Intifada

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Intifada ( Arabic انتفاضة, DMG intifāḍa ) - also Intefadah or Intifadah - is the name for two Palestinian uprisings against Israel . The term comes from the Arabic intafada  /انتفض / intafaḍa  / 'get up, get rid of, shake off'. The Hebrew spelling is אינתיפאדה.

First intifada

The first Intifada began as the so-called "War of the Stones" in 1987. Since 1991 the violence has decreased; it ended with the signature of the Oslo Treaty in August 1993 and the creation of the Palestinian Authority . The intifada began in the Jabaliya refugee camp and spread to the Gaza Strip , the West Bank and East Jerusalem . The Hamas -Leader Ahmed Yassin , head of the Islamic Center in Gaza, claimed the Israeli and Palestinian press in December 1989, according to the Intifada had arisen not spontaneously but by "Islamic teachings", and the national forces to Yasir Arafat had been added. On the other hand, in August 1989, Arafat appealed to nine Palestinian organizations, including Hamas and al-Jihad al-Islami, to maintain unity .

The first intifada was characterized by civil disobedience by the Palestinians, which escalated with terror and violence. According to B'Tselem's count, 1,162 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces until the Oslo Accords in 1993 . 160 Israelis were killed by Palestinian forces. In addition, according to an estimate by the organization PHRMG (part of the Ford Foundation ), 1,000 Palestinians were killed by Palestinian forces in the course of lynching , blood revenge or honor killings . Of these, only 40–50% had been in contact with Israeli forces.

The Middle East historian Wolfgang G. Schwanitz saw the historic achievement of the Intifada until the beginning of 1991 in striving for a Palestinian state no longer instead of Israel, but alongside it, in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. To be sure, a correspondingly modified Palestinian National Charter was required, which was supposed to confirm Israel's existence and replace the old Palestinian National Charter, which is still aimed at eliminating Israel. The Intifada and its United National Leadership did not achieve that. Rather, the internal rift between nationalists and Islamists widened, between Yasir Arafat's PLO and Ahmad Yasin's Hamas at the beginning of 1991, which, unlike Arafat, continued to reject all United Nations resolutions on the Palestine question.

Second intifada

The second intifada, which the Palestinians refer to as the Al-Aqsa Intifada , began in September 2000. After the announcement of the visit of the then opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount , which is also sacred to Muslims , violent protests began among the Palestinians. After the failure of the Camp David summit , the establishment of a Palestinian state was once again a long way off. Sharon, who was already in the election campaign, wanted to send a political signal by walking across the Temple Mount in the company of more than a thousand police officers that Jerusalem would not be divided.

There were violent protests the day after his visit. Police shot and killed four Palestinians and wounded 200, including 14 Israeli police officers.

On October 1, Israeli police shot dead 13 unarmed Muslim demonstrators, including 12 Israelis, in northern Israel.

The Intifada was fueled by the video of the alleged shooting of the Palestinian boy Mohammed Al-Durah by Israeli soldiers at a street crossing ("Netzarim junction") near Netzarim in the Gaza Strip on September 30, 2000, three days after one at the same street crossing Israeli military patrol attacked by Palestinian snipers , killing an Israeli soldier (September 27, 2000) and two days after Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount (September 28, 2000). But the scene filmed on September 30th by the Palestinian cameraman Talal Abu Rahme of the French state television broadcaster France 2 was possibly staged.

The UN Security Council met at the request of the Palestinian leadership and passed resolution 1322 on October 7, 2000 , accusing Israel of disproportionate use of armed force.

The clashes between the Israeli army and the Palestinians spread to the entire territory of Israel and the Palestinian Authority. With the agreement between Mahmud Abbas and Ariel Sharon in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt in February 2005 on a mutual ceasefire, the Al-Aqsa intifada was officially over. In the 1,558 days of the Al-Aqsa Intifada, the Israelis counted 20,406 attacks, including 138 suicide attacks and 13,730 gun attacks, as well as 460 attacks with Qassam rockets . According to the Jedi'ot Acharonot newspaper , 1,036 Israelis were killed (715 civilians) and 7,054 injured. The following applies only to the suicide attacks: “ Since the beginning of the Intifada (September 2000), 513 Israelis have been killed and 3,380 injured in 143 suicide attacks. The attacks were carried out by 160 suicide bombers. “The Palestinians lost 3,592 (Palestinian sources: 3,336) deaths (985 civilians). Israel describes 959 of them as terrorists - 208 Palestinians were deliberately killed . Over 600 Palestinian dead were members of the National Authority's security services (the secret services or the police).

The attacks by the Israeli Air Force, which were also flown on targets in densely populated areas, initially killed a large number of civilians; only gradually did this change. While the percentage was 50% in 2002, it fell by 2–3% in 2007.

According to statistics from the “Anti-Terror Institute” at the Herzlia Interdisciplinary Center, 126 Palestinian women and more than twice as many Israeli women (285) died. 365 Palestinians were killed by their own compatriots, usually in the context of lynching , blood revenge, and honor killings of actual or perceived collaborators. On the Israeli side, 22 people came by friendly fire killed.

Possible third intifada

The following riots are sometimes referred to as intifada:

  • When conflicts arose in Palestine and Israel, there was repeated talk of a third intifada, for example during the Israeli operation Cast Lead in late 2008 to early 2009 in the Gaza Strip.
  • The unrest in Jerusalem in the summer and autumn of 2014, triggered by the kidnapping and murder of the three Israeli youths Naftali Frankel, Gil-Ad Scha'ar and Ejal Jifrach, is often referred to as the intifada.
  • In October 2015, warnings were again issued against another intifada in the form of a new kind of terror. Two knife attacks in Israel on October 3, 2015 and the subsequent events were decisive. These attacks with knives on Israelis, carried out mainly by Palestinian youths (some of them minors, some women) became so frequent that at the beginning of 2016 the term "knife intifada" appeared in the Israeli media. This designation was also adopted by German journalists. What is new about this approach is that these attacks are not organized and no organization can be held responsible for them. The attackers were often shot dead by security forces in the course of the attack. In some cases, Israelis also died from stray bullets. The climax of this phase was the spring of 2016, when the Hebron incident occurred on March 24, 2016 . In many cases it is believed that adolescents committed suicide by soldier in this way . Research by the Israeli army and police in collaboration with psychologists revealed that around half of the 300 attackers in the 18 months from September 2015 fell into this group. Reasons were: bullying, abuse, forced marriage and even bad school grades. On May 2, 2017, a 19-year-old Jewish man also committed suicide in the same way.

See also

literature

  • Dietmar Herz: Palestine: Gaza and West Bank. History politics culture . 5th edition. Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-49452-8 .
  • Felicia Langer: Quo vadis Israel? The new intifada of the Palestinians . 2nd Edition. Lamuv, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-88977-615-9 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Intifada  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Glossary: ​​“Intifada”. Brandenburg State Center for Civic Education, accessed on December 9, 2017 .
  2. ^ Intifada ( Memento of April 3, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Microsoft Encarta .
  3. ↑ The Intifada - An Overview: The First Two Years ( Memento of the original from July 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jmcc.org
  4. ↑ Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Middle East: Regulatory Approaches in the Light of the Intifâda. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: Martin Robbe, Dieter Senghaas (ed.): The world after the East-West conflict - history and prognoses. Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1990, pp. 225–247, note 18, 23
  5. ^ Statistics: First Intifada. B'Tselem , accessed February 24, 2008 .
  6. ^ One Year Al-Aqsa Intifada: Fact Sheets And Figures - Collaborators. (No longer available online.) Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group, October 2001, archived from the original June 6, 2007 ; Retrieved February 24, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.phrmg.org
  7. ↑ Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Middle East: Regulations despite or because of the Intifada? (PDF; 712 kB) In: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Berlin 19 (1991) 5, pp. 872–878, here 873.
  8. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Juliane Wetzel : Israel in the media @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.digberlin.de
  9. ↑ James Fallows: Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura? . In: Die Weltwoche , issue 29/03 . Retrieved September 17, 2012. 
  10. ↑ Esther Schapira ( Memento of the original from July 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Editor of the Hessischer Rundfunk, questions the murder thesis. ARD reveals falsification in the Mohammed Al-Durah case ( memento of the original from December 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.european-forum-on-antisemitism.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.radioplanet24.de
  11. ↑ JA / hie .: Is Mohammed al-Dura alive? . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  12. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: France's journalists support a forgery . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  13. ^ Mid-East leaders announce truce , BBC News. February 8, 2005. 
  14. ↑ Information from the Israeli Embassy, ​​July 2005 ( Memento of the original from August 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / nlarchiv.israel.de
  15. ↑ Pinpointed IAF attacks in Gaza more precise, hurt fewer civilians - Haaretz ( Memento from December 31, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ tagesschau.de : Reactions to Israeli air strikes - Hamas boss calls for the third Intifada. ( Memento of December 31, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Dec. 27, 2008.
  17. ↑ Dead in the West Bank: Palestine could face the third Intifada. n-tv , July 25, 2014, accessed November 18, 2014 .
  18. ↑ Attacks in Israel: The third Intifada began long ago. Stern.de , November 18, 2014, accessed on November 18, 2014 .
  19. ↑ New Kind of Terror . On: orf.at of October 14, 2015; Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  20. ↑ See e.g. B. Inge Günther in Badische Zeitung, March 26, 2016, p. 6.
  21. ^ Israeli Army Chief: I Don't Want Soldiers Emptying Magazines on Girls With Scissors , Ha-Aretz on February 17, 2016
  22. ↑ Israeli Jew's 'Suicide by Army' Sheds Light on 'Lone Wolf' Palestinian Terror , Ha-Aretz on May 4, 2017
  23. ↑ Hamas calls for an intifada after Trump's Jerusalem decision , tagesschau.de on December 7, 2017