2K22 Tunguska

2K22 Tunguska
Tunguska in the museum in Sankt Peterburg
General Information
Type	Anti-aircraft missile
Local name	2K22 Tunguska, 2S6 Treugolnik
NATO designation	SA-19 ​​Grison
Country of origin	Soviet Union / Russia
Manufacturer	Design office for device construction (KBP Tula)
development	1970
Commissioning	1982
Working time	in use
Unit price	90,000 US dollars (rocket)
Technical specifications
length	2.56 m
diameter	76 mm 152 mm (booster)
Combat weight	43.2 kg
span	500 mm
drive	Solid - rocket engine
speed	910 m / s
Range	8 kilometers
Service ceiling	3,500 m
Furnishing
steering	Gyroscopes
Target location	Radar target tracking with radio command steering
Warhead	9 kg continuous rod
Detonator	Impact detonators & laser proximity detonators
Weapon platforms	2S6 tracked vehicle
Lists on the subject

The 2K22 Tunguska ( Russian Тунгуска ) is an anti-aircraft tank from Soviet / Russian production. The vehicle has the system index 2S6 , the NATO code name is SA-19 ​​Grison .

development

The 2K22 anti-aircraft tank was created as a result of a request by the Soviet armed forces . This wanted a further development of the ZSU-23-4 - Flakpanzers . The development in the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula began in June 1970. There they designed the first one Flakpanzer with guns in caliber 30 mm. Compared to the ZSU-23-4, the effective control range could be increased from 2000 to 4000 m. Furthermore, the increasing spread of far-reaching anti - tank guided weapons , which were used by attack helicopters such as the Boeing AH-64 "Apache" and Bell AH-1 "Cobra" , posed a problem. These guided weapons could be fired outside the range of the cannons. This danger was countered with the additional installation of anti-aircraft missiles, with which the attack helicopters should be fought before they can bring their anti-tank guided weapons into use. Development stalled from 1975 to 1977 when the 9K33 Osa, a light short-range air defense system with a similar operational profile, was introduced. Nonetheless, the 2K22 air defense system was further developed, as the cannon's shorter reaction time of 8 to 10 seconds compared to the rocket's 20 seconds promised clear advantages, for example in combating helicopters and low-flying aircraft that suddenly appeared. From 1980 the field tests were carried out by the Soviet Army. After further improvements, the 2K22 anti-aircraft tank was introduced to the Soviet Army in 1982. These first systems were called 2K22 Treugolnik and were still equipped with four guided missiles, two on each side of the tower. In the following years, the 2K22 anti-aircraft tank was improved several times and adapted to the current threat situation. The versions 2K22M and 2K22M1 were created . The 2K22 anti-aircraft tank also formed the basis for the later 96K6 Panzir and Sosna systems .

technology

Tunguska M1

Tunguska-M anti-aircraft tank of Ukraine in 2016

Belarusian Tunguska-M during a parade

2K22 Tunguska

The 2K22 air defense system is a mobile short-range air defense system on a tracked vehicle . The vehicle has a crew of four. It is used for air defense above the battlefield and to protect motorized and mechanized formations. A weapon tower is attached to the tracked vehicle on which a radar complex, two automatic cannons and eight anti-aircraft missiles are mounted, which are located in four tubes on the left and right of the cannons. The target is steered either by radar or with electronic-optical target allocation and command steering . 2K22 can be used individually or in combination with a battery with 4–6 vehicles. The combined use takes place in cooperation with the PU-12M Rangir battery command post and the PPRU-1M command post .

2K22 can fire the automatic cannons while driving. The vehicle must be stationary for the missiles to be used. With the automatic cannons, the 2K22 can fight targets in a horizontal operational range of 0.2 to 4 km. The vertical range of use is 0 to 3,000 m. With guided missiles, the horizontal destruction zone is 2.5 to 8 km. The operating altitude is 10 to 3,500 m. With a minimum reaction time of 6 to 12 seconds (depending on the version), targets can be fought with a maximum flight speed of 500 m / s.

vehicle

2K22 is housed on a GM-352M tracked chassis and weighs 34.8  tons . The vehicle is 7.83 m long, 3.24 m wide and 4.02 m high (with installed radar antenna). It has six pairs of rollers and uses a hydropneumatic chassis . It is powered by a V-46-4 diesel engine with an output of 574 kW (780 hp). The maximum speed is 65 km / h and the maximum driving range is around 500 km. 2K22 can negotiate gradients of 60% and vertical obstacles of 1 m. The maximum permissible cross slope is 30% and the vehicle can drive through bodies of water with a maximum depth of 0.8 m without preparation. The vehicle has NBC protection and the armor protects against shrapnel and the fire from infantry weapons.

radar

The 1RL144 radar complex consists of a surveillance radar and a fire control radar. This radar complex has the NATO code name: Hot Shot . The surveillance radar uses a torus antenna that can detect and guide targets in a 360 ° circle up to a distance of 18 km. It works in the E-band with 2 to 3  GHz , with an average transmission power of 7 to 10  kilowatts . This radar antenna can be lowered onto the vehicle roof during transport. The fire control radar uses a parabolic antenna and works according to the monopulse principle . It works in the centimeter range at 10 to 20 GHz in the J band, with a maximum transmission line of 150 kilowatts. It can follow the targets passed by the surveillance radar for a maximum distance of 16 km. The radar complex also includes a friend-foe detection system of the type 1RL138 . An electronic-optical sighting device of type 1A29 with 8x magnification and 8 degree viewing angle is also connected to the radar complex .

Armament

Guided missiles

The 9M311 rocket weighs 43.2 kg at launch and is two-stage. The first stage is the booster with a diameter of 152 mm and a weight of 24.7 kg. At the stern of this first step there are four stabilizing surfaces with a span of 500 mm. The second stage has a diameter of 76 mm and a weight of 18.5 kg. The second stage can be roughly divided into three sections: the impact fuse and the laser proximity fuse are located behind the tip of the guided weapon . This is followed by the actuators for the control surfaces, the gyroscopes and the batteries . This section is followed by the 9 kg continuous rod warhead, which takes up around half of the rocket stage. The electronics and the flares for the control units are installed in the rear . Two groups of steering and control surfaces are attached to the missile fuselage. Four trapezoidal stabilization surfaces are attached to the stern . Four small trapezoidal control surfaces are attached to the front quarter of the missile fuselage. While the missile is in the transport and launch container, these surfaces are attached to the missile body. They unfold immediately after launch. The missile is ejected from the missile launch container with an ejection charge. The booster is ignited at a distance of around 5–7 m. This accelerates the missile to 900 to 910 m / s in around 2.6 seconds. After a flight distance of around 2.4 km, the booster will burn out and be thrown off. From this point on, the second stage of the rocket will continue to fly without any propulsion. The average flight speed is 600 m / s. Depending on the flight envelope , the missile can carry out flight maneuvers with a maximum lateral load of 32  g . During the guided missile flight, the flight target is tracked with the fire control radar. The guided weapon is tracked by the electronic-optical aiming device via the flares in the rear. The course corrections for the missile are determined in the 1A27 fire control computer in the vehicle and sent to the missile via microwaves . The guided weapons can also be steered to the target manually with the electronic-optical aiming device based on the SACLOS principle. If the target comes within the response radius (5 m) of the proximity fuse, the warhead is ignited. In the event of a direct hit, the warhead is triggered by the impact fuse. If the target is missed, the guided weapon destroys itself after a certain flight time.

Machine guns

In addition to missile arming the 2K22 system is equipped with two double-barreled 30 mm automatic cannon equipped type 2A38. The cannons are a further development of the Gsh-30 and are water-cooled. The 2K22 has an ammunition supply of 1936 rounds (968 rounds per weapon). The rate is 1050 rounds per barrel and minute, which gives the vehicle a theoretical rate of 4,200 rounds per minute. With target tracking by radar, the target is tracked automatically and optionally fought automatically with bursts of fire between 83 and 250 shots, with the two tubes per cannon system firing alternately. The muzzle velocity is around 960 m / s. The cannons can be used to fire projectiles of the type APDS ( bullet ), AP (armor-piercing), API (armor-piercing / incendiary), FRAG (splinter), or HEI (splinter / incendiary). The cannons can also be used to fight lightly armored ground targets. In practice, incidents occurred repeatedly when the automatic cannon was fired because inferior lubricating oil was used and this ignited in the breechway during the burst of fire. Therefore, in 2006 the use was temporarily restricted.

variants

2K22 / 2S6 Treugolnik

This is the initial version from 1982 with 2 × 2 9M311 rockets and two 2A38 automatic cannons .

2K22 / 2S6 Tunguska

This first production version from 1986 is equipped with 2 × 4 9M311 rockets and two 2A38 automatic cannons .

2K22M / 2S6M Tunguska-M

The improved version 2K22M Tunguska-M was introduced to the Soviet Army in 1990. With this version, the improved 9M311M missiles are used. Compared to the previous model, these missiles use new flares that pulsate at a predetermined frequency and are therefore less susceptible to electronic countermeasures . The improved 2A38M automatic cannons with an increased rate of 1250 rounds per barrel and minute are also used.

2K22M1 / 2S6M1 Tunguska-M1

With the 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1, a profoundly modernized version of the 2K22 was created from 2003, in which the electronics from the 1970s were replaced by modern components. This reduced the minimum response time to 8 seconds. The 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1 can also be used in a sensor network with other air defense systems and is capable of networked operations management. The improved 9M311-1M missiles are used here. These have a more powerful booster and an improved proximity fuse for fighting cruise missiles and small unmanned aerial vehicles . 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1 has a horizontal destruction zone of 1.3 to 10 km. The operating altitude is 2 to 3,500 m.

3K87 Cortic

The 3K87 Kortik close-range defense system is used on warships. It uses individual components of the 2K22 Tunguska and is equipped with 2 × 4 9M311K missiles. The NATO code name is SA-N-11 Grison .

User states

Current users

•  India - As of January 2019, at least 84 2K22M / M1 Tunguska-M / M1 are in service.
•  Morocco - As of January 2018, there are 12 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1 in service.
•  Myanmar - As of January 2018, there are an unknown number of 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1 in service.
•  Peru - 5 2K22M1 from Russian stocks in service since 2005.
•  Russia - As of January 2018, at least 250 2K22M1 Tunguska-M1s are in service.

•  Ukraine - As of January 2018, there are 70 2K22M Tunguska-M in service.
•  Belarus - As of January 2018, an unknown number of 2K22M Tunguska-M are in service.

Former user

•  Syria - decommissioned in the mid-2000s.

Web links

Commons : 2K22 Tunguska  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Manufacturer's website KBP Tula

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Ракетная техника: Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 Тунгуска
2. ↑ ^{a b} Missile Index: SA-19 ​​/ SA-N-11 Grison
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Said Aminov: ЗЕНИТНЫЙ РАКЕТНО-ПУШЕЧНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 2К22 "ТУНГУСКА" (SA-19 ​​Grison)
4. ↑ ^{a b} Ukroboronservice: Anti-aircraft Gun-Missile Complex "Tunguska" (SA-19 ​​Grison)
5. ↑ ^{a b} Ракетная техника: Зенитная управляемая ракета 9М311
6. ↑ Министерство Обороны СССР: Зенитный Пушечно-ракетный комплекс " Тунгуска " . Военное издательство , 1991 (Russian).
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Russouth: Зенитный ракетно-пушечный комплекс 2К22 “ТУНГУСКА”
8. ↑ Tunguska M-1. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 8, 2001 ; Retrieved on December 19, 2013 (English, information about the Tunguska M-1 air defense system ). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dr. Carlo Kopp: KBP 2K22 / 2K22M / M1 Tunguska SA-19 ​​Grison
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Tony Cullen: Jane's Land-Based Air Defense 2001–2002 . United Kingdom, 2001. pp. 91-94.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e} VPK.ru: ЗПРК "Тунгуска-М1" ведет бой по своим правилам
12. ↑ ^{a b c} Army Recognition: 2S6 / 2S6M SA-19 ​​Grison Tunguska 2K22M self-propelled air defense system
13. ↑ ^{a b} Army Guide: 2S6 Tunguska
14. ^ ^{A b} Military Today: 2S6 Tunguska
15. ↑ Ракетная техника: Радиолокационная система 1РЛ144
16. ↑ Jane's Information Group : Jane's Defense Weekly, issue (46/2006)
17. ^ Tomasz Szulc: Russian Surface-to-Air Missiles by 2005 . Military Technology Magazine. Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2004, pp. 60-62.
18. ↑ Indian Army Equipment. In: GlobalSecurity.org. globalsecurity.org, accessed September 3, 2019 . 
19. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS): The Military Balance 2018 . 1st edition. Routledge, London 2018, ISBN 978-1-85743-955-7 (English, January 2018).