honour killing

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term honor killing ( English honor killing or honor killing ) describes the killing or murder of a usually female member of the perpetrator's family as a punishment for a suspected violation of the family's internal rules of conduct by the victim. The murder is intended to avert the alleged shame or the threatened or already inflicted social degradation of the perpetrator or his family and to signal to the environment that the "honesty" has been restored.

Although in the majority of cases the victim is a woman or a girl and the perpetrator is a male family member, men as lovers of a woman or homosexual are also at risk. Murders motivated in this way are most common in archaic tribal societies in the Near and Middle East. Although they come from a pre-Islamic tradition, they occur increasingly in Islamic states, especially in those with Sharia legislation in the Near and Middle East as well as Pakistan, but can also be found in non-Muslim regions in India or Latin America. So-called "honor killings" also occur sporadically in European countries with a high proportion of immigrants from the areas concerned.

Concept of honor

In the value system of many strictly traditionalist societies, the "social honor" of the entire family also depends on the norm-compliant behavior of all members . Here moral morality is of particular importance and scope.

In strictly patriarchal societies in particular, such ideas are still present today and take a particularly strong position in all areas where the maintenance of sexual morality is at stake . This is often identical with the virginity of unmarried women and the modesty and obedience of all younger female clan members. Therefore, even minor 'offenses', such as writing love letters, holding hands or even just eye contact, can be viewed as a flaw. The purpose is to create intimidation and thus rule the family by making exceptionally tough and uncompromising decisions in this area. The men in these families are no less victims of their culture than the women - even if they suffer less personally from it.

This idea of ​​a social “honor” has nothing to do with a personal concept of honor. They overlap at most where the perpetrator of an honor killing sees his personal honor in obeying the instructions of the family, as he has promised as a good member of this family.

Defamation

Depending on how strictly the concept of honor is designed, family member violated the family honor very quickly. In some patriarchal cultures, for example, it is sufficient for a woman to exercise the human rights guaranteed by the UN and, for example, to reject a husband chosen for her (see forced marriage ) or to leave her husband. Sometimes the mere wish is enough - or even the suspicion that she has this wish. The social pressure in such societies is therefore extremely high - and accordingly the fear that results from it.

Since homophobia is firmly anchored in many traditional patriarchal cultures, homosexuality is also considered a defamation there. In such cases, those affected no longer have the privileged status that men otherwise enjoy in a patriarchal society.

In other cultures that do not judge unilaterally gender, all members of a family can tarnish family honor. For example, when a family member acts improperly in the presence of members of a higher-ranking family, so that the latter sees an insult. A defilement of honor can also apply if orders from the head of the family are ignored or criticized ( Ex 21.17  EU ). If a family tolerates such behavior, it is externally considered weak - and becomes vulnerable as a result.

In this cultural understanding, a family can also be “dishonored” if the person concerned is not “to blame ” for the incidents: for example, if they are raped . It is significant that the aspect of defamation often receives more attention than the circumstances that led to it. For example, a woman who has been raped can be just as much a family flaw as one whose husband she accuses of wanting to leave him. When deciding whether or not to commit an honor killing, the history that led to the violation of family honor is of secondary importance - what counts here is that the honor was violated and how it is restored.

In Jordan, autopsies show that 80% of the suspects had not had any illicit sexual relationship, which was cited as a reason for the murder.

Honor killings of stolen women are sometimes carried out because a single stolen woman does not bring a bride price at marriage and consequently appears "worthless" to the family.

The Afghan women's rights organization RAWA published cases of honor killings as a result of a woman accidentally looking at a man.

Restoration of family honor

Due to the social structure in the countries affected by honor killings, defamation is very strictly sanctioned by the social environment and according to these ideas, only the death of the person who brought the stain into the family can free them again from the stain. It is a "family matter".

In many patriarchal societies, the entire extended family is usually informed of the matter and they jointly decide how to proceed. In some cultures where the family hierarchy is absolute, the head of the family alone can decide.

It is true that mostly close male relatives (fathers, brothers, husbands) are the perpetrators; however, women are also involved in the preparation of the crime. Since incitement to murder is also considered a serious criminal offense in most countries, women are often also perpetrators from a legal perspective, even if in honor killings the guilt can often not be assigned unequivocally to the head of the family.

Proponents of this practice do not see this as a crime, but rather a social necessity that serves the higher purpose of maintaining the family. Understanding these cultures is less about punishing the person who has brought shame on the family, but rather about removing the “stain”, the “dirt” from the family. The aim of an honor killing is therefore similar to that of a repudiation . The inner logic of this point of view comes from archaic times, in which a dismissal from the protection of the family most likely meant a mostly slow death. A quick death was therefore considered more gracious.

distribution

Worldwide

Official statistics or systematic studies that prove the actual number of honor killings do not exist because these often take place in secret. In addition, in rural areas girls and women are often not officially registered in the birth register, so that their disappearance is not necessarily noticed.

According to estimates by the UN World Population Report from the year 2000, around 5,000 girls and women in at least 14 countries are murdered every year for “moral honor ”. No information is available on the number of boys and men murdered. They learn the social justification for these murders through a traditional code of honor , which lays down certain rules of conduct. The honor of a person or the family, a group or even a country are classified as particularly valuable and worthy of protection, which must be preserved and defended. In particular, people, groups or societies with strong tradition-conscious roots, as is often the case in Islamic countries - there also with non-Muslim minorities, as for example the case of the Jesidin Du'a Khalil Aswad shows - are strongly oriented towards old customs , customs and rituals . In the case of loss of face, that is, violation of a code of honor, in certain cases murder acts are carried out to allegedly "restore honor".

Honor killings occur more frequently in poor countries and here in communities that are particularly at risk of exclusion . However, a 2006 survey among Turkish students showed that they are not infrequently seen as legitimate, even in more educated circles. In all cultures and religions affected, the victims are predominantly girls and women. According to a report by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, 28 out of 36 (78%) registered (honor) murder victims in one month were female.

Honor killings are essentially a phenomenon in the societies of North Africa, the Near and Middle East and Central Asia. Many of these societies have an Islamic majority, but the “honor killing” in Islamic law, the Sharia , has no basis. According to Islamic knowledge, it falls into the category of murder , which according to Shari'a results in the death penalty . It is estimated that around 90% of all honor killings worldwide take place in Islamic families or communities.

In Islam-critical circles, the lack of a dedicated front position among immigrants of Islamic faith against honor killings is complained. For example, the Turkish-Kurdish lawyer Seyran Ateş, who works in Berlin, complained : "Migrants do too little against honor killings."

According to a study by the Iranian and Kurdish Women's Rights Organization ( IKWRO ), nearly 3,000 honor crimes were committed in the UK in 2010, ranging from beatings and acid attacks to kidnappings and murders.

Honor killings in western countries

In western (industrial) countries nowadays, honor killings mainly take place in large cities and metropolitan areas with a relatively high proportion of foreigners or migrants from particularly traditional cultures. In addition, these people live segregated , which increases the problem. Sometimes these happen as a result of a conflict among third or fourth generation immigrants . In the UK, for example, there were murder investigations into around 100 cases of so-called honor killings in the summer of 2007.

Politicians, the police and the judiciary in Western countries are often accused of not taking the danger of honor killings seriously enough. In the case of 24-year-old Sazan Bajez-Abdullah, who was burned alive on the street in Munich by her ex-husband Kazim Mahmud Raschid, violations of the ban on contact that had existed for a year were only punished after the act of violence. The administrative court in Munich had to because of the legal situation a request by the asylum seeker to legal aid posthumously refuse because "threats because of family honor" only "problems [be] rooted in the general rules of Iraq and the social customs and religious norms". Even in the case of the German-Jordanian Hanna H. (29), mother of three young children, who was killed by her Jordanian husband who lived separately, previous violations by the perpetrator of an approach prohibition were not punished. Similarly, in the case of the 20-year-old Kurdin Banaz Mahmod, who was murdered by her family, the police in Birmingham remained completely inactive despite concrete evidence of the endangerment and requests for help from the threatened. In recent times, individual German courts have denied the perpetrators 'families at least custody of the victims' young children.

Honor killings in Germany

In 2011, the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (MPICC) in Freiburg im Breisgau carried out a study on honor killings in Germany on behalf of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . The aim of this study was to document all cases of honor killings in Germany between 1996 and 2005 on the basis of trial files and media reports . 78 crimes were investigated, including numerous borderline cases of blood revenge and partner homicide. The study found that of 122 offenders, 113 (93%) were male and nine (7%) were female. Of the 109 victims, 47 (43%) were male and 62 (57%) were female. According to the authors of the study, the proportion of male victims was thus considerably higher than it is perceived in public and sometimes also in specialist discussions. Most of the people killed were between 18 and 34 years old, while the majority of the perpetrators were 40 to 49 years old.

The analysis of the ethnic and migration background showed that almost all of the perpetrators were born outside Germany (91%) and were not German citizens (92%). 9.2 percent of the perpetrators were second-generation migrants, i.e. i.e. they were born in Germany. 63% of the perpetrators were born in Turkey, followed by Arab countries (14%), Albania and countries of the former Yugoslavia (8%) as well as Pakistan and Afghanistan with 6%. Only one perpetrator was an ethnic German: a contract killer who was paid for by a Yazidi Kurd .

In 2011, a legal sociological study by Dietrich Oberwittler and Julia Kasselt refuted the widespread exclusive association of the phenomenon of honor killings with Islam. Rather, it has to do with certain traditions in the areas of origin of the families. A majority of the Turkish perpetrators came from eastern Anatolia . Among them were ethnic Turks as well as Kurds, including Yazidis, and Syrian Orthodox Arameans . The evaluation of the places of birth of the perpetrators showed a noticeable cluster west of Lake Van .

In 2005 the murder of Hatun Sürücü in Berlin caused a sensation.

The phenomenon is also known to the German-speaking public through police searches on the television program “ Aktenzeichen XY ”. So was z. At the end of 2011, for example, the case of the 18-year-old Yezidi Kurdish Arzu Özmen , who had moved into a women's refuge and was abducted after visiting her boyfriend, was broadcast. It was later revealed that her five siblings, aged 21 to 27, had abducted her; her 22-year-old brother Osman shot her. Osman Özmen was sentenced to life imprisonment for murder on May 16, 2012, and the other siblings involved in the crime were sentenced to long prison terms for hostage-taking and aiding and abetting murder.

In May 2012 a 58-year-old man from Pakistan (Mahmood A.), who had lived in Germany since 1985, was given the maximum sentence for two murders , i.e. H. life imprisonment plus determination of the "special severity of guilt" , sentenced. His 20-year-old daughter had secretly married. In 2003 he invited the young couple to his home and insidiously stabbed them in their sleep.

On July 15, 2013, the jury court in Hagen (North Rhine-Westphalia) sentenced an uncle to life imprisonment and a victim's brother, who was 16 at the time of the crime, to a six and a half year youth sentence.

On February 15, 2013, 23-year-old German-Afghan Isa Sh was stabbed to death. (grew up in Germany and is a student) from behind his pregnant ex-girlfriend Jolin S. In March 2014, the Wiesbaden district court sentenced him to life imprisonment. In order to make a parole release after 15 years impossible, the public prosecutor's office called for a "special gravity of guilt" to be determined; the judge did not do this. The defendant found himself "in a predicament due to his cultural and religious origins".

Honor killings in Turkey

In Turkey the Turkish Minister for Families woman fell after data between 2000 and 2006 almost daily an honor killing victim. According to a survey by the Metropol polling institute in 2006, up to 30 percent of all Turkish students considered "honor killings" to be a legitimate reaction to a violation of family honor . Approval was particularly high at universities in Eastern Turkey.

A study published by the United Nations in 2007 came to the conclusion that the Turks questioned distinguish between murders for the sake of honor and murders based on tradition ( Turkish töre ), which are based on a decision by family bodies . On the basis of the statements of the perpetrators, a further study from 2012 differentiates between three different dimensions of honor: Şeref (the honor of the family name), Namus (sexual purity, chastity, morality of women) and Itibar (something like "credit"). The possible loss of creditworthiness is an underestimated motive for honor killings, in which, according to Western understanding, the defense of immaterial values ​​is too often in the foreground.

In large cities like Istanbul and among the migrants surveyed, such traditional murders were seen as “the problem of others”, particularly as one of the eastern and south-eastern regions of the country. The reasons given for this were the underdevelopment or backwardness there , the existing social structures and other deficits. On the other hand, murders for the sake of honor were mostly described by those surveyed as inevitable, as they are based on the actions of individuals.

Respondents in the rural regions mentioned, however, mostly expressed the view that there was no difference between murders for the sake of honor and traditional murders . At this point, the study concludes that in these areas tradition plays an important role in the values ​​associated with the concept of honor. Especially when honor regarded as the only purpose in life or through the control of the woman's body constructed was, honor killings were considered more likely as "understandable" or "acceptable" actions.

The control of men over the sexuality of women, the chastity of girls, marital infidelity and divorce are repeatedly brought into direct connection with the concept of honor. Further factors are “appropriate behavior”, “appropriate clothing” and the fulfillment of expectations with regard to the required duties, the admissibility of school attendance and the chosen group of friends of the women. The respondents repeatedly mentioned connections between their traditions and the rules of Islam . Young men between 18 and 25 in particular, according to the study, took harsh and intolerant positions on questions of virginity and divorce and made a direct connection between the behavior of their family members and their own honor, while older men expressed themselves more moderately in comparison. Women - apart from those with little education, from remote traditional areas, or with strong religious education - were often less harsh than men.

In 2008, another study by the United Nations found that hundreds of women are murdered each year, particularly in rural Turkey, in order to reconstitute the allegedly violated honor of their families. The fear that a girl's honor has been “touched” in some way is not only the basis for child marriage , but also for honor killings.

According to Professor Ahsen Şirin at Ege University in Izmir , the Turkish police recorded 1,091 honor killings within five years; however, many cases did not even end up with the police, but were disguised as suicide or the like. The number of unreported cases is probably high.

Legal situation

Germany

The criminal legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany distinguishes between intentional homicides and the like. a. between manslaughter and murder . Intentional homicide is referred to as manslaughter in accordance with Section 212 of the Criminal Code ; she is threatened with at least five years imprisonment. An intentional homicide is then punished as murder in accordance with Section 211 StGB with life imprisonment if there is a so-called murder characteristic (such as the commission of a crime for low motives). Honor killings are often classified as killing for low motives and thus punished as murder. The assessment as "low motivation" can be omitted in the case of offenders who are unable to control their actions. The desire not to give up "old property rights" or to demonstrate an unlimited right to rule over women and girls, as well as an egocentric insistence on an outdated sexual morality or a sexual morality that no longer has a majority in the home country will usually be classified as a low motivation, especially for offenders who have been living in the Federal Republic for a long time.

The Operative Victim Protection program has existed nationwide since 2016 . This program, in which basically the same instruments are used as in the witness protection program , can be carried out if life and limb are specifically threatened, e.g. if there is an honor killing assignment. Participation assumes the willingness to leave the old life completely behind and to adopt a new identity. The program was first introduced in 2005 at the Hamburg State Criminal Police Office.

Legal situation in other countries

Although high penalties are generally imposed for willful homicides in all countries of the world , there are also countries where honor killings go unpunished. This is particularly the case in societies that are organized in a particularly strictly archaic or strictly Islamic manner. In many countries in the Near and Middle East, a reduction in the penalty for honor killing is granted because it is assumed that a perpetrator was provoked by the dishonorable behavior of his wife or daughter.

The new Turkish penal code, which came into force in 2005, provides for life imprisonment that is more difficult for deliberate killings for reasons of tradition (Art. 82 lit. k) Turkish Penal Code). This can also include honor killings. In addition, the legislature introduced regulations for strict punishment of persons who use a minor or a person incapable of guilt to commit an offense (Art. 37 (2) Turkish Criminal Code). In addition, Article 38, Paragraph 2 of the Turkish Penal Code provides a general tightening provision for inciting incitement among relatives or inciting a child who is not related to the instigator. These regulations are intended to counter the fact that a family council often appoints a minor to commit an honor killing, as this is threatened with a comparatively mild punishment.

In other Islamic countries such as Jordan or Pakistan, the mild or even non-existent punishment for honor killings is seen as a guarantee of maintaining sexual morality. It is precisely for this reason that Islamists fight the equalization of honor killings with other murders, which is sometimes sought after. In 2003, the parliament in Jordan rejected a proposal by the Senate to tighten the penalties for honor killing because, according to the Islamists represented in parliament, this was only a "superficial" measure and did not "tackle the root of the problem" and "violated religious traditions". In Pakistan, a member of the government again emphasized the "deterrent effect" that honor killings allegedly have regarding "sexually immoral" behavior, especially of women. Furthermore, in his remarks, sexually immoral behavior is worse than murder.

Mitigation for the honor killer is not only possible in Jordan. Mitigation sees z. For example, the Criminal Code of Egypt, Iraq (sentence not exceeding three years in prison), Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya (prison sentence not exceeding two years for acts related to defamation), Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and of the United Arab Emirates. The Algerian penal code even provides for the honor killer of the woman caught in the act of adultery to be remiss, in Oman remission or shortening of the sentence is possible. But even where a reduced penalty is provided, it can be omitted entirely or contain no more than a warning to the offender due to great family or social pressure or personal approval of the act on the part of the judge.

Human rights organizations, NGOs and politics

Until well into the 1990s, honor killings were not treated as human rights violations , but as ordinary criminal offenses falling within the respective state's jurisdiction. It was only after pressure from women's rights organizations such as Terre des Femmes that non-governmental organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch began to look at this issue from a human rights perspective. In 1999 the Swedish foundation Kvinnoforum presented the final report Prevention of family violence against young girls and women with Muslim backgrounds - Networking with the support of the EU . Terre des Femmes Germany started a two-year campaign NO to crimes in the name of honor on November 25, 2004 . In 2006 the Ministry for Generations, Family, Women and Integration of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia launched a campaign against "Violence in the Name of Honor" together with migrant organizations.

Prevention

The Berlin initiative Heroes , for example, serves to prevent phenomena such as honor killings , which aims to sensitize young immigrant men to issues such as equality, democracy, forced marriage and honor killing. The project, which was initially started in Berlin, was later also taken over in Duisburg.

See also

literature

  • Serap Çileli : Your honor - our sorrow. I fight against forced marriage and honor killing. With a foreword by Matthias Platzeck and an afterword by Terre des Femmes , Blanvalet, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7645-0301-7 .
  • Serap Çileli: We are your daughters, not your honor. Blanvalet, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-442-36521-X .
  • Nourig Apfeld : I am a witness to the honor killing of my sister. Wunderlich Verlag, 2010
  • Hülya Ateş, Fabian Fatih Goldbach: Offense = love. Diary of a Turkish-German love affair. BoD, Norderstedt 2002, ISBN 3-8311-3603-3 .
  • Kurt Beutler : Honor killings on our doorstep. Brunnen, Giessen 2016, ISBN 978-3-7655-2061-7 .
  • Fatma B .: Hennamond. Hammer, Wuppertal 2001, ISBN 3-87294-815-6 .
  • Dagmar Burkhart: A story of honor. WBG, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-18304-5 (therein: Transcultural Context. “Honor and Shame” societies )
  • Esma Cakir-Ceylan: Violence in the Name of Honor. A study of acts of violence in Germany and Turkey with a special focus on legal developments in Turkey. Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-631-61356-6 .
  • Anna Caroline Cöster: Honor killing in Germany. Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8288-2040-1 .
  • Bahar Erbil: Tolerance for honor killers? Sociocultural motives in criminal law with special consideration of the Turkish concept of honor (= The criminal law facing new challenges , Volume 17), Logos, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8325-2029-8 (Dissertation University of Würzburg 2008, XVII, 277 pages, 24 cm ).
  • Hanife Gashi : My pain has your name. An honor killing in Germany. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-498-02499-X .
  • Anette Grünewald : killings for reasons of honor. In: New journal for criminal law. 2010, pp. 1-9.
  • Franziska Harnisch, Anja Bruhn: Honor killings as mutated blood revenge in the globalized world. In: Jonas Grutzpalk u. a. (Ed.): Contributions to a comparative sociology of the police. Universitätsverlag, Potsdam 2009, pp. 33–54 ( online )
  • Ilhan Kizilhan: "Honor killings" The impossible attempt to explain. Background - analyzes - case studies. Regener, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-936014-08-6 .
  • Zülfü Livaneli: Bliss . 2008.
  • Erol Rudolf Pohlreich: "Honor killings" in the change of criminal law. A comparative study taking into account Roman, French, Turkish and German law. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-428-13165-5 .
  • Christine Schirrmacher , Ursula Spuler-Stegemann : Women and the Sharia. Human rights in Islam. Hugendubel, Kreuzlingen 2004, ISBN 3-7205-2527-9 .
  • Souad: Alive . Blanvalet, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-442-36268-7 .
  • Winfried Speitkamp: Slap in the face, duel and honor killing. A story of honor. Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-15-010780-5 .
  • TERRE DES FEMMES eV (Ed.): Tatmotiv honor . Tübingen 2004, ISBN 3-936823-05-7 .
  • Ahmet Toprak : The Weaker Sex - The Turkish Men. Forced marriage, domestic violence, double standards of honor. Lambertus, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-7841-1609-4 .
  • Rahel Volz: In love, engaged, married. In: Human Rights for Women. Journal for women's rights. No. 4, 2002, pp. 4-7.
  • Matthias Deiß, Jo Goll: Honor Killing: A German Destiny . Hoffmann and Campe, 2011, ISBN 978-3-455-50237-4 .
  • Ayse: Scheherazade's daughter: Sentenced to death by my own parents . Ullstein Tb, 2004, ISBN 3-548-36484-5 .

Movies

Web links

Wiktionary: honor killing  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b The Honor Killing Institute for Islamic Issues , July 15, 2005
  2. ↑ Stigmatization of Rape & Honor Killings ( Memento of the original from May 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Women's Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality WISE website , accessed August 2, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wisemuslimwomen.org
  3. ↑ International Society for Human Rights (ISHR): Honor killings
  4. ^ Grundhöfer: Honor killings in Jordan. 2002, p. 3 ff.
  5. ↑ Hillary Mayell: Thousands of Women Killed for Family "Honor" National Geographic , February 12, 2002 (English)
  6. ^ Ending Violence against Women and Girls . In: The State of World Population. Lives Together, Worlds Apart: Men and Women in a Time of Change , 2000. Chapter 3, link for download on the United Nations Population Fund website
  7. ↑ Mariam Lau : Turkish students consider honor killings to be a legitimate world , October 27, 2006
  8. ^ Daily Times (Pakistan): Corpses found in a box: Dead couple victim of honor-killing: police ( Memento of July 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), May 26, 2007.
  9. ^ Phyllis Chesler: Worldwide Trends in Honor Killing. Middle East Quarterly , 2010, pp. 3-11 , accessed July 10, 2013 .
  10. ^ Ateş: Migrants do too little against honor killings Der Tagesspiegel , February 6, 2007
  11. ↑ IKWRO: Nearly 3000 cases of 'honor' violence every year in the UK December 3, 2011 (English)
  12. ↑ a b Banaz had to die because she lived “too western” Die Welt , June 12, 2007
  13. ↑ Julia Jüttner: Bloody act after a judicial breakdown The murderer, whom nobody stopped Der Spiegel , March 14, 2007
  14. ^ Double murder trial: His looks were terrible Der Spiegel , November 14, 2007
  15. ↑ Munich "Ehrenmord" trial: A ghostly confession Stern , October 4, 2007
  16. ↑ Oliver Meyer: Police catch Hanna's († 29) husband ( memento from October 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Express , October 14, 2009.
  17. ↑ Thorsten Moeck: Escape ends at Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger Airport , October 14, 2009
  18. ↑ Tamara Hardingham-Gill: 'If anything happens to me, it's them': Chilling previously unseen video of young honor killing victim warning police her life is in danger. Mail Online, September 24, 2012, accessed July 10, 2013 .
  19. ^ Trials: No custody of father after "honor killing" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 8, 2008
  20. ↑ Sürücü family does not receive custody Der Tagesspiegel , August 17, 2007
  21. ↑ Johannes Korge: BKA investigation: Police analyze dozen "honor killing" cases Der Spiegel , August 2, 2011
  22. ^ Dietrich Oberwittler , Julia Kasselt: Ehrenmorde in Deutschland 1996-2005 . Police and Research, Volume 42, 2011. Link for download on the website of the Federal Criminal Police Office
  23. ↑ Sebastian Stoll ( epd ): Study: More so-called honor killings. Assessment by the University of Freiburg Badische Zeitung , December 29, 2011
  24. ↑ Honor killings in Germany: New statistics for the period 1996-2005: 2/3 of the Turks are honor killers Spiegel Online , accessed on August 3, 2017
  25. ↑ Oberwittler / Kasselt (2011), pp. 85f.
  26. ↑ Oberwittler / Kasselt (2011), p. 151.
  27. ↑ Oberwittler / Kasselt (2011), passim
  28. ↑ Oberwittler / Kasselt (2011), p. 100.
  29. ^ Rheinische Post of January 18, 2012, page A3
  30. ↑ How her siblings Arzu Özmen abducted and killed Berliner Morgenpost , April 30, 2012
  31. ^ Arzu trial: Lifelong for Osman Ö. Neue Westfälische , May 16, 2012
  32. ↑ Julia Jüttner: Ehrenmord "trial in Oldenburg:" I have the loot in the house, I keep it there " Der Spiegel , May 11, 2012
  33. ^ Tumult in the courtroom after the "honor killing" judgment FAZ , July 15, 2013
  34. ↑ Uta Rasche: Outrage over judgment - cultural discount for "honor murder" FAZ , March 25, 2014
  35. ↑ Wolfgang Degen: Judgment in the Jolin murder trial in Wiesbaden: Life sentence for Isa Sh. ( Memento of the original from March 30, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Wiesbaden Courier , March 24, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wiesbadener-kurier.de
  36. ↑ Family cuts off Turkish woman's ears and nose. welt.de, accessed on May 17, 2009 .
  37. ^ Gunnar Köhne: Number of "honor killings" in Turkey higher than assumed Deutschlandfunk , February 27, 2007
  38. ↑ cf. Mariam Lau : Turkish students consider honor killings to be legitimate Die Welt , October 27, 2006
  39. ^ The Dynamics of Honor Killings in Turkey. Prospects for Action. Link to download from the United Nations Population Fund website , accessed August 3, 2017
  40. ↑ Hülya Özaktürk: Honor killings in Turkey / Türkiye'de Namus Cinayetleri (= Pera-Blätter. 22). Orient-Institut Istanbul / Max Weber Foundation, Bonn 2012 ( online in German and Turkish )
  41. ↑ Boris Kálnoky: "Honor killings" are mostly about money Die Welt , August 10, 2012
  42. ↑ Boris Kálnoky: The real reason for "honor killings" Die Welt , August 11, 2012
  43. ^ Youth in Turkey United Nations Development Program , Human Development Report / Turkey 2008
  44. ↑ Basak Özay, Hülya Kölyü Schenk: Honor killings and violence against women in Turkey Deutsche Welle , January 31, 2013
  45. ^ Fischer: Criminal Code and subsidiary laws. 55th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-406-56599-1 , § 211 Rn. 29f.
  46. ↑ Tino Nowitzki: Victim Protection: When it comes to life and limb. In: ndr.de. July 3, 2017, accessed September 10, 2017 .
  47. ↑ Christina Sticht: Break with the old life. In: Weser courier. June 6, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017 .
  48. ↑ Tino Nowitzki: Victim Protection: When it comes to life and limb. NDR, July 3, 2017, accessed July 22, 2017 .
  49. ↑ a b Christine Schirrmacher: Honor killings between migration and tradition - legal, sociological, cultural and religious aspects Website of the International Society for Human Rights , accessed on August 2, 2017
  50. ↑ In detail on the previous and current legal situation in Turkey Pohlreich: "Honor killings" in the change of criminal law. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-428-13165-5 , p. 132 ff.
  51. ↑ Jordan quashes “honor crimes” law Al Jazeera , September 7, 2003
  52. ↑ License To Kill BBC , March 25, 2000
  53. ↑ Kvinnoforum - Foundation of Women's Forum Sweden Website, as of August 2, 2017
  54. ↑ Link for download on the website of the Kvinnoforum Foundation
  55. ↑ Nina Giaramita: NRW campaign against violence in the name of honor: No honor at any price WDR , November 10, 2006
  56. ↑ Anna Reimann: Campaign against honor killings: "Fighting for the freedom of his sister" Der Spiegel , November 24, 2006
  57. ↑ Alfons Winterseel: Heroes project for migrants based on the model from Berlin starts in Duisburg. In: WAZ. April 21, 2011, accessed July 2, 2018 .
  58. ↑ Heroes - against oppression in the name of honor - an equality project by Strohhalm e. V. Strohhalm e. V., Department for Prevention of Sexual Abuse of Girls and Boys, accessed on July 2, 2018 .