96K6 Panzir

96K6 Panzir
Panzir-S1
General Information
Type	Surface-to-air guided missile system
Local name	96K6 Panzir, Panzir-S1, Panzir-M
NATO designation	SA-22 Greyhound
Country of origin	Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer	Design office for device construction
development	1994
Unit price	$ 15 million
Technical specifications
length	3.2 m
diameter	170 mm
Combat weight	74.5 kg
First stage drive	Solid rocket
speed	1300 m / s
Range	1-20 km
Furnishing
Target location	Radar target tracking with radio command steering
Warhead	20 kg FRAG-HE or Continuous Rod
Detonator	Proximity and impact fuses
Lists on the subject

Panzir-S1 ( Russian Панцирь-С1 dt .: Harnisch ) is a modern Russian short-range anti-aircraft missile system. The NATO code name is SA-22 Greyhound , the GRAU index 96K6 . The system is the successor to the 2K22 Tunguska complex. It is used for air defense above the battlefield and to protect vehicle formations. The further developments of this missile system are called Panzir-S1 , Panzir-S2 , Panzir-M, Panzir-SM and Panzir-S1M.

description

The 96K6 Panzir S1 air defense system is a ground-based short- and medium-range air defense system on wheels, chains or stationary with two or three men operation. The system is equipped with two automatic cannons and a total of twelve anti-aircraft missiles, which are located in 6 tubes on the left and right of the cannons. The target is steered either by radar or optical target assignment and command steering. The Panzir-S1 is used for the defense of civil and military point and area targets, for motorized and mechanized formations down to regiment level. It can also be used to protect long-range surface-to-air guided missile systems such as the S-300P and S-400 . Air targets with speeds of up to 1,000 meters per second can be fought effectively up to a distance of 20 km and at heights of up to 10 km.

history

Development began in 1990 under the name Panzir , which was to become the successor system to the 2K22 Tunguska air defense complex . In 1994 the first prototype was completed and presented at the MAKS -1995 exhibition. Due to financial bottlenecks, the development work was stopped for the time being.

On May 24, 2000, Russia announced the sale of 50 Panzir S1 air defense systems to the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The Russian arms manufacturer KBP from Tula was commissioned to carry out extensive revisions and improvements. The cost was approximately $ 734 million, 30% of which was prepaid to fund the outstanding development. This made the Panzir S1 anti-aircraft system the first Russian weapon system, the development of which was largely funded from abroad.

As a result of the resumption, the air defense system was again fundamentally revised, so that de facto only the layout was retained. All important components of the system have been replaced. The system has two new extended range radars that are able to capture more air and ground targets. Furthermore, a modern fire control computer was installed, which significantly reduces the reaction time. In addition, through the use of modern, space-saving electronics, a third of the original volume of the operator cab was saved and the total weight was halved. The armament has also been modernized: the system is equipped with the 2A38M automatic cannon and the newer 57E6-E missiles. From June 2006 to May 2007 the Panzir S1 anti-aircraft system was tested at the Russian missile firing range Kapustin Yar . Further tests will follow in the United Arab Emirates.

The Panzir-S2 version is an improved version of the Panzir-S1. You can use a new version of the surface-to-air missile, which increases the range from 20 to 30 km. A new S-band search radar with a range increased to over 40 km is also installed. In April 2014, Colonel Yuri Muravkin, deputy commander of the air defense forces, announced that the Russian army would receive this new variant along with a new missile. The Panzir-S2 has been in service with the Russian Army since 2015. It was used in Syria to protect the Russian air force at the Hmeimim air base in Latakia . Recordings from RT Ruptly from February 2016 show the Panzir-S2 at the Hmeimim military airfield in Syria.

Panzir-M on the stern of a new Karakurt class model

The Panzir-M is the naval version of the air defense system with which future Russian warships are to be equipped. Series production began in 2015. So far, three Panzir-M have been procured for the Russian fleet. In the long term, Panzir-M is to replace the Kortik system. It differs from the land version in that it is equipped with two 30 mm Gatling machine guns GSch-6-30K / AO-18KD instead of the 2A38M. In addition to the use of seawater-resistant materials, the marine variant has an additional fire control radar in addition to the radar mounted on the weapon tower.

In 2016 it became public that Russia is working on the further developed variant Panzir-SM. This is to receive a new radar, which has a range of 75 km and can use a new missile with a range of 40 km. The first delivery to the Russian army was scheduled for 2019.

At IDEX 2019 , the engineering office for equipment manufacturing presented the Panzir-S1M version. This implementation uses an improved tracking radar as well as a new search radar. With the circular search radar 40 air targets can be monitored at the same time. The improved guided weapon type 57E6M-E is also used. This uses an enlarged booster and weighs 115 kg. His new warhead weighs 14 kg. Panzir-S1M has a horizontal annihilation zone of 1.2 to 30 km. The operating altitude is 15 to 18,000 m. Panzir-S1M can fight four targets at the same time up to a speed of 1000 m / s.

technology

vehicle

Panzir-S1 on GM-352 chassis

Panzir-SA based on the DT-30PM

The first prototype of the Panzir S1 air defense system was based on an Ural 5323 truck, but this should no longer be sufficient. Instead, there are various other options. A KamAZ-6560 (8 × 8) is the basis of the current exhibition and test device. With a total weight of 38 tons, the KamAZ-6560 can accommodate a total payload of 23 tons. This type of truck is powered by a 400 hp engine. It is also possible to mount the anti-aircraft system on the heavy MZKT-7930 with an output of over 500 hp.

In addition, the manufacturer plans to offer the system on the armored tracked chassis GM-352 from Belarus . This would have the advantage that the automatic cannons and guided missiles could also be used while driving. However, there are no customers for this configuration yet. The United Arab Emirates will use their systems based on an 8 × 8 truck from the German manufacturer MAN .

For use in the arctic regions of Russia, the buoyant, modernized basic variant DT-30PM was developed on the basis of the DT-30 . This system is called Panzir-SA and has a total of 18 rocket launch containers in a 3 × 3 configuration. The two 30-mm automatic cannons were dispensed with.

A number of support vehicles have also been developed to expand the range of possible uses:

• Transporter loader - a loading vehicle for two combat vehicles each enables timely reloading during combat operations
• Maintenance vehicle - takes over maintenance and repair work on the mechanics with its technicians.
• Electronics maintenance vehicle - Supports work on the computer and electronic systems.
• Adjustment vehicle - setup of weapon and measuring systems.
• Spare Parts Vehicle - Carries a set of spare parts and specialized tools for the system.
• Mobile trainer - This enables crews to be trained under field conditions.

radar

The tracking radar

The Panzir-S1 fire control system includes target acquisition radar and a dual- wave band radar that operates in the EHF and UHF bands . Both radar systems use the phased array process, which enables a very high level of accuracy thanks to its electronic beam steering and focusing.

The antenna of the target tracking radar is circular and mounted between the mounts and cannon barrels. It was further developed by KBP from the original Fasotron tracking radar and a first phased array variant. In the tower, the radar, together with the mount, is roughly directed towards the target and detects targets at a speed of up to 1000 m / s (3600 km / h), a radar cross-section down to 2 cm², in a ± 45 ° sector horizontally and from the ground up to + 85 ° vertically, at distances of up to 28 kilometers. 20 targets can be captured simultaneously in 3D mode (direction, height, distance, speed). In automatic mode, the three most important goals are automatically prioritized and activated. The radar can track up to four missiles simultaneously and transmit data for their command guidance.

A phased array device in the UHF band is used as an omnidirectional search radar, which can detect targets in a 360 ° circle at a distance of up to 36 km. It tracks combat aircraft , helicopters , missiles and UAVs from low flying up to an altitude of 15 kilometers. If the Panzir-S1 anti-aircraft system is on a tracked chassis, it can remain in motion and is therefore more difficult to hit by such weapons.

In addition, an electronic-optical system with a thermal and infrared direction finder is available in the fire control system, which detects target and guided missiles in the 3–5 micron band and automatically tracks them up to 26 km. The digital signal processing and automatic target tracking is integrated with the radar.

It can thus capture and aim at two targets at the same time. A maximum of twelve targets can be entered per minute. There is also a friend-foe recognition system (IFF). The reaction time from target acquisition by the circular search radar to the activation of the target tracking radar and the start of the guided weapon is given in automatic mode as four to six seconds.

The fire control system is operated from three operator stations. This is the first time that compact and fully computer-based systems are used in Russian anti-aircraft systems, which are controlled via flat screens and special operating elements. The cabin is air-conditioned, but does not have the NBC protection devices of other Russian systems such as the M1 gate .

A cheaper variant of the Panzir-S1 is to be specially developed for export, which will only be equipped with an electronic-optical control system.

Armament

Missile 57E6-E

Guided missiles

The Panzir S1 system is equipped with a total of twelve cylindrical rocket launch containers made of light metal. Each of these containers holds a surface-to-air missile of the type 9M335 (57E6 or 57E6-E). Alternatively, Panzir can also use the 9M311M guided missiles of the 2K22 Tunguska. The 57E6 rocket weighs 74.5 kg at launch and is two-stage. The first stage is the 95Ja6 booster with a diameter of 170 mm. Four stabilizing surfaces are attached to the stern of this first stage. The second stage has a diameter of 90 mm and can be roughly divided into three sections: The impact fuse , the proximity fuse and the actuators for the control surfaces are located behind the tip of the guided weapon . This section is followed by the continuous rod warhead. This weighs 20 kg and contains around 5 kg of explosives . The warhead takes up around two thirds of the length of the second rocket stage. The electronics , computer unit, gyroscope and transponder for the radio and electro-optical control units are installed in the rear . Two groups of steering and control surfaces are attached to the missile fuselage. Four trapezoidal stabilization surfaces are attached to the stern . Four small trapezoidal control surfaces are attached to the front quarter of the missile fuselage. While the missile is in the transport and launch container, these surfaces are attached to the missile body. They unfold immediately after launch.

The missile is ejected from the missile launch container with an ejection charge. The booster is ignited at a distance of around 7 m. This accelerates the missile to 1220 to 1300 m / s within around 2 to 2.4 seconds. The booster is then burned out and discarded. From this point on, the second stage of the rocket will continue to fly without any propulsion. During the cruise, the rocket loses about 40 m / s per kilometer of speed - after the total flight time of a maximum of 15 seconds, the final speed is still around 700 m / s. Depending on the flight envelope , the missile can perform flight maneuvers with a maximum lateral load of 18 to 32  g .

During the guided missile flight, both the missile and the target are tracked electro-optically and by means of radar. Course corrections for the missile are determined in the vehicle's fire control computer and sent to the missile using microwaves . If the target comes within the response radius (7 m) of the proximity fuse, the warhead is ignited. This has an effective radius of action of around ten meters (depending on the target size). In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is triggered by the impact fuse. If the target is missed, the guided weapon destroys itself after a certain flight time. The maximum operating distance of the 57E6 guided missile is 20 km.

Cannons

In addition to missile arming the PANTSIR-S1-system is equipped with two double-barreled 30 mm automatic cannon equipped type 2A38M. The cannons are a further development of the Gsh-30 and have an ammunition supply of 700 rounds each. The crew can choose between armor-piercing AP bullets and incendiary / explosive bullets - depending on which target is to be fought. The cadence is 2500 rounds per minute, the effective combat range is 4000 m and the target height is a maximum of 3000 m.

commitment

Panzir-S1 on the Hmeimim military airfield (Syria)

Ukraine

It is said that Panzir systems were sighted in eastern Ukraine in January 2015. A burned 95Ja6 booster stage (which is also used in other missiles) was allegedly documented before November 2014.

Syria

Several Panzir-S2s have been stationed alongside the S-400 air defense system since November 26, 2015 as part of the Russian military operation in Syria for self-protection of the air force base in Latakia , and since 2016 also within Syria in Palmyra. In 2017, a total of five unmanned aerial vehicles (three IAI Heron , one Boeing RQ-21A and one Bayraktar ) are said to have been shot down by the system . Furthermore, Panzir-S1 systems resulted in several successful launches of Grad rockets that had been fired at the Russian airfield near Latakia.

During an Israeli airstrike on May 9, 2018, a Panzir-S1 system of the Syrian armed forces was hit by a Delilah cruise missile . According to Russian experts, this could not have happened if the system had been ready for action. Two possible causes were given for this: either the ammunition was used up or the system was switched off. However, why the Panzir systems are in a war zone - where attacks are to be expected at any time, are not ready for action and are ammunitioned, the experts did not say.

On the night of January 20-21, 2019, the Israeli air force launched attacks against targets in Syria. After the Israeli planes were shot at, they destroyed at least one Panzir system.

On March 1, 2020, a Turkish drone destroyed at least one Panzir system of the Syrian armed forces.

Libya

In the civil war in Libya since 2014 since 2019 Panzir systems are used. These are used by the troops of the ruler Khalifa Haftar . The by Turkey support government of national agreement and the Libyan National Army should it with Bayraktar TB2 - Drone be able to destroy five to seven Panzir systems. Analyzes of the Panzir wrecks have shown that the Panzir systems originate from the United Arab Emirates , which support the troops of Khalifa Haftar.

User states

Current users

•  Algeria - In January 2018 there are 38 96K6 Panzir-S1 in service, which were delivered between 2012 and 2014 with 750 associated anti-aircraft missiles of the type 57E6.
•  Ethiopia - On March 14, 2019, the deployment of at least one 96K6 Panzir-S1 in the armed forces was shown on state television ETV .
•  Iraq - In January 2018 there are 24 96K6 Panzir-S1 in service, which were delivered between 2014 and 2015 with associated 1200 anti-aircraft missiles of the type 57E6. In October 2012, a total of 50 Panzir-S1 were ordered.
•  Russia - As of July 2019, at least 234 96K6 Panzir-S / 1 and at least 12 96K6 Panzir-S2 are in service.
  Explanation of the Russian air defense formation: 1 battery consists of at least 6 96K6 Panzir-S / 1 or -S2, while 1 division consists of at least 12 96K6 Panzir-S / 1 or -2.

•  Serbia - Six Panzir S1 systems since January 2020.
•  Syria - January 2018 has an unknown number of 96K6 Panzir-S1s that were delivered between 2008 and 2013 with 700 associated anti-aircraft missiles of the type 57E6.
•  United Arab Emirates - In January 2018, there are 50 96K6 Panzir-S1 in service, which were delivered between 2009 and 2013 along with 1000 associated anti-aircraft missiles of the type 57E6.
•  Vietnam - The use of at least one system in the Vietnamese armed forces has not yet been confirmed.

Future users

•  Equatorial Guinea - A contract for the delivery of two Panzir-S1 was signed at the Army 2017 military fair .

Former prospects

•  Brazil - The Brazilian Ministry of Defense negotiated with Russia to buy three batteries from 2013 to spring 2017. The negotiations were broken off.
•  Jordan - On the one hand, evaluation tests were carried out on the national territory in 2007 and Jordan planned to procure 50 to 70 systems, but these were not delivered by January 2018.

See also

• List of surface-to-air missiles

literature

• The International Institute for Strategic Studies - IISS (Ed.): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).

Web links

Commons : Panzir-S1  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Detailed description on www.airpower.at
• System description at dtig.org ( Memento from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
• Description of PANTSIR-S1-system on the official page manufacturer of KBP (English)
• Pantsyr S1 Air Defense Missile / Gun System, Russia on www.army-technology.com (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Tomasz Szulc: Russian Surface-to-Air Missiles by 2005 . Military Technology Magazine. Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2004, pp. 60-62.
2. ↑ Pantsir-S2 short-range cannon missile air defense system. In: armyrecognition.com. Retrieved April 8, 2018 . 
3. ↑ Russia to Arm Warships With Pantsir Air Defense System. In: RIA Novosti. September 11, 2013, accessed June 28, 2017 . 
4. ↑ Разработчик: морской зенитный комплекс "Панцирь-М" пошел в серию. August 25, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2017 (Russian). 
5. ↑ Минобороны РФ закупило три морских ЗРПК "Панцирь-М". July 1, 2015, accessed June 28, 2017 (Russian). 
6. ↑ IMDS 2017: Rostec unveils Pantsir-ME naval weapon, adds details on the system ( Memento from July 9, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
7. ↑ Navy Recognition. In: navyrecognition.com. Retrieved June 28, 2017 (English). 
8. ↑ Pantsir-M Naval Air Defense Missile / Gun System to Enter Service with Russian Navy Before Year-End. In: navyrecognition.com. Retrieved June 28, 2017 . 
9. ↑ Military & Defense - Russia's new Pantsir-SM air defense system to roll off production lines in 2 years. In: tass.com. October 7, 2016, accessed April 8, 2018 . 
10. ↑ Pantsyr-SM. In: deagel.com. Retrieved April 8, 2018 . 
11. ↑ Nikolai Novitschkow: IDEX 2019: Russia unveils upgraded Pantsyr-S1M. In: janes.com. IHS Jane's Defense Weekly, February 21, 2019, accessed February 21, 2019 . 
12. ↑ Jane's: Army 2019: Russia unveils Pantsir-S1M SAM vehicle
13. ↑ UAE must wait for Panzirs on www.janes.com
14. ↑ Tony Cullen: Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2001-2002 . United Kingdom, 2001. pp. 94-95.
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dr. Karlo Kopp: KBP 2K22 / 2K22M / M1 Tunguska SA-19 ​​Grison / 96K6 Pantsir S1 / SA-22 Greyhound SPAAGM / Cамоходный Зенитный Ракетно-Пушечный КомК Соком Пушечный КомК Са1-Комплекс1 / Б6. In: ausairpower.net. Air Power Austrailia, accessed February 13, 2019 . 
16. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} PANTSIR-S1. In: kbptula.ru. Design office for device construction Tula, accessed on February 15, 2019 . 
17. ↑ https://de.scribd.com/document/272460394/SA-22-Greyhound-96K6-Pantsir
18. ↑ Nicholas de Larrinaga: Russian TOS-1 and Pantsyr-S1 systems reported in east Ukraine ( Memento from February 8, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
19. ↑ Eliot Higgins: Russia's Pantsir-S1s Geolocated in Ukraine. In: bellingcat.com. May 28, 2015, accessed August 1, 2015 . 
20. ↑ The Chinese QLZ87 Automatic Grenade Launcher Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine. (PDF) In: Research Report No. 3. armamentresearch.com, November 2014, p. 78 , accessed on July 18, 2018 . 
21. ↑ Jermie Binnie: Russian deployment of new Pantsyr to Syria confirmed. (No longer available online.) In: janes.com. February 8, 2016, archived from the original on June 29, 2016 ; accessed on July 14, 2016 . 
22. ↑ Russia's military in Syria: Bigger than you think and not going anywhere , CNN, May 9, 2016
23. ↑ Jeremy Binnie: Russia claims Pantsyr-S1s in Syria have shot down foreign UAVs. (No longer available online.) In: IHS Jane's 360 . August 30, 2017, archived from the original on August 30, 2017 ; accessed on August 31, 2017 (English). 
24. ↑ RUSSIAN PANTSIR-S1 AIR-DEFENSE SYSTEM INTERCEPTED GRAD ROCKETS OVER KHMEIMIM AIR BASE (English)
25. ↑ David Cenciotti: The Israeli Air Force Has Just Released A Video Of A Pantsir-S1 Air Defense System Being Struck In Last Night's Attack In Syria. In: theaviationist.com. May 11, 2018, accessed May 11, 2018 . 
26. ↑ Daniel Brown: Russia explains why its air defenses were beaten by Israel in Syria. In: businessinsider.de. May 14, 2018, accessed December 26, 2018 . 
27. ↑ Israel releases video of dramatic air strike on two Syrian SAM systems, first one was firing 2 missiles. Alert 5, January 21, 2019, accessed January 21, 2019 . 
28. ^ IAF Attacks Iranian Targets in Syria. In: iaf.org.il. Israeli Air Force, January 21, 2019, accessed January 21, 2019 . 
29. ↑ Turkish Drone Strike Destroys Syrian Army's Pantsir-S1 Air Defense System. Retrieved March 1, 2020 . 
30. ↑ Defenseworld.net : Libyan Army Destroys 4 more of Haftar's Pantsir S1 Systems
31. ↑ Forbes.com: One Of Russia's Most Advanced Missile Systems Captured In Libya
32. ↑ Officers.ch: From Syria and Iraq to Libya: Turkey repeatedly demonstrates the combat effectiveness of its drones
33. ↑ Aljazeera.com: Libyan TV airs video showing alleged UAE military involvement
34. ↑ ^{a b c d e} The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).
35. ↑ ^{a b c d} Trade Register at sipri.org , accessed on September 8, 2016
36. ↑ Russian Pantsir-S1 anti-aircraft defense systems spotted in Ethiopia. In: Defense Blog. defense-blog.com, March 15, 2019, accessed on March 22, 2019 . 
37. ↑ Iraq PM Confirms $ 4 Bln Arms Deal with Russia. sputnik.com, October 9, 2012, accessed on January 14, 2019 (English, including 50 Panzir-S1 ordered). 
38. ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2016 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2016, ISBN 978-1-85743-835-2 , pp. 190,195 (English, January 2016, 42 9K96). Новые комплексы «Панцирь-С» приступили к охране московского неба. In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, March 8, 2016, accessed June 8, 2018 (Russian, including 2 departments (min. 24 units) put into service). Военные получат первые комплексы «Бук-М3» в ноябре 2016 года. In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, October 21, 2016, accessed on June 8, 2018 (Russian, including 6 units "Panzir-S" should be put into service). Олег Фаличев: Отличникам - по "Калашникову" Министр обороны подвел итоги выполнения гособоронзак. In: Военно-промышленный курьер. vpk-news.ru, February 5, 2018, accessed on February 9, 2018 (Russian, including 24 units "Panzir-S" were put into service in 2017). Российские ВКС получат более ста современных вертолетов и самолетов. In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. February 4, 2018, accessed on January 4, 2019 (Russian, among other things, a total of 10 Panzir-S units (120 Panzir-S units) were commissioned throughout 2018). Крымские военные получили дополнительный дивизион ЗРК "Панцирь-С1". In: MIL.PRESS военное. военное.рф, January 15, 2019, accessed on January 18, 2019 (Russian, including 1 additional Panzir-S1 division (consisting of 12 Panzir-S1 units) was put into service). Арктический ЗРК «Тор» заступил на опытное боевое дежурство на Северном флоте. In: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации. structure.mil.ru, August 21, 2019, accessed on August 23, 2019 (Russian, among other things, at least 1 additional Panzir-S1 battery was put into service in the Northern Fleet in July 2019).
     
     
     
     
     
     
39. ↑ Военные получили модернизированный зенитный комплекс «Панцирь-С2». In: Лента.Ру. lenta.ru, February 25, 2016, accessed on June 8, 2018 (Russian, including 1 department (min. 12 units) put into service). 
40. ↑ Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс "Панцирь-С1". In: Сайт российской военной техники. rusarmy.com, accessed March 22, 2019 (Russian). 
41. ↑ Дислоцированные в Крыму С – 400 усилят дивизионом «Панцирь – С1». In: ИЗВЕСТИЯ. June 5, 2018, Retrieved March 22, 2019 (Russian). 
42. ↑ Jane`s 360: Serbia buys Pantsir-S1 air defense system
43. ↑ Airforce-Technology.com: Russia to deliver six Pantsir-S1 air defense systems to Serbia
44. ↑ Báo Trung Quốc: Việt Nam đã sở hữu "mãnh thú" Pantsir-S1. soha.vn, February 24, 2014, accessed on March 17, 2019 . 
45. ↑ Russia to supply two Pantsyr-S1 air defense systems to Equatorial Guinea. TASS , August 24, 2017, accessed December 13, 2017 . 
46. ↑ Jane's Information Group - Brazil abandons Pantsir-S1 acquisition ( memento of October 23, 2017 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 24, 2017
47. ↑ Jane's Defense Weekly , http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-2007/Jordan-moves-to-buy-Pantsir-S1.html