Second intifada

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Second intifada
date September 2000 to February 2005
place Palestinian Territories , Israel
Casus Belli Visit of the Temple Mount by Ariel Sharon
output Armistice of Sharm El Sheikh
consequences Construction of the barrier , implementation of the decoupling plan
Parties to the conflict

IsraelIsrael Israel

Plo emblem.png Palestine Liberation Organization , Fatah Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Hamas Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Popular Resistance Committees
Fatah flag.jpg
PFLP svg.png
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine - Flag.svg
Flag of Hamas.svg

Logoprc.jpg

Commander

Ariel Sharon
Avi poet
Ehud Barak
Shaul Mofas
Moshe Jaalon
Dan Chalutz
Gabi Aschkenasi

Yasser Arafat
Mahmud Abbas
Marwan Barghuthi
Abu Ali Mustafa
Ahmad Sa'adat
Nayef Hawatmeh
Abd Al Aziz Awda
Ramadan Shallah
Ahmad Yasin
Abd al-Aziz ar-Rantisi
Chalid Maschal
Ismail Haniyya
Mohammed Deif
Jamal Abu Samhadana


The Second Intifada , also known as the “Al-Aqsa Intifada” or “Al-Aqsa Intifada”, was a violent conflict between Palestinians and Israelis that spread from Jerusalem and Israel to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank . It began on September 28, 2000 after the Oslo peace process failed with the fruitless negotiations at Camp David . In contrast to the First Intifada , radical Palestinians backed terrorist attacks in Israel.

With the conclusion of a ceasefire between the President of the Palestinian Authority Mahmoud Abbas and Israel's Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt in February 2005, the Second Intifada officially ended. The consequences were the construction of the Israeli barrier , the implementation of Sharon's disengagement plan and poverty among the Palestinians. Fighting and acts of terrorism continued in the conflict region despite phases of mutual calm.

Political occupations of the name

The second Intifada is also Al-Aqsa-Intifada ( Arabic انتفاضة الأقصى, DMG Intifāḍat al-Aqṣā ), named after the Al-Aqsa mosque because, according to the Palestinians, it started at this mosque on the Jerusalem Temple Mount . “ Intifada ” means “to shake off” (meaning the Israeli “occupation”). The Israeli army describes the second Intifada as "אירועי גיאות ושפל" ("Flood-and-ebb-events"). Some Israeli circles also refer to the second Intifada as the Oslo War , alluding to the failed Oslo peace process . The term “terror intifada” is also used in the media.

The beginning of the Second Intifada

As announced, the opposition politician Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount in Jerusalem's old town under Arab administration on September 28, 2000, accompanied by armed personal security and more than 1,000 police officers . According to Israeli protocols, the Palestinian security chief Jibril ar-Radschub had given his consent for Sharon's publicly announced visit, provided that he does not enter a mosque .

First there were small peaceful demonstrations on the Temple Mount on Sharon’s visit, otherwise the visit went off without any problems. On the next day, however, there were violent demonstrations, which were pushed back in the following days by the Israeli police using weapons . Four people were killed and around two hundred injured, including fourteen police officers. As a result, violent and armed clashes against Israeli security personnel began in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank , whereupon Palestinian organizations and Muslim circles called the second Intifada as a general, violent uprising against Israel. Israeli sources accused the Palestinian media and communications minister of admitting that he had planned the second intifada in a tactical manner beforehand. According to the Israeli historian Benny Morris , it is unclear whether the uprising started spontaneously or on the orders of the Palestinian leadership. Morris accuses the Palestinian Authority of having done nothing to calm the situation.

Israel described the police operation as necessary to prevent a breach of the peace and to enforce the state monopoly on the use of force. The Palestinian radio had called for the mosque to be defended and the poorly equipped little Palestinian police had declared that they could not do anything about violent demonstrations without Israeli intervention. While the first intifada was more of an uprising by members of the common population, the second intifada quickly saw an increased use of radical underground groups, such as Hamas , on the part of the Palestinians, with significantly higher levels of violence and terror.

development

Both the religious and political organizations ( Hamas and Islamic Jihad ) and the left-wing PFLP and DFLP take part in the second Intifada . Since 2001, Arafat's al-Aqsa brigades and other groups belonging to the more conservative Fatah have also carried out suicide attacks. Half of all attacks are attributable to Hamas, around a fifth to that of Islamic Jihad, and around a third to that of the al-Aqsa brigades.

The Palestinian struggle was characterized by the use of suicide bombers, preferably in buses and restaurants. Israel responded with military operations against the terrorist infrastructure and the targeted killing of leaders of militant organizations and those responsible for the attacks.

chronology

2000

  • An Israeli military patrol was attacked by Palestinian snipers at the intersection about two kilometers southeast of Netzarim on September 27, 2000, i.e. one day before Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount, killing an Israeli soldier.
  • The alleged death of a twelve-year-old Palestinian boy in a shooting near Netzarim at the same intersection in front of cameras on September 30, 2000. However, it is controversial whether the boy was first thought to have been killed by Israeli bullets. Subsequent investigations suggest that the boy was either killed by bullets from Palestinian riflemen or that the scene filmed by Palestinian cameraman Talal Abu Rahme of French state television France 2 was possibly staged. (See also Pallywood ).
  • The Ramallah lynching of two Israeli soldiers on October 12, 2000, also in front of the cameras.
  • Mortar and rocket shelling of Israeli territory outside the Gaza Strip, particularly the city of Sderot .
  • Since the beginning of October 2000, the Israeli army has carried out numerous military actions in which it briefly invaded autonomous areas and arrested wanted terrorists and destroyed the terrorist infrastructure .
  • After several car bomb attacks, a new series of Palestinian suicide attacks began on December 22, 2000 . Previously, according to the Israeli government, there were no suicide bombings for 2 years.

2001

  • On February 4, 2001, a Palestinian deliberately steered a bus in Asur near Holon, south of Tel Aviv, into a collection point for hitchhikers. Eight Israelis die.
  • On March 4, 2001, a Hamas terrorist blew himself up near the market square in Netanya. He takes two women and an old man with him to their death.
  • On May 18, 2001, a Hamas terrorist detonated an explosive charge hidden under his coat at the entrance to the "Hasharon" shopping center in Netanya. Five Israelis and the assassin are shredded.
  • On April 16, 2001, Israel was first shot at with a Qassam rocket . On the same day, five mortar shells hit the urban area of Sderot .
  • On April 17, 2001, the Israeli army began briefly occupying parts of the autonomous regions to calm the situation. This was intended to stabilize the security situation, to destroy weapons workshops, to arrest wanted terrorists and to exert political pressure on Arafat.
  • A suicide bombing in a queue outside a Tel Aviv nightclub in June 2001, killing 20.
  • On August 9, 2001, 16 people, including seven children and a pregnant woman, died in a suicide attack in the Sbarro pizzeria in Jerusalem , and 130 others were injured.
  • The targeted killing of PFLP leader Abu Ali Mustafa on August 27, 2001.
  • A Palestinian suicide bomber killed three Israelis at the railway station in Nahariya on September 9, 2001 , and at least 46 were injured, some seriously.
  • In an attack on October 2, 2001 in Elei Sinai , two young Israelis were shot dead and another 15 injured, some seriously. The perpetrators use firearms and also throw several hand grenades. On December 2, 2001, an Israeli was shot dead and four others injured, some seriously, in the same location.
  • On October 17, 2001, the Israeli Minister of Tourism , Rechaw'am Ze'ewi, was murdered in a hotel in Jerusalem .
  • On October 28, 2001 , security forces employed by the Palestinian Authority carried out an attack on Israelis for the first time . The two assassins drive their vehicle through Hadera and shoot randomly at passers-by with M-16 rapid-fire rifles. The assassins kill four women, Lidia Marco 63 years, Ayala Levy 39 years, Sima Menachem 30 years, Smadar Levy 23 years and injure 44 people, some seriously, before they are killed by the Israeli police.
  • On November 10, 2001, a Palestinian terrorist shot dead the Israeli security officer of the Moshaw , Aharon Ussishkin, 50 years old, in front of Kfar Hess , two other people were seriously injured.
  • An Israeli was killed and two others injured in a grenade attack on Kefar Darom in the Gaza Strip on November 24, 2001 .
  • On November 27, 2001, two Palestinian assassins from Jenin killed two Israelis and injured more than 50 people in Afula, some seriously, when they were shooting machine guns at random in the city's market square.
  • On November 29, 2001, a Palestinian suicide bomber detonated a bomb in a bus when it was passing an Israeli army training camp near Hadera. Three Israelis are killed, including Inbal Weiss, (22) and Ichiav Alshayd (28) and at least nine injured, some seriously.
  • On December 1, 2001, three attacks in Jerusalem , two of them on Ben-Jehuda-Strasse, killed ten people, and more than 180 were injured, some of them life-threatening.
  • In a new suicide attack in a fully occupied bus in Haifa on December 2, 2001, 16 people are killed and more than 60 injured.
  • In a Palestinian attack on a bus on December 12, 2001 in Immanuel , 11 Israelis were killed and around 30 injured. The Israeli bus was stopped on its entry into the small town by two bomb explosions, which, according to police, killed four occupants. Then at least one Palestinian shot at the bus and other vehicles, killing six other Israelis before he could be shot himself. Another person died on March 25, 2002 from his injuries.

2002

  • On January 3, 2002, Israel confiscated the Karine A ship loaded with illegal weapons for the PA .
  • On January 17, 2002, an armed Palestinian assaulted a bat mitzvah society in a dance hall in Hadera , killing six people and injuring 33. The perpetrator shot at the guests indiscriminately with a rapid-fire rifle. Aharon Ben Yisrael-Alis (32), Dina Binayaw die (48), Edward (48) and Antoli Bakschayaw (63), Avi Yazadi (25) and Boris Melihow (56) died in the attack.
  • On January 27, 2002, an Israeli was killed in a suicide attack, for the first time by a Palestinian woman, at the intersection of Jaffa and King George Street in Jerusalem. More than 150 people were injured or shocked.
  • On February 6, 2002 in Chamra, West Bank, Miri Ohana and her 11-year-old daughter Yael were murdered in their home by an armed terrorist disguised as an Israeli soldier. Sergeant Major Moshe Mejos Mekonan, a reservist from Beit Shean, was also killed in the attack. Fatah and Hamas both committed to the attack.
  • Palestinian terrorists first fired a Qassam-2 rocket at Israel on February 10, 2002.
  • On February 16, 2002, three Israeli youths were killed and 27 people injured in a suicide bombing in Karnei Shomron .
  • Six Israelis were murdered by Palestinian terrorists near the Palestinian village of Ein Arik on February 19, 2002, and a seventh was seriously injured. An Arik is located west of the autonomous city of Ramallah and north of the Jewish village of Givʿat Seev .
  • In another terrorist attack on March 2, 2002, a Palestinian suicide bomber murdered at least nine people and injured at least 40, some seriously, in the district of Beit Israel. The explosive device on the terrorist's body exploded around 7.15 p.m. local time in the neighborhood inhabited by ultra-Orthodox Jews when they returned from the synagogues on Shabbat. The crime occurred at the intersection of Beit Israel and Haim Ozer Street. As the Israeli radio reported in the evening, the Palestinian residents of the autonomous city of Ramallah cheered on the streets after the attack.
  • On March 3, 2002, near the town of Ofra, ten Israelis were killed and at least six were injured, some seriously, when a Palestinian terrorist shot indiscriminately with a rifle at a roadside checkpoint at Israeli passers-by, soldiers and rescue workers.
  • On March 5, 2002, a Palestinian suicide bomber set off a bomb in a public bus in Afula . One Israeli was killed and at least 17 others wounded. On the same day, a Palestinian assassin killed three Israelis and injured more than 30 in two restaurants in central Tel Aviv.
  • In an assassination attempt by a Palestinian in Kerem Atzmona on the night of March 7-8 , 2002, five young Israelis were killed and at least 23 were wounded, some seriously. The victims are Tal Kurtzvail from Bnei Brak, Asher Marcus, Ariel Zana and Eran Pikar from Jerusalem, all 18 years old. The name of the fifth death victim is not yet known.
  • In two terrorist attacks in Jerusalem and Netanya on March 9, 2002, twelve Israelis were killed and at least 105 injured, some of them life-threatening.
  • On March 12, 2002, six Israelis were killed and at least seven others injured in an attack by terrorists on an Israeli bus near the border with Lebanon near Rosh HaNikra .
  • On March 20, 2002, at least seven Israelis were killed and more than 30 were injured, some seriously, in a suicide attack by a Palestinian in an Israeli bus near the city of Umm al-Fahm .
  • On March 21, 2002, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up in downtown Jerusalem, killing three people and injuring more than 60 people, some seriously. The victims were Yitzhak Cohen and the Shemesh couple from Pisgat Ze'ev. Tzipi, who was five months pregnant, and Gad Shemesh leave behind two children (7 and 3 years old).
  • On March 27, 2002, 22 people were killed and 140 injured in a suicide attack in the Park Hotel in Netanya during the seder evening , which was attended by 250 guests. Hamas took responsibility for the attack. The terrorist was a Hamas member from Tulkarem wanted by Israel .
  • On Thursday, March 28, 2002, a Palestinian shot and killed a Jewish family of four in the West Bank, on Friday morning two Israelis were stabbed to death in the Gaza Strip, and on the afternoon of the same day a Palestinian woman blew herself up in West Jerusalem and killed two people with in death.
  • On March 28, 2002, two Jewish residents were killed and three others injured in a raid on Elon Moreh by Palestinian terrorists. The assassins broke into the settlement in the evening and fired automatic weapons at the residents in a residential building.
  • In response, the Israeli army occupied on 29 March 2002 the headquarters of Yasser Arafat between Birzeit and Ramallah . Earlier, the Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon had stated that Yasser Arafat was an enemy of Israel because he refused to fight terrorism. Therefore, he should be isolated, but not injured or killed. The muqataa is partially destroyed. This marked the start of Operation Schutzschild. By April 10, 2002, it led to the reoccupation of the areas under Palestinian autonomous administration. The aim of the operation was to prevent further Palestinian attacks.
  • On March 31, 2002, another Palestinian suicide attack killed at least 15 people and around 45 were injured, some seriously. The suicide bomber blew himself up at around 2:45 pm local time in the "Matza" restaurant in the Neve Sha'anan district of Haifa. The restaurant is owned by an Israeli Arab and many Arabs frequent there. It was considered ruled out that Palestinian terrorists would target an Arab pub.
  • On April 12, 2002, another suicide attack on a Palestinian woman by the Al-Aqsa Brigades in Jerusalem left six dead and around 60 injured, including seven seriously injured. The assassin blew herself up at a bus stop near the Mahane Yehuda market where a bus was parked.
  • On June 16, 2002, the construction of the Israeli barrier to the West Bank, which is supposed to prevent the infiltration of assassins, begins . The Israeli "Intelligence and Terrorism Center" recorded a significant reduction in fatal suicide attacks from the start of construction.
  • On the night of June 28-29, 2002, after a four-day siege, the muqataa (prison and police headquarters) in Hebron , where 15 militants were holed up, was blown up .
  • The reopening of the internment camp in the Ofer military camp near Baituniya, southwest of Ramallah (managed by the civil prison administration since 2006).

2003

  • On January 5, 2003, two assassins in the south of Tel Aviv blew each other up almost simultaneously and only a few hundred meters apart. They killed 23 people and injured 100 others, and several buildings were damaged. The Islamic Jihad in Palestine and the Al Aqsa Brigades confessed to the attacks .
  • On August 19, 2003, Hamas carried out a suicide attack on a bus in the Shmuel Hanavi neighborhood of Jerusalem. 23 people died, including 5 children and 2 infants; 130 others were injured, some seriously.
  • On October 4, 2003, a 29-year-old Palestinian suicide bomber blew herself up in the Maxim restaurant in Haifa, killing 19 people with her. Another 60 people are injured, 2 of whom later died from their injuries.
  • On October 18, 2003, three Israeli soldiers were shot dead in an ambush near the Ofra settlement.

2004

2005

The first talks to end the violence began after the election as President of the Palestinian Authority on January 26, 2005 between Dov Weissglas, an advisor to the Israeli Prime Minister, and the Palestinian Minister for Negotiations Saeb Erekat . It was agreed to withdraw from Ramallah, Tulkarem, Kalkilya and Jericho and to suspend the policy of targeted killing of militant leaders of Palestinian organizations. Operations by the Palestinian police to improve the security situation were also agreed.

On February 8, 2005 Abbas and Sharon met in Sharm El Sheikh for the first summit since the beginning of the Intifada, at which a ceasefire was agreed. This day is considered to be the end of the second intifada. The particularly criticized practice of destroying the homes of terror suspects, as well as the targeted killings, has been discontinued since mid-February 2005 with the end of the 2nd Intifada. The meeting was hosted by President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt and King Abdullah II of Jordan . However, Hamas said in the afternoon that it was not bound by the agreement. The peace will only be observed if Israel undertakes to release all of the approximately 8,000 Palestinian prisoners.

report

Human Rights Watch released a report on November 30, 2001 alleging serious allegations against the Palestinian Authority and Yasser Arafat . In Palestinian prisons, for example, prisoners are tortured and rarely given a fair trial. At least 450 Palestinians are currently in custody without charge. Since the beginning of the Intifada in September last year, five people have died, three of them as a result of torture. Most of the detainees are alleged collaborators with Israel or have sold land to Israelis. Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Authority were also accused of having failed to investigate the 30 or so murders of alleged collaborators. Human Rights Watch also condemned Arafat's refusal to arrest Palestinian terrorists who carried out attacks on Israelis, or who released terrorists from custody after a short period of time without a trial.

Casualty numbers

During the 1,558 days of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, the Israelis counted 460 Qassam rocket attacks and 20,406 attacks, including 138 suicide attacks and 13,730 gunfire attacks. According to the Jedi'ot Acharonot newspaper , 1,036 Israelis were killed, 715 of them civilians, and 7,054 injured. The following applies only to the suicide attacks: “Since the beginning of the Intifada (September 2000), 513 Israelis have been killed and 3,380 injured in 143 suicide attacks. The attacks were carried out by 160 suicide bombers. "

On the Palestinian side, 3,592 (according to Palestinian sources 3,336) were killed, 985 of them civilians. Israel calls 959 of them terrorists. 208 Palestinians were deliberately killed . Over 600 Palestinian dead were members of the National Authority's security services (secret services or police).

According to statistics from the “Anti-Terror Institute” at the Herzlia Interdisciplinary Center , 126 Palestinian women and more than twice as many Israeli women (285) died. 365 Palestinians were killed by their own compatriots, usually in blood revenge, honor killings and lynching of actual or perceived collaborators.

According to the NGO B'Tselem , after the Second Intifada began, Palestinians killed dozens of Palestinian civilians on allegations of cooperation with Israel. Some of the victims were killed in the murders of organizations; partly by security forces of the Palestinian Authority as a result of torture or attempts to escape, partly they were lynched by crowds.

Economic consequences

The Second Intifada had a strong negative impact on the economic situation on both sides. In the West Bank, real gross national product per capita in 2002 was 22 percent lower than in 2000. The average unemployment rate rose from 7.5 percent just before the outbreak of the Intifada to 28.2 percent in 2002. Wages fell, especially among the uneducated workers previously employed in Israel at higher wages. The Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator in the Occupied Territories (UNSCO) estimated the damage to the Palestinian economy in the first quarter of 2002 at over $ 1.1 billion, compared with annual GDP of $ 4.5 billion.

The economic damage to Israel, particularly as a result of a sharp decline in tourism, was estimated by the Israel Chamber of Commerce to be between $ 35 and 45 billion, compared with a GDP of $ 122 billion in 2002. After 2003, the economy recovered Israel, however, quickly.

Further development

The peace dialogue agreed at the Sharm El Sheikh summit was overshadowed by attacks. On February 26, 2005, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up in Tel Aviv. 5 Israelis were killed and around 50 people injured in the explosion. The Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility for the attack.

On March 18, 2005, Israel began to evacuate the occupied Palestinian cities. At the same time, Mahmud Abbas was able to negotiate a ceasefire with Israel with Hamas and the Islamic Jihad that would run until the end of the year.

The rocket and mortar attacks on Jewish villages in and near the Gaza Strip on July 15, 2005 are considered the end of the ceasefire. The Israeli army responded with targeted killings of four members of Hamas in Gaza and three others in Salit in the West Bank. Nevertheless, Israel implemented its unilateral disengagement plan in August.

Judicial proceedings

  • In February 2015, a US federal court in New York sentenced the Palestinian Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to pay US victims $ 218 million (€ 192 million) for attacks in Israel. The jury on Monday found the defendants guilty of six attacks between 2002 and 2004. The attacks resulted in a total of 33 dead and more than 390 injured. Eleven families of victims had sued the federal court for damages. The jury blamed the PLO and the Palestinian Authority for the attacks. These were carried out by members of the radical Islamic Hamas and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, some of whom are said to have been on the payroll of the Palestinian Authority and the PLO, respectively. The Palestinian side announced an appeal against the verdict.
  • The district court in Jerusalem has said the Palestinian Authority and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for 17 terrorist attacks during the second intifada guilty on July 8 of 2019. You are jointly responsible for the acts of terrorist organizations such as Hamas and Islamic Jihad. The verdict proves that the Intifada was not a popular uprising, but a deliberate and planned war against the Israeli civilian population , said the representative of the damaged families, Nitzana Darschan-Leitner. The justification for the judgment was that the PA and the PLO are not state organs and are therefore not protected by immunity in the event of claims for damages. They paid scholarships to captured terrorists and glorified killed assassins by naming streets, schools and public places after them. The PA also financed the weapons for the shooting of civilians. The PA is said to pay for 40 percent of the compensation, the perpetrators for the rest. In the negotiated 17 terrorist attacks 34 Israelis were killed and seven injured.

literature

  • Devorah S. Manekin: Regular Soldiers, Irregular War: Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca 2020, ISBN 978-1-5017-5043-4 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The history of Palestine in the State Center for Civic Education Baden-Württemberg , accessed August 5, 2018
  2. ^ Martin Schäuble, Noah Flug: The Second Intifada and the construction of the barrier in the Federal Agency for Civic Education. March 28, 2008
  3. ↑ What consequences the Intifada has for Palestine in Die Welt. November 14, 2004.
  4. ^ Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia - Glossary: ​​"Intifada" First Intifada
  5. ↑ [1] ; [2] ; [3] ; [4] ; [5]
  6. ^ Noah Flug, Martin Schäuble: The History of the Israelis and Palestinians. 2nd edition, Hanser, Munich / Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3446209077 , p. 123
  7. ↑ cf. The Palestinian leadership confesses: The El Aqsa Intifadah: Everything Was Planned ( memento of December 18, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) from the website of the World Zionist Organization , web link accessed January 1, 2012
  8. ^ Benny Morris: One State, Two States. Yale 2009, pp. 140f
  9. ↑ On January 19, 2009, Dr. Juliane Wetzel from the Center for Antisemitism at the TU Berlin visited the Centrum Judaicum and spoke about "Israel in the media" ( Memento from September 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Juliane Wetzel: Israel in the media.
  10. ↑ James Fallows: Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura? . In: Die Weltwoche , issue 29/03 . Retrieved July 21, 2009. 
  11. ↑ Esther Schapira: Propaganda against Israel: The Mohammed Al Durah case and the media staging of reality. ( Memento of July 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Editor of the Hessischer Rundfunk questions the murder thesis. ARD reveals falsification in the case of Mohammed Al-DurahMohammed Al-Durah ( Memento from December 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ ARD Documentation: The Child, Death and Truth. hr television on July 12, 2010 01: 40–02: 30 (50 min.)
  13. ↑ JA / hie .: Is Mohammed al-Dura alive? . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  14. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: France's journalists support a forgery . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  15. ↑ Israeli tanks penetrate the West Bank In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger .de, December 25, 2001, accessed on August 4, 2018.
  16. ^ Statistics Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  17. ↑ a b c The most momentous Palestinian attacks of the new Intifada in Handelsblatt , September 9, 2001
  18. ↑ Israel (Foreign Ministry): "The Hamas terror war against Israel" (German: The Hamasterrorkrieg gegen Israel ), November 30, 2008, seen January 3, 2009.
  19. ↑ Israel closes the Orient-Haus In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger .de, July 10, 2001, accessed on August 2, 2018.
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  22. ^ Ceasefire in Israel in Danger In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger .de, October 3, 2001, accessed on August 4, 2018.
  23. ↑ Assassination attempt in the Gaza Strip - One Israeli killed, four injured In: Israelnetz.de , December 2, 2001, accessed on August 4, 2018.
  24. ^ Despite assassinations, army completes withdrawal from Bethlehem and Beit Jala In: Israelnetz.de , October 29, 2001, accessed on July 27, 2018.
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  26. ↑ Suicide bombing in the Gaza Strip - two border guards wounded In: Israelnetz.de , November 26, 2001, accessed on July 30, 2018.
  27. ↑ Zinni: Sharon also has to deal with settlement construction In: Israelnetz.de , November 28, 2001, accessed on July 30, 2018.
  28. ↑ Three dead in suicide bombing - Thousands of Palestinians celebrate In: Israelnetz.de , November 30, 2001, accessed on July 31, 2018.
  29. ↑ Three attacks shake Jerusalem - ten dead, 180 injured In: Israelnetz.de , December 2, 2001, accessed on July 31, 2018.
  30. ↑ 16 dead in terrorist attack in Haifa - 60 people injured In: Israelnetz.de , December 2, 2001, accessed on July 31, 2018.
  31. ↑ 17 dead in a new wave of violence in the Middle East In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger .de, December 12, 2001, accessed on August 4, 2018.
  32. ↑ Chronology of Terrorist Attacks in Israel Part VII: 2001 In: johnstonsarchive.net, English, accessed on August 4, 2018.
  33. ↑ Arms smuggling revealed - Israel confiscates ship in the Red Sea In: Israelnetz.de , January 4, 2002, accessed on August 11, 2018
  34. ^ Bloodbath in Hadera: The victims were Bat Mitzvah guests (3rd update). In: Israelnetz .de. January 18, 2002, accessed January 27, 2019 .
  35. ^ "War against Israel": Assassination attempt in Jerusalem - 1 dead, 150 injured. In: Israelnetz .de. January 28, 2002, accessed January 27, 2019 .
  36. ↑ Palestinians fire Qassam 2 rockets at Israel for the first time. In: Israelnetz .de. February 11, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  37. ↑ Horror and grief in Karnei Shomron after the murder of two 15-year-old students. In: Israelnetz .de. February 18, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  38. Jump up ↑ In Cold Blood - Palestinians Murder Six Israelis. In: Israelnetz .de. February 7, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  39. ↑ Assassination attempt in Jerusalem - the victims came from the synagogue. In: Israelnetz .de. March 7, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  40. ↑ New assassination attempt - Palestinians kill 10 Israelis at checkpoint near Ofra. In: Israelnetz .de. March 3, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  41. ^ Three more attacks - tremors in Israel. In: Israelnetz .de. March 5, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  42. ↑ Assassination attempt in training camp in the Gaza Strip - 5 young Israelis killed and 23 injured. In: Israelnetz .de. March 8, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  43. ↑ Palestinian Terror in Jerusalem and Netanya - 12 dead, 105 injured. In: Israelnetz .de. March 9, 2002, accessed July 26, 2019 .
  44. ↑ Attack on the Lebanese border - 6 Israelis killed. In: Israelnetz .de. March 5, 2002, accessed August 4, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Suicide bombing in a bus - 7 Israelis killed and 30 injured. In: Israelnetz .de. March 20, 2002, accessed August 4, 2019 .
  46. ↑ ISRAEL HOLDS ZINNI MISSION DESPITE THE STOP IN JERUSALEM. In: Israeli Embassy in Berlin . March 22, 2002, accessed August 9, 2019 .
  47. ↑ [6]
  48. ↑ Newsletter of the Israeli Embassy in Berlin ( Memento from November 10, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from 30/31. March 2002 page 1 and 3
  50. ^ Another assassination attempt - Israel announces partial mobilization of the army. In: ksta.de . March 28, 2002, accessed October 3, 2019 .
  51. ↑ Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger from 30./31. March 2002 page 1 and 3
  52. ↑ Dead and injured in an attack on an Arab restaurant in Haifa. In: Israelnetz .de. March 31, 2002, accessed October 5, 2019 .
  53. ↑ Suicide attack in Jerusalem: dead and injured. Israelnetz.de , April 15, 2002, accessed on November 11, 2019 .
  54. ↑ Wirtschaftswoche: Rocket attack on Gaza City: 24 dead in attacks in Tel Aviv. January 6, 2003, accessed March 22, 2020 .
  55. ^ Ha-Aretz, Israeli Embassy, ​​New York Times Israel Halts Decades-Old Practice Of Demolishing Militants' Homes
  56. ↑ Human rights organization: PA tortures prisoners In: Israelnetz.de , November 30, 2001, accessed on July 31, 2018.
  57. ↑ Information from the Israeli embassy, ​​July 2005 ( Memento from August 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  58. ^ Harm to palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel. In: Btselem. January 1, 2011, accessed January 12, 2020 .
  59. ↑ Miaari, Sami; Zussman, Asaf; Zussman, Noam: Employment Restrictions and Political Violence in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. In: Economics of Security Working Paper, No. 59, 2012. German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Berlin, accessed on January 11, 2020 (English).
  60. ↑ a b Gabriel G. Tabarani: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: from Balfour Promise to Bush Declaration: The Complications and the Road for a Lasting Peace . AuthorHouse, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4678-7904-0 , pp. 452 .
  61. ↑ Attacks in Israel: US court sentences PLO to compensation . February 23, 2015 ( welt.de [accessed January 1, 2020]).
  62. ↑ Jerusalem court demands compensation for intifada from PA. In: Israelnetz .de. July 9, 2019, accessed July 22, 2019 .