna with a slot emitter, with which targets can be detected and accompanied in a 360 ° circle. The antenna rotates continuously between 3 and 14 revolutions per minute. It can also stand still and be used for a static search sector with a horizontal opening angle of 30 °. An opening angle of 0 to 40 ° is used in the vertical plane. Targets up to an altitude of 25 to 35 km can be recorded and accompanied (depending on the version). The radar antenna is lowered onto the vehicle roof during transport. The radar works in the I-band in the centimeter range. The average pulse power is 0.7 kilowatts and the maximum pulse power is 700 kilowatts. The maximum for the azimuth resolution is 20  arc minutes . The maximum error in the distance measurement is 100 to 400 m (depending on the version). The installed radar range is 160 km in the latest version. A flight target at an altitude of 100 m can be located at around 35 km. Low- altitude flight destinations should be able to be recorded and monitored over distances of 20 to 25 km. At the same time, 50 to 120 destinations (depending on the version) can be accompanied and the destination data can be determined from six of them. The radar system has its own friend-foe detection system (IFF) and the target data determined are automatically forwarded to the 9S470 fire control station. Depending on the Buk version, the surveillance radar is named 9S18M Kupol-M , 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 , 9S18M2 Kupol-2 or 9S18M3 Kupol-3 .

Guided missile starters

The guided missile starter that was used with the first version of the 9K37 Buk was that of the 9A38 . In the later versions of the Buk, this vehicle is designated 9A310 and 9A317 . The guided missile launcher is installed on a GM-569 tracked vehicle and has a crew of four. The vehicle is 9.30 m long, 3.25 m wide and 3.25 m high. The vehicle weighs 32.4 to 35 tons (depending on the version) and reaches a speed of 65 km / h on the road. A platform with four guided weapons and the fire control radar, which can be rotated 360 ° in the horizontal plane, is housed on the chassis . The launcher frame with the missiles can be adjusted up to a maximum of 75 ° in the vertical plane.

The guided missile starters 9A38 and 9A310 are equipped with the 9S35 Orech (NATO code name Fire Dome ) fire control radar. This is located under a radome on the front of the rotating platform. An electronic-optical aiming device of the type 9Sch38 Karat is also attached to the radome . With this, targets can be tracked over a distance of 22 to 27 km. The radar uses a torus antenna and works in the H and I band in the centimeter range, with a frequency of 6 to 10  GHz . If the radar is in search mode, the monopulse method is used with an average pulse power of 1 kW and 72 fixed frequencies. In search mode, the 9S35 radar works with a horizontal opening angle of 60 ° and in the vertical plane an opening angle of −10 to + 80 ° is used. In this mode, flight targets can be recorded at an altitude of 3000 m over 30 to 85 km (depending on the version). A target at an altitude of 30 m can be detected at a distance of 20 to 25 km. If a target has been discovered or the fire control radar has been assigned one by the 2S470 fire control station, the radar switches to target tracking mode. The radar now ensures semi-active homing for the anti-aircraft guided weapons . It can control three guided missiles against a target at the same time. Now the radar works as a continuous wave radar with an average pulse power of 2 KW. In target tracking mode, the radar works with a horizontal and vertical opening angle of 7 °. The 9S35M Orech-M and 9S35M1 Orech-M1 versions of the fire control radar exist for the 9A38 and 9A310 guided missile starters . They can be used for target search of the guided missiles of the type 9M38, 3M9M3 and 3M9M4. The more modern guided missile starters 9A317 and 9A317M are equipped with the new 9S36 (NATO code name Front Dome) fire control radar. This used a phased array antenna. It works in search mode in C-band and in target tracking mode in X-band. The 9S36 radar has a horizontal opening angle of 120 ° and this sector can be scanned for flight targets within four seconds. In this search mode, flight targets can be detected at an altitude of 3000 m over 100 km. In target tracking mode, targets can be tracked for around 95 km. Later versions of this radar have the ability to multi-target and have the ability to track-while-scan . The later 9S36 radars can track 24 targets at the same time and simultaneously control four guided missiles against four targets. The 9S36 radar ensures semi-active homing for the anti-aircraft guided weapons of the type 9M38 , 3M38M and 9M317 . An electronic-optical targeting device of the type 9Sch38-3 with a laser rangefinder is also attached to the radar radome .

Supply and launch vehicle

9A316 supply and launch vehicle

The supply and start vehicles are called 9A39 , 9A39M , 9A39M1 or 9A316 and 9A316M depending on the version . The vehicle is primarily used as a supply vehicle for the 9A38 / 9A310 / 9A317 guided missile launch vehicles. In addition, it can also launch guided missiles itself. In this case, it receives radar target data for the missile from a nearby 9A38 / 9A317 missile launcher. For this purpose, the loading area is positioned in the vertical plane up to a maximum of 75 ° and the guided weapons are started directly from this. This vehicle is also based on a GM-569 tracked vehicle and has a crew of three. The vehicle has a length of 9.96 m, is 3.31 m wide and has a height of 3.80 m. The vehicle weighs 35 tons and reaches a speed of 65 km / h on the road. The supply and launch vehicle is similar to the missile launch vehicle, but instead of the fire control radar it is equipped with a loading crane and eight missiles. The guided missiles are mounted in two racks in which four are accommodated in two layers. Reloading an empty missile launch vehicle takes 13 to 15 minutes.

Guided missiles

9M38

Buk guided missiles

The versions Buk-1, Buk, Buk-M1 and Buk-M1 use the 9M38 guided missiles. These are single-stage missiles and have a typically cylindrical fuselage. The appearance and functionality of the 9M38 missile is similar to the US RIM-66 standard missile. The first third of the missile has a diameter of 330 mm. The rest of the missile hull has a diameter of 400 mm. Two groups of steering and control wings are attached to the body of the missile. In the rear area there are four trapezoidal control wings with a span of 860 mm. On the middle length of the missile fuselage four elongated stabilization surfaces are attached , which extend up to the control surfaces on the missile tail . The body of the 9M38-guided weapon is divided into several sections: Behind the ogival missile tip the semiactive is 9E50 - radar seeker (when the first missile was 9E47 -Radarsuchkopf installed). Thereafter, the following 9B1103M -Bordcomputer with an Inertial Navigation System , and the radar proximity fuze of the type 9E241 . It is followed by the 70 kg 9N310 fragmentation warhead. This has an effective radius of 15 to 17 m. In the next trunk portion with a diameter of 400 mm which is 9D151 - solid-fuel rocket housed. The combustion chamber is located at the rear in the stern . The gas generator and the turbo generator for the electricity supply are located next to the nozzle . The actuators for the control surfaces are also located there . The solid rocket propellant consists of two sections. The first section uses a fast-burning propellant that accelerates the missile to a cruising speed of around 850 m / s after take-off. After the first section has burned out, the second section ignites immediately. This section has a lower specific impulse and ensures that the marching speed is maintained. The maximum burn time of the rocket motor is around 15 seconds. The missile can perform flight maneuvers with a maximum lateral load of 23  g . The 9E50 radar seeker can detect targets with a radar cross-section of 5 m² at a distance of up to 40 km. The export designation of this guided weapon is 9M38E .

The guided missile versions 9M38M and 9M38M1 also exist. Outwardly, these cannot be distinguished from the previous model. These new guided missiles use the improved 9E50M / M1 seeker heads as well as improved electronics. The new 9N314M warhead is also used. This has a splinter jacket made of preformed X-shaped fragments and has an effective radius of around 17 m. The export designation for these guided missiles is 9M38ME / M1E .

9M317

9M317 guided missiles

The Buk-M1 and Buk-M2 versions use the newer 9M317 guided missiles. These also have a fuselage geometry with two diameters of 330 and 400 mm but have a reinforced missile cell. The 9M317 missile has redesigned stabilization surfaces. These have a larger span and are significantly shorter than the previous model 9M38. The 9M317-guided missile has a more powerful solid rocket motor with a 9D172 - double pulse motor , which gives it a longer range. New electronics and the digital semi-active 9E420 radar search head are also used. Also in this missile type, the new is 9N318 - Continuous Rod -Sprengkopf with the 9E346 installed -Radar-proximity fuze. The 9M317 guided missiles can perform maneuvers with a maximum lateral load of 40  g . The export designation of this missile is 9M317E .

9M317A

The 9M317A guided missile is based on the 9M317 model, but is equipped with the actively working 9B1103M-350 radar search head. This radar seeker comes from the air-to-air missile R-77 (NATO code name AA-12 Adder). The Buk systems from version 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1 can use this guided weapon. The export name of this missile is 9M317AE .

9M317M

9M317M missile in the starting container

The 9M317M model is a completely new guided weapon and is used with the 9K317M Buk-M3 version. The guided weapon has a constant hull diameter of 360 mm and is driven by a solid-state double-pulse motor. At the end of the fuselage there are four thrusters for the thrust vector control . In the rear area there are four small trapezoidal stabilization surfaces and four control surfaces. A digital on-board computer with an integrated navigation system is used for steering. The semi-active 9E432 radar search head is used for target location . The export name of this missile is 9M317ME .

Overview of guided missiles

Technical data

Guided missile	9M38	9M38M / M1	9M317	9M317A	9M317M
Buk system	9K37-1, 9K37, 9K37M1, 9K37M1-2	9K37, 9K37M1, 9K37M1-2	9K37M1-2, 9K317	9K37M1-2, 9K317	9K317M
length	5.55 m				5.18 m
Hull diameter	330/400 mm				360 mm
Wingspan	860 mm				820 mm
Dimensions	690 kg		715 kg	720 kg	581 kg
drive	1 stage, solid rocket engine		Solid-state double pulse motor
Warhead	70 kg fragmentation warhead		70 kg continuous rod		62 kg continuous rod
Detonator	Impact and radar proximity fuze
Airspeed	850 m / s		1,200 m / s		1,550 m / s
Extermination zone	3.5-28 km	3.5-30 km	3–45 km	3–50 km	2.5-70 km
Bet height	25-18,000 m	20-20,000 m	15-25,000 m		15-35,000 m
Steering system	INS + SARH + HOJ			INS + Active radar target search	INS + SARH + HOJ

variants

9K37-1 Buk-1

The first systems of the pre-production version 9K37-1 Buk-1 were delivered to the land forces of the USSR in 1976 for troop tests. In 1978, Buk-1 was finally operational. Buk-1 could be used in conjunction with the 2K12M4 Kub-M4 system (NATO code name SA-6 Gainful) and was compatible with it . The 9A38 guided missile launcher was able to use the 9M38 guided missiles of the Buk-1 system as well as the 3M9M3 and 3M9M4 guided missiles of the Kub-M4. Fire control could also be carried out in cooperation with the 1S91 fire control radar (NATO code name Straight Flush) of the Kub-M4. The Buk-1 system was still very immature due to the great time pressure in the development and the performance fell short of expectations. The modern radars and the software for the fire control caused problems from the start. The 9S18 cupola surveillance radar in particular repeatedly caused major problems in use. The Buk-1 version was only produced in small numbers and was soon replaced. Buk-1 had a horizontal combat range of 3.5 to 28 km. The vertical range of use was 25 to 18,000 m. Flight targets could be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 800 m / s. The 9S35 fire control radar on the 9A38 missile launcher was able to control two missiles against a single target at the same time. The NATO code name of Buk-1 is SA-11A Gadfly .

9K37 buk

The first Buk series version was created parallel to the 9K37-1 version and was delivered to the land forces of the USSR in February 1980. It uses the 9S470 fire control station, the 9S18M Kupol-M surveillance radar and the 9A310 guided missile launcher. The 9M38M guided missiles were used. A Buk battery can fight three targets at the same time with three 9A310 missile launchers (one target with a missile launcher). The 9S35M Orech-M fire control radar on the missile launcher can simultaneously control three missiles against a single target. Buk had a horizontal combat range of 3.5 to 30 km. The vertical operating range was 20 to 20.00 m. Flight targets could be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 820 m / s. This Buk version was also only produced in small numbers and later converted to the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 stand. Buk's NATO code name is SA-11A Gadfly .

9K37M1 Buk-M1

Buk-M1 guided missile starter with 9M38 guided missiles

In November 1979, before the first 9K37 Buk systems were put into service, the planners at NIIP received the order to develop the improved 9K37M1 Buk-M1 system. This system was supposed to replace the Buk systems in use at the beginning of the 1980s. During development, priority was given to the combat against cruise missiles and air-to-surface guided missiles . The teething problems that have existed since the first version should also be eliminated. The upgraded components of the Buk-M1 System were designed to be interchangeable with the older Buk systems. The tests with the improved Buk-M1 system took place between February and December 1982. Then the acceptance tests were carried out by the state authorities. The new system was introduced to the Russian national armed forces from 1983. All Buk systems already in use have been upgraded to the Buk-M1 stand. Buk-M1 uses the 9S470M1 fire control station, the 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 surveillance radar and the 9A310M guided missile launcher with the 2S35M1 fire control radar. A Buk battery with six 9A310M missile launchers can fight six targets at the same time (one target with a missile launcher). The guided weapon type 9M38M1 is used . Buk-M1 has a horizontal combat range of 3.5 to 35 km. The vertical range of application is 20 to 22,000 m. Flight targets can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 850 m / s. A cruise missile at an altitude of 30 m can be fought in a range of 3.5 to 9.5 km. For one at an altitude of 6000 m, this value is 3.5 to 26 km. The reaction time from target acquisition with the radar to launch of the missile is a maximum of 22 seconds. The NATO code name of Buk-M1 is SA-11A Gadfly .

9K37M1E Buk-M1-2E

This is the export version of the 9K37M1 Buk-M1. Another name is gang

9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2

Buk M1-2 guided missile starter with 9M317 guided missiles

The Buk-M1-2 version was created in response to the US experience in the 1991 Gulf War . The Buk-M1-2 was intended to respond to the combat aircraft that were often used in this conflict for electronic warfare . Likewise, the capacity to combat small unmanned aerial vehicles and ballistic missiles should be added. The Buk-M1-2 was developed between 1994 and 1997 as an interim solution for the later Buk-M2. Some of the old computer components were replaced by modern computers and the communication interfaces were renewed. Improved software was also installed and the new 9M317 guided missile was introduced, although the older 9M38 guided missiles can also be used. Buk-M1-2 uses the 9S470M1-2 fire control station, the 9S18M1 Kupol-M1 surveillance radar and the 9A310M1-2 guided missile launcher with the 2S35M2 fire control radar. A Buk-M1-2 battery with six 9A310M1-2 missile starters can simultaneously deploy 18 missiles against six targets. Buk-M1-2 has a horizontal combat range of 3 to 45 km. The vertical range of use is 15 to 25,000 m. Air targets approaching from the front can be fought up to a flight speed of 1,200 m / s. The maximum airspeed for combating an air target that is flying away is between 300 and 350 m / s. The Buk-M1-2 can also intercept short-range ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 150 km. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 1200 m / s over a distance of 15 to 20 km. Radar-reflecting ground targets can also be combated. Buk-M1-2 was developed primarily for the export market. The NATO code name of Buk-M1-2 is SA-11B Gadfly .

9K37M1-2E Buk-M1-2E

This is the export version of the 9K37M1 Buk-M1-2. Another name is the Urals

9K40 Buk-M2

This Buk version was created at the end of the 1990s as a prototype for the later version 9K317 Buk-M2. Only a single battery was produced and tested.

9K317 Buk-M2

Buk M2 guided missile starter with 9M317 guided missiles

With the Buk-M2 a profoundly modernized version of the Buk was created, in which the electronics from the 1970s were replaced by modern components. For this purpose, new software with new control algorithms was installed. This automatically determines the optimal flight vector for the missile and coordinates its trajectories. Compared to the previous versions, Buk-M2 has a higher degree of automation. The Buk-M2 can fight flight targets, cruise missiles, air-to-ground guided missiles, distance and precision weapons as well as short-range ballistic missiles. Buk-M2 was presented for the first time at the MAKS 2007 trade fair . Buk-M2 uses the 9S510 fire control station, the 9S18M2 cupola 2 surveillance radar and the 9A317 guided missile launcher with the 9S36 phased array fire control radar. This radar can track 24 targets at the same time and simultaneously control four 9M317 guided missiles against four targets. Thus, a Buk-M2 battery with six guided missile starters can fight 24 targets at the same time. The 2S36-1 Giraffe surveillance and fire control radar (NATO code name Chair Back ) is added to the Buk-M2 . This radar system is also housed on a tracked vehicle. The phased array radar is mounted on a 21 m high, hydraulically erectable antenna mast. The radar is used in hilly or wooded areas. 2S36-1 can detect and guide targets at a distance of 120 km. Two 9A316 supply and launch vehicles can be connected to the 2S36-1 radar, for whose missiles it ensures the target search and missile control. The 2S36-1 radar can simultaneously control eight missiles against four targets. Buk-M2 has a horizontal combat range of 3 to 50 km. The vertical range of use is 15 to 25.00 m. Buk-M2 can fight frontally approaching air targets up to a flight speed of 1,200 m / s. The maximum airspeed for combating a flying target is 300 to 400 m / s. The Buk-M2 can intercept short-range ballistic missiles with a maximum range of 150 km. These can be fought up to a maximum flight speed of 1200 m / s over a distance of 20 km. Buk-M2's NATO code name is SA-17 Grizzly .

9K317E Buk-M2E

This is the export version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 which has been offered in different versions on the export market since the 2000s. Buk-M2E can be installed on either the GM-579 tracked vehicle or the MZKT-6922 vehicle model.

9K317M Buk-M3

Buk-3 guided missile launcher

The Buk-M3 version was first mentioned in 2005. It is based on the Buk Marine version 3S90M Esch . After some delays, Buk-M3 was introduced to the Russian National Forces in 2016. The Buk-M3 systems for the Russian National Forces are installed on GM-5955 tracked vehicles. Buk-M3 uses the 9S510M fire control station, the 9S18M3 cupola-3 surveillance radar and the 9A317M guided missile launcher with the 9S36M phased array fire control radar. Each guided missile starter is equipped with six 9M317M missiles, which are housed in cylindrical containers. There is also the 9A316M supply and launch vehicle with which 12 guided weapons can be transported. Like the previous models, this vehicle can also launch guided missiles. A Buk-M3 battery with six 9A317M missile starters can fight 36 targets at the same time (six targets per missile launcher). Buk-M3 has a horizontal combat range of 2.5 to 70 km. The vertical range of use is 15 to 35,000 m. Buk-M3 can fight air targets up to a flight speed of 3,000 m / s. Short-range ballistic missiles can also be fought over a distance of 20 km. Small flight targets with a radar cross-section of 0.1 m² can be attacked from a distance of 17 to 18 km. The NATO code name of Buk-M3 is SA-27 .

Viking

This is the export version of the 9K317M Buk-M3, which has been available since 2018. Viking can be installed on both the GM-5955 tracked vehicle and the MZKT-6922 vehicle model. It is compatible with the Antey-2500 air defense system and can be used in parallel with it. The 9A383E guided missile launcher was also developed for the Viking system . This is equipped with four containers for 9M83ME guided weapons from the Antey 2500 system. With this type of guided missile, Viking can reach a horizontal combat range of up to 130 km.

9S90 Uragan

The 9S90 Uragan is the marine version of the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 and is used on the destroyers of the Project 956 (Sowremenny class |). Another designation is M-22 . Six 3R90 fire control radars and the 9M38M / M1 guided missiles are used. The NATO code name of the 9S90 Uragan is SA-N-7A / B Gadfly . The export version is called 9S90E Schtil or 9S90E Smertsch , depending on the version .

9S90 Esch

The 9S90 Esch is the marine version of the 9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2 and is used on the destroyers of the second series of the Project 956 (Sowremenny class). Six 3R90M fire control radars and the 9M317 guided missiles are used. The NATO code name of the 9S90 Esch is SA-N-12 Grizzly . The export version is called 9S90E Schtil .

9S90M Esch

The 9S90M Esch is the marine version of the 9K317M Buk-M3 and is used on the frigates of the Project 11356M (Admiral Grigorowitsch class). The 9M317M guided missiles with a vertical take-off system for missiles are used . The NATO code name of the 9S90M Esch is SA-N-7C Gollum . The export version is called 3S90E Schtil-1 or 3S90E.1 Schtil-1 , depending on the version .

Buk-MB

The Buk-MB variant comes from Belarus . Buk-MB is produced by GNPA Agat and was first introduced in 2005. This is an improved version of the Buk-M1. The Belarusian version uses more modern electronics and has a higher degree of automation. Buk-MB is installed either on a tracked vehicle or on an MZKT 692250 truck. The guided missiles 9M38M and 9M318 are used . The latter is an improved 9M38M guided missile with an active radar seeker head. The further developments Buk-MB2 and Buck-MB3 also exist . With the 9M318 guided missiles, Buk-MB has a horizontal combat range of 3 to 70 km. The vertical range of use is 15 to 25,000 m.

Raad

The Raad anti-aircraft missile system originated in Iran and was introduced in 2012. Raad is a Buk-M1 which has been upgraded to a Buk-M2-like version. The three-axle launch vehicle transports three Taer 2 rockets , which outwardly resemble the 9M317 . There are also anti-aircraft missile systems 3. Khordad and Tabas , which also use Buk components. According to Iranian information, Raad has a fighting range of 24 to 60 km (depending on the version). The vertical range of application should be between 14,000 and 30,000 m, depending on the version.

HQ-16

The HQ-16 anti-aircraft missile system originates from the People's Republic of China and was developed there from 2005. HQ-16 is based on the marine version 3S90 Schtil which the Navy of the People's Republic of China received from Russia. By reverse engineering developed China then the vehicle-based version HQ 16th A TAS5380 truck is used as the starting vehicle . The six guided missiles are located in transport and launch containers and are launched vertically from these. According to Chinese information, HQ-16 has a fighting range of 40 to 70 km (depending on the version). Depending on the version, the vertical range of use should be 18,000 to 20,000 m. The marine version is called HHQ-16 and the export version is called LY-80 . The NATO code name is CSA-16 .

Overview of system components

Technical data

Buk system	9K37-1 Buk-1	9K37 buk	9K37M1 Buk-M1	9K37M1-2 Buk-M1-2	9K317 Buk-M2	9K317M Buk-M3
NATO code names	SA-11A Gadfly	SA-11A Gadfly	SA-11A Gadfly	SA-11B Gadfly	SA-17 grizzly	SA-27
Fire control station	9S470	9S470	9S470M1	9S470M1-2	9S510	9S510M
Surveillance radar	9S18 cupola	9S18M Cupola-M	9S18M1 cupola-M1	9S18M2 cupola-2	9S18M2 cupola-2	9S18M3 cupola-3
Guided missile starters	9A38	9A310	9A310M	9A310M1-2	9A317	9A317M
Supply and launch vehicle	9A39	9A39	9A39M	9A39M1	9A316	9A316M
Fire control radar	9S35 Orech	9S35M	9S35M1	2S35M2	9S36	9S36M
Guided missile type	9M38	9M38M	9M38M1	9M317	9M317	9M317M
Extermination zone	3.5-28 km	3.5-30 km	3.5-35 km	3–45 km	3–50 km	2.5-70 km
Bet height	25-18,000 m	20-20,000 m	20-22,000 m	15-25,000 m		15-35,000 m

Battle structure

A Buk brigade consists of two to three departments . A buk department consists of a stick battery and three guided missile batteries. The Buk missile batteries are each equipped with a 9S470 fire control station, a 9S18 surveillance radar, three 9A38 / 9A310 guided missile starters and three 9A39 / 9A316 supply and launch vehicles. From the Buk-M1 version up to six 9A310 missile starters can be used per battery. The air traffic control performed at the level brigade 1L119 Nebo and 39N6 Casta-2 -Überwachungsradars. The data obtained about the overall air situation are evaluated and processed there in the C³I system D4M Polyana (9S52) or Osnowa-1 . The D4M Polyana system can also be supplied with radar data from the C² systems of S-300W brigades. The data is forwarded from the D4M Polyana system to the 9S470 fire control station in the Buk department. At the brigade level, the fire control radars of the launch vehicles of the guided missile batteries can also be accessed directly.

Air targets are usually recorded at brigade level using radar and forwarded to the 9S470 fire control station of a Buk battery. Both the buk department and the buk battery can be used autonomously. At the buk battery level, the targets are tracked with the 9S18 surveillance radar. If the flight targets come into the area of ​​action of the Buk missile starter, the targets are recorded and accompanied by the fire control radar on the missile starter. If the flight targets come within the combat range of the missile launcher, the missiles can be started.

War missions

Caucasus War 2008

During the Caucasus War in 2008 , Georgia's defense forces were able to shoot down one to four Russian aircraft, including a Tu-22M "backfire" bomber, using Buk systems, depending on the source .

civil war in Syria

As part of the civil war in Syria , the Syrian armed forces use Buk systems to protect the airspace. Confirmed kills are not yet known.

Downing of the passenger flight MH17

→ Main article : Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

On July 17, 2014, Malaysia Airlines' MH17 passenger aircraft was shot down over Ukraine by a Russian Buk-M1 missile. The International Commission of Investigations published these interim results on September 28, 2016 in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands . The launch pad and the rocket came from Russia, were stationed on pro-Russian rebel territory, and the launch pad was returned to Russian territory immediately after being shot down.

Three days before the MH17 was shot down, a Ukrainian military machine, an Antonov An-26 , was shot down for the first time at a higher altitude than was possible with the well - known shoulder-mounted weapons - according to the Ukrainian Defense Minister Valeri Geletej at 6,500 meters (approx. 21,300 feet) and from Russia, for which the Russian news portal Lenta.ru named a Buk as a possible weapon.

On August 7, 2014, a Ukrainian Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 was shot down near Yenakiev . Ukrajinska Pravda , among others, named a Buk as a weapon system that was very likely to be possible.

distribution

Venezuelan Buk-M2E launch vehicle MZKT-6922 at a military parade

•  Algeria - 1 battery Buk-M2E.
•  Azerbaijan - Buk and Buk-MB.
•  Egypt - 40 Buk-M1-2 and Buk-M2E.
•  People's Republic of China - Navy version on the ships of the Sowremenny class , Type 052B class and Type 054A class, as well as the vehicle-based HQ-16 .
•  Finland - Received three 9K37 Buk-M1 batteries (local name “ItO 96”) from Russia in the mid-1990s as part of the settlement of Soviet debts. The system was phased out in 2015.
•  Georgia - 1-2 buk batteries. Two launch vehicles and two transport vehicles are said to have been captured by Russian troops during the Caucasus War in 2008 .
•  India - Navy execution on Delhi-class and Talwar-class ships .
•  Iran - Unknown number of execution Raad .
•  Kazakhstan - Unknown number of buk.
•  North Korea - Unknown number of buk.
•  Russia - As of October 16, 2019 there are 370 Buk-M1-2, Buk-M2 and 92 Buk-M3 launch vehicles in service.
•  Serbia - Shortly before the Yugoslav wars , individual Buk components were delivered from Russia. In 2018, Serbia received two surplus Buk-M1 batteries from Belarus; Planned modernization to the Buk-MB version.
•  Syria - Four Buk-M1-2E and eight Buk-M2E.
•  Ukraine - 60 9K37 Buk.
•  Venezuela - Unknown number of Buk-M2E.
•  Belarus - 2 brigades with Buk and Buk-MB.
•  Cyprus - 4 Buk-M1-2E (1 battery).

literature

• Charles C. Boyd: International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook, Edition 2004. Journal of Electronic Defense, Horizon House Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-58053-155-5 .
• Tony Cullen & Christopher F. Foss: Jane's Land-based Air-Defense, Edition 2000–2001. Jane's Information Group , United Kingdom, 2001, ISBN 0-7106-2022-5 .

Web links

Commons : Buk M1  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Film about the development of Buk - Film at youtube.com

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} 9K40 Buk-M2. In: missile.index.ne.jp. Missile Index, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Michal Fiszer & Jerzy Gruszczynski: Russia's Roving SAM’s . Journal of Electronic Defense (JED), July 2002.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Ray Austen, Roland Wenger, Adrian Ochsenbein: The Buk Air Defense Missile System . Defense Threat Information Group (DTIG), November 2013.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} ЗЕНИТНО-РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «БУК» (9К37). In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Said Aminow: ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 9К37 "БУК" (SA-11 Gadfly). In: pvo.guns.ru. Вестник ПВО, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Tony Cullen & Christopher F. Foss: Jane's Land-based Air-Defense, Edition 2000–2001. 2001, pp. 145-148.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Dr. Carlo Kopp: NIIP 9K37 / 9K37M1 / 9K317 Buk M1 / ​​M2. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
8. ↑ ^{a b} Василин Н.Я., Гуринович А.Л. - Зенитные ракетные комплексы (page 244). In: studfiles.net. Зенитные ракетные комплексы, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} 9К37 Бук - SA-11 GADFLY. In: militaryrussia.ru. Military Russia, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Anti-aircraft missile complex BUK 9K37. In: rwd-mb3.de. Missile and Weapons Service in Kdo.MB III, accessed on March 30, 2020 . 
12. ↑ ^{a b c d e} ЗЕНИТНО-РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «БУК М1». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
13. ↑ ^{a b c d} Dr. Carlo Kopp: Engagement and Fire Control Radars. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Australia, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
14. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Jean-Pierre Petit: Les Systèmes d'arme sol-air-àmoyenne portée SA-6 & SA-11. (PDF) In: artillerie.asso.fr. Arma Section G, Volume G4, accessed March 30, 2020 (French). 
15. ^ ^{A b} Charles C. Boyd: International Electronic Countermeasures Handbook, Edition 2004. 2004, p. 121.
16. ^ Air Combat Capability Program - Request for Government Proposal. (PDF) In: belgianmilitaryinterests.be. Belgian Military Interests, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
17. ↑ ^{a b} Sergey Samoilyuk: BUK-M1 . Military Parade 03/1994, Military Parade Publishing House, March 1994.
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Missile profile: 9K37 Buk. In: janes.com. Jane's, July 14, 2014, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
19. ↑ Dutch Safety Board - Crash MH17, July 17, 2014. In: onderzoeksraad.nl. Dutch Safety Board, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
20. ↑ A detailed description of the BUK SA-11 which could have shot down MH17. In: whathappenedtoflightmh17.com. What Happened to Flight MH17, October 14, 2015, accessed on March 30, 2020 . 
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Tony Cullen & Christopher F. Foss: Jane's Land-based Air-Defense, Edition 2000–2001. 2001, pp. 156-158.
22. ↑ Said Aminov: ЗРК "Бук-М1-2". In: pvo.guns.ru. Вестник ПВО, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
23. ↑ Sergey Samoilyuk: 9M317 Missile: The ultimate Performer . Military Parade 03/1999, Military Parade Publishing House, March 1999.
24. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Зенитная управляемая ракета 9М317. In: vpk.name. ВПК.name, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
25. ↑ Highlights from Almaz-Antey 2008 financial report. In: pvo.guns.ru. Вестник ПВО, October 14, 2015, accessed on March 30, 2020 . 
26. ↑ ^{a b} 9К317М Бук-М3, ракета 9М317М. In: militaryrussia.ru. Military Russia, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
27. ↑ ^{a b} ЗРК "Бук". In: avia.pro. Avia Pro, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
28. ↑ Зенитные ракетные комплексы семейства «Бук». In: topwar.ru. Военное обозрение, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
29. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Tomasz Szulc: Russian Surface-to-Air Missiles by 2005 . Military Technology Magazine. Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2004, pp. 60-62.
30. ↑ Зенитный ракетный комплекс 9К37 Бук-М1. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
31. ↑ ЗЕНИТНО-РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «БУК-М1-2». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
32. ↑ Зенитный ракетный комплекс Бук-М1-2 (Урал). In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
33. ↑ Sergey Samoilyuk: Buk-M1-2 SAM System: Kill is inevitable . Military Parade 01/1999, Military Parade Publishing House, March 1999.
34. ↑ ^{a b} ЗЕНИТНО-РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «БУК-М2». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
35. ↑ ^{a b c} Многофункциональный высокомобильный зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317 "ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317" 2 ". In: vpk.name. ВПК.name, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
36. ^ Buk-M2E Air-Defense system. In: igorrgroup.blogspot.com. Defunct Humanity, November 12, 2009, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
37. ↑ Зенитно-ракетный комплекс средней дальности "БУК-М2" (Россия). In: vimpel-v.com. Межрегиональная общественная организация ветеранов подразделений специального назнального назнальния "Вым , 2020 ( Retrieved March 30, 2020 in Russian-Russian). 
38. ↑ Buk-M2E Air Defense Missile System. In: army-technology.com. Army Technology, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
39. ↑ ЗРК "БУК-М2Э". In: www.niip.ru date =. АО НИИП имени В.В. Тихомирова, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
40. ↑ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 9К317М «БУК-М3». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
41. ↑ Зенитный ракетный комплекс средней дальности 9К317М "Бук-М3". In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
42. ↑ Sergey Sukhankin: Russian Air Defense: Showcasing Achievements, Silencing Problems (Part One). In: jamestown.org. Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 16 Issue: 62, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
43. ↑ Buk-M3 Viking 9K317M. In: armyrecognition.com. Army Recognition, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
44. ↑ «Бук-М3» выведет армейскую ПВО на новый уровень. In: army-news.ru. Army News, accessed March 30, 2020 (Zulu). 
45. ↑ Buk-M3 SAM enters Russian service. In: janes.com. Jane's, October 27, 2016, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
46. ↑ ЗРК "Викинг". In: www.niip.ru. АО НИИП имени В.В. Тихомирова, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
47. ↑ What Opportunities Acquire Buk-M3 and Viking with the Arrival of Goods 9M83ME? In: soldat.pro. Soldat Pro, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
48. ↑ ^{a b} ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС М-22 "УРАГАН" ("ШТИЛЬ"). In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
49. ↑ Комплекс M-22 Ураган. In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
50. ↑ Moscow Defense Brief 2019. (PDF) In: cast.ru. Moscow Defense Brief, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
51. ↑ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «ШТИЛЬ-1». In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
52. ↑ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «ШТИЛЬ-1». НОВОСТИ. In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
53. ↑ Корабельный зенитный ракетный комплекс "Штиль-1". In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Ракетная техника, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
54. ↑ Said Aminov: ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС "БУК-МБ". In: pvo.guns.ru. Вестник ПВО, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
55. ↑ ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС «БУК-МБ» (БЕЛОРУСЬ). In: bastion-karpenko.ru. НЕВСКИЙ БАСТИОН, accessed March 30, 2020 (Russian). 
56. ↑ Belarus unveils prototype 9M318 surface-to-air missile. In: janes.com. Jane's, May 31, 2019, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
57. ↑ In Belarus 9М318 tested new missiles for the upgraded SAM "Buk-МБ2". In: weaponews.com. WeapoNews, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
58. ↑ Steffany Trofino: Iran's Thunder SAM . TRISA - Complex Operational Environment and Threat Integration Directorate, US TRADOC G2 Intelligence Support Activity, Fort Leavenworth, Jan 2013, pp. 12-15.
59. ↑ Iran rolls out another medium-range SAM. In: janes.com. Jane's 360, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
60. ↑ HQ-16A LY-80 SAM. In: armyrecognition.com. Army Recognition, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
61. ↑ HQ-16. In: missiledefenseadvocacy.org. MDAA, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
62. ↑ 9К317М Бук-М3. In: Новый Оборонный Заказ Стратегии. dfnc.ru, March 5, 2018, accessed January 4, 2019 (Russian). 
63. ↑ ^{a b} Moscow Defense Brief 3/2008. (PDF) In: ethz.ch. Moscow Defense Brief, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
64. ↑ Patrick Truffer: A Long Way: The Russian Military Reform - Part 1. In: officiere.ch. Officers.ch: Security Policy - Armed Forces - Media, January 18, 2019, accessed on January 5, 2019 . 
65. ^ Ruslan Puchow: The Tanks of August . Ed .: Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. Moscow 2010, ISBN 978-5-9902320-1-3 , pp. 59 ( The Tanks of August [PDF; accessed January 22, 2019]).
66. ↑ Video animation of the press conference, accessed on September 30, 2016.
67. ↑ Tagesschau , accessed on September 29, 2016.
68. ↑ Kiev speaks of shooting down "from Russian soil". In: N24 . July 14, 2014, accessed July 20, 2014 . 
69. ↑ Ukraine: Military Plane 'Shot Down By Russia' , International Business Times, July 14, 2019
70. ↑ Экипаж сбитого Ан-26 вышел на связь с Генштабом ВС Украины. In: lenta.ru , July 14, 2014 (Russian).
71. ^ Ukrainian fighter plane shot down over Yenakieve. Ukrajinska Pravda , 7 August 2014
72. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).
73. ↑ ^{a b c d e} SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. In: sipri.org. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 14, 2019, accessed March 30, 2020 . 
74. ↑ Nikolai Novichkov: Azerbaijan receives upgraded Buk systems equipped with Russian interceptors. (No longer available online.) In: janes.com. IHS Jane's, May 2, 2017, archived from the original on May 1, 2017 ; accessed on May 2, 2017 . 
75. ^ Analysis: Finland Goes Missile Shopping. newsnowfinland, January 25, 2019
76. ↑ defenseindustrydaily.com
77. ↑ Vyacheslav Zeluiko: Georgian army reform under Saakashvili prior to the 2008 five day war. (PDF; 3 MB) In: The Tanks of August. Center for analysis of strategies and technologies, 2010, p. 20 , accessed on July 22, 2014 (purchased by Ukraine between 2007 and 2008). 
78. ↑ Николай Сурков, Алексей Рамм: Пехота и танки получат новый зенитный купол. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. iz.ru, December 22, 2017, accessed on January 4, 2019 (Russian, among others, a total of four departments (дивизия), corresponding to 16 launch vehicles, Buk-M3 were put into service in 2018). 
79. ↑ Первая партия новейших комплексов "Бук-М3" поступила на вооружение войск ЦВО. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, October 16, 2019, accessed on October 18, 2019 (Russian, including a brigade Buk-M3 (16 launch vehicles) was put into service). 
80. ↑ Belarus to donate MiG-29s, Buk SAMs to Serbia ( Memento from April 10, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
81. ^ IHS Jane's Capabilities Briefing Syria in focus: fighter aircraft and land-based air-defense systems.