Anti-capitalism

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As anti-capitalism is called attitudes opposing capitalist adopt a fundamentally opposite position ideas or social orders. There is or was early socialist , Marxist , anarchist , romantic , conservative-revolutionary , ethnic and national socialist anti-capitalism. From an anti-extremist perspective, a distinction is made between anthropomorphic, political, social, culturally pessimistic, anti-interest and anti-fascist anti-capitalism.

Definition

Wolfgang Hock defined anti-capitalism as “the economic side of a broadly developed ideology that is generally directed against democratic liberalism ”. Karl Marx defined socialism as anti-capitalism in the economic field. At the same time, socialism means more than anti-capitalism and not everything that is anti-capitalist is proletarian . In addition to socialist anti-capitalism, there is also a culture - critical anti-capitalism that understands the liberal economic order as destructive to culture and nature, or anti-capitalism from the right. The right-wing polemic against big capital , however, since it is linked to a principled defense of private property , does not lead to socialist consequences.

Hermann L. Gremliza sums up: "Pure anti-capitalism can lead to the strangest forms, on the national side to ethnic anti-capitalism, national Bolshevism and the like, on the left to proletarianism."

A religious, Christian- motivated anti-capitalism can be found in the Roman Catholic area in Latin American liberation theology , but also in church documents on Catholic social teaching .

anti-Semitism

In particular, early anti-capitalism was often accompanied by anti-Semitism , for example with the early socialists Charles Fourier and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or with the anarchist Michail Bakunin . Anti-Semitic clichés can also be found in Marxism, for example in Marx's work On the Jewish Question of 1843/44 or in Franz Mehring .

In the national movement of the German Empire , the cultural criticism of the phenomena of modern mass society was regularly formulated in an anti-Semitic form. Capitalism was associated with an alleged world conspiracy of “ financial Jewry ” and with the anti-Semitic stereotype of the “ usurer ” who was alien to “Nordic-Germanic people”. The völkisch critique of capitalism was particularly concerned with the phenomenon of department stores , the competition of which was a problem for the old middle class .

Signs of this anti-Semitic anti-capitalism can be found in the central 25-point program of the NSDAP, which called for the breaking of interest bondage , the nationalization of trusts , the communalization of large department stores and the expropriation of landowners without compensation ( land reform ). In Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler declared that in order to “counter the internationalization of the German economy”, the “ stock market capital ” had to be strictly separated from the “national economy”. Even Joseph Goebbels was a committed socialist and joined, among others, together with Gregor Strasser in the early years of the Nazi party for the realization of a " national socialism " one. However, these utopian considerations often played no role in concrete economic policy during the Nazi era .

However, in January 2020 Slavoj Žižek warns against considering current anti-capitalism as nothing more than a hidden form of anti-Semitism in all cases.

See also

literature

  • Wolfgang Hock: German anti-capitalism. The ideological struggle against the free economy under the sign of the great crisis , Knapp, Frankfurt am Main 1960.
  • Michael Barthel and Benjamin Jung: Völkischer Anti-Capitalism? An introduction to the criticism of capitalism from the right , series: Unrast transparent. Right margin, Vol. 9, Unrast Verlag , Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-89771-114-3 .
  • Ludwig von Mises: The roots of anti-capitalism , Fritz Knapp, Frankfurt am Main 1979 - Original: The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality , D. VAN NOSTRAND, Princeton 1958.

Web links

Wiktionary: Anti-capitalism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fabian Fischer: The constructed danger. Enemy images in political extremism. Nomos, Baden-Baden, p. 174 ff .
  2. ^ Wolfgang Hock: Hock, Wolfgang (1960): German anti-capitalism. The ideological struggle against the free economy under the sign of the great crisis . Frankfurt 1960, p. 12 .
  3. ↑ Hermann L. Gremliza : Wildcat Circular , No. 34/35, March 1997, pp. 104-116
  4. ↑ Winfried Ziegler: The Liberation Theology. Draft theological ethics (PDF; 83.6 kB). Ethics classroom materials online, accessed January 2019.
  5. ↑ Jorge Bergoglio : Between heaven and earth. Jorge Bergoglio in conversation with Rabbi Abraham Skorka. Riemann, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-570-50161-0 , p. 184.
  6. ^ Paul Morris: Judaism and Capitalism. In: Richard H. Roberts (Ed.): Religion and the Transformations of Capitalism. Comparative approaches. Routledge, London / New York 1995, p. 90; Lisa Moses Leff: Fourier, Charles. In: Richard S. Levy (Ed.): Antisemitism. A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. ABC-Clio, Berkeley 2005, Vol. 1, p. 238; Annette Schaefgen: Fourier, Charles. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus . Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Vol. 2: People. De Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-44159-2 , p. 243 (accessed via De Gruyter Online).
  7. ↑ Dominique Trimbur: Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph . In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Vol. 2: People. De Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-44159-2 , pp. 657 f. (accessed via De Gruyter Online); Frédéric Krier: Socialism for the petty bourgeoisie. Pierre Joseph Proudhon - pioneer of the Third Reich. Böhlau, Cologne - Weimar - Vienna 2009, p. 389 f.
  8. ↑ Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-092864-8 , p. 461 (accessed via De Gruyter Online); Klaus von Beyme : Socialism. Theories of Socialism, Anarchism and Communism in the Age of Ideologies 1789–1945 . Springer, Wiesbaden 2013, p. 121 f.
  9. ^ Hannah Arendt : Elements and origins of total domination . Piper, Munich 1986, p. 96; Edmund Silberner : Socialists on the Jewish question. A contribution to the history of socialism from the beginning of the 19th century to 1914 . Colloquium, Verlin 1962, p. 125 ff .; Matthias Vetter: Marx, Karl. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Handbuch des Antisemitismus. Hostility to Jews in the past and present. Vol. 2: People. De Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-598-44159-2 , p. 526.
  10. ^ Robert S. Wistrich : Anti-capitalism or antisemitism? The case of Franz Mehring . In: Leo Baeck Institute Year Book . 22, 1977, pp. 35-51; Götz Aly : Why the Germans? Why the Jews? Equality, envy and racial hatred 1800–1933 . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 127 f
  11. ↑ Heike Hoffmann: Völkische Capitalism Criticism: The example department store . In: Uwe Puschner , Walter Schmitz , Justus H. Ulbricht (eds.): Handbook on the “Völkische Movement” 1871–1918 . Saur, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-598-11421-4 , pp. 558-571.
  12. ^ Wolfgang Wippermann : Ideology . In: Wolfgang Benz, Hermann Graml and Hermann Weiß (eds.): Encyclopedia of National Socialism . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1997, p. 11 f.
  13. ↑ Christian Hartmann , Thomas Vordermayer, Othmar Plöckinger, Roman Töppel (eds.): Hitler, Mein Kampf: A critical edition . Institute for Contemporary History, Munich 2016, vol. 1, p. 572 f.
  14. ↑ Ulrich Höver: Joseph Goebbels. A national socialist. Bouvier, Bonn 1992, pp. 67-81, 88 101.
  15. ↑ Wolfgang Wippermann: The consistent madness. Ideology and Politics of Adolf Hitler . Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh / Munich 1989, p. 233 ff.
  16. ↑ Friday 2020/02 [1]