Forced marriage

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Forced marriage or forced marriage refers to a marriage that takes place against the will of one or both of the married couples - in contrast to an arranged marriage , which is initiated by relatives or arranged by marriage brokers , but takes place with the consent of the bride and groom .

Child marriage is another form of forced marriage , as it is concluded before both spouses reach the age of majority . A distinction must be made between the forced marriage and the sham marriage , which can take place both under duress and by mutual agreement on a business basis.

Differentiation from arranged marriage

Formally, there is a forced marriage if one of the partners does not agree to the marriage and has not given his consent or feels compelled .

The demarcation between forced marriage and arranged marriage is fluid, because what is perceived as compulsion is ultimately subject to the subjective assessment of those involved. Marriage is an important life decision. Expectations from outside and social pressure can intensify the stressful situation to such an extent that it is often not possible to objectively determine whether there is coercion or coercion . In Germany, forced marriages have been defined in Section 237 of the StGB since 2011 and made a criminal offense.

If those affected refuse to enter into the marriage intended for them, they are often subjected to repression by members of their own family, for example insults, threats, beatings or even murder (so-called honor killings ). The term shotgun wedding , a marriage forced by the bride's father due to an unplanned pregnancy, is part of American folklore.

Evaluation of forced marriage

When defining and evaluating the phenomenon of forced marriage, three different basic positions emerge, which are known in ethnosociology and other social sciences :

  • a cultural relativistic perspective that tries to understand foreign cultures from their own context and rejects universal ethics. The representatives of a universal ethic are accused of ethnocentrism , i. H. to raise one's own, culturally and historically bound point of view to a generally applicable standard;
  • a conservative position oriented towards one's own culture;
  • a mediating position that accuses the two aforementioned perspectives of one-sidedness: the cultural relativists an excessive identification with the cultures motivated by feelings of guilt, which they see only as victims of the "western" industrialized countries, the conservatives an authoritarian position that ruthlessly ignores the interests of other societies . In relation to both, the need is emphasized to push for further civilization, pacification and democratization in all cultures.

After some spectacular cases in the milieu of Turkish migrants, which were brought into the public consciousness through the book The Stranger Bride by Necla Kelek , the introduction of a special criminal offense for forced marriage was discussed.

Spread of forced marriage

Forced marriages are still widespread in Islamic and Hindu societies, but cases are also known from Yazidi , Buddhist and Christian backgrounds. In these societies, religion often takes on the function of justifying an existing tradition; but there are also opposing tendencies.

Germany

In 2012, a total of 56 cases of forced marriage were processed by the police, in 2013 there were 62 cases and in 2014 58 cases. By interviewing experts in German counseling and protection institutions, a total of 3,443 people affected by forced marriage were recorded in 830 counseling centers. Around 60% of them were threatened with forced marriage, in the remaining cases this had already taken place. Some of them were recorded several times because it is estimated that between 14 and 43% of those affected have visited several facilities.

The Berlin working group against forced marriage identified 460 cases of forced marriage that became known in Berlin in 2013. There is also an unreported number of unknown cases.

In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, five cases of forced marriage were discussed in 2014 and four in 2015. In Saxony-Anhalt from 2011 to the beginning of 2016, around 100 girls and women threatened or affected by forced marriage and honor-related violence were advised and accompanied, whereby the unreported area is rated as very high, as many of those affected report similar cases in their circle of friends who feared Do not seek help and support from advice centers in the event of an escalation in the family group. An average of 140 to 150 people seek support from the Lower Saxony crisis hotline every year. There are no figures on girls and young women or on men who were married off against their will.

Christian Europe

In medieval Europe, the so-called Muntehe , a form of forced marriage, was the most common form of marriage among nobles. In many of Molière's comedies , for example in Tartuffe , forced marriage is discussed. A one-act play by the French author, which was premiered in 1664, is even explicitly called Le mariage forcé (“The forced marriage” - here, however, an old man is not forced to marry, not a young woman). The pure love marriage , in which economic and family considerations no longer play the main role, only became an ideal in the West with the romanticism of the 19th century.

Under special conditions, women already had the right in the 18th century to have a forced marriage annulled retrospectively , even if children had already been born. In 1748 lawyers of the Holy Roman Empire wrote :

“But if the woman either said no at the wedding, item she wept in public because she had come to church, and even said she was forced, she never consented to such a marriage, and yet was married without a legitimate cause , or she ran away after the wedding, or she denied her husband her conjugal duty, item sewn into the abdomen, but the husband forced her to sleep and through such violence forced her to sleep, or her parents, friends and She forced relatives or threatened them, if she did not do this, to do all sorts of violence to her, in the same case, even if she had lived with her husband for two, three or more years, and had also produced children from violent sleep, is still this Marriage null and void. "

- General legal orculum, p. 679

In the 19th century, in the course of Christian missionary work from Europe, forced marriages took place. For example, the German missionary Carl Hugo Hahn in Otjikango (today Namibia ) forcibly married his maid to one of his missionary assistants in 1857 and threatened her to dismiss her if she refused.

Forced marriage occurs among Christian groups such as Greek Orthodox faith groups .

Islam

Lore

Forced marriage is permitted in Islam under certain conditions described below. In the case of Islamic marriage , according to classical legal theory, a marriage guardian (wali) is necessary for the woman. The marriage contract is made between the bride's guardian and the groom. The presence of two male witnesses is required when the contract is concluded. If the guardian of the spouse is the father or grandfather on the paternal side, he can, according to the classical doctrine, the marriage as walī mudschbir in the case that the bride is virgin, i.e. H. in the case of the first marriage, to enter into a marriage against the woman's express will, although his decision must be strictly based on the woman's interests. According to the Islamic scholar Rita Breuer , it is forbidden in Islam to marry women against their will. According to the German Islamic scholar Harald Motzki, pre- and early Islamic practice probably stipulated that fathers would marry their virgin daughters, who were considered underage, regardless of their consent, while adult women did not need such a guardian. H. acted independently to that effect.

In his Handbook Islam from 2005, the German Muslim Ahmad A. Reidegeld presents the classic legal situation described above as normative law for Muslims, i.e. H. He recognizes the right of the wali mujbir to force the bride into marriage even against her express will.

What is decisive is the systematisation of the various schools of law which, as described above, allow forced marriage in certain cases. In contrast, there are hadiths according to which the Prophet also granted virgins the right to refuse a marriage proposal. In a saying from the tradition collection of Al-Buchārī traced back to Mohammed it says as follows:

“The Prophet (...) said:“ An elderly woman may only be married if this has been discussed with her. And a virgin may only be married if she agrees to the marriage. "Someone asked him:" O Messenger of God, how does a virgin express her consent? "He replied:" She says yes by being silent. "

Bukhari also records a tradition according to which the Prophet invalidated the marriage of a woman who was forced to marry. Similar traditions can also be found in the collections of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj , Mālik ibn Anas , Abū Dāwūd as-Sidschistānī and an-Nasāʾī .

In modern states

Most Islamic states now have laws that modify or replace traditional regulations. In states like Saudi Arabia , classic formulations of Sharia , Islamic law, are used. According to a legal opinion fatwa by the deputy minister of justice ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Āl al-Sheikh in 2005, forced marriage has been declared illegal and a criminal offense under Saudi law , with no specific punishment being specified.

In Turkey, for example, whose law was modeled on the European model, forced marriages de iure are prohibited. However, marriage by imams in Turkey is not checked by the state, so that the illegality of marriages with underage girls only becomes public when pregnancy and childbirth problems arise. The judicial punishment does not comply with the European criminal law norms for rape and seduction of minors.

There are various estimates of the spread of forced marriages among Muslims in Germany:

  1. A study by the Federal Ministry for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth from 2004 saw, based on a survey of 150 Turkish migrant women, indications that around 10% of these people live in involuntary marriages; a generalization to the entire group of people was rejected because of the very small sample . From qualitative studies (e.g. by Ahmet Toprak with 15 men of Turkish origin), higher estimates have occasionally been derived. Investigations using the methods of qualitative social research are suitable for in-depth exploration of attitudes and lifestyles, but not for estimating the quantitative distribution. According to information from the “Forced Marriage Working Group”, 378 girls and women were affected by forced marriage in Berlin alone in 2007.
  2. In Ralph Ghadban's study The Lebanon Refugees in Berlin on Muslim Lebanese, all marriages examined are without exception arranged marriages. He could not determine the proportion of marriages concluded against the express will of the woman; he suspects a not inconsiderable part.
  3. In November 2011, a federally funded nationwide study by the Lawaetz Foundation (Hamburg) was presented, which drew conclusions from around 3500 cases ( see below ).

In the arranged marriages as well as in the forced marriages, the future spouses did not or hardly knew each other beforehand, for example only through a few meetings under the supervision of the family. The three studies listed cite the families' fear of “loss of honor” as the main reason for this type of marriage. Only if the women enter the marriage as early as possible and without prior contact with potential marriage candidates, the danger of having had sexual contact before the marriage is almost eliminated and the family's honor is thus secured. Werner Schiffauer expresses himself similarly in his early work on Turkish migrants.

In a common form of forced marriage among Muslim migrants, young - often minors - women are sent to their home country on vacation and married there against their will. It is also not known how many women of the 25,000 Turkish women who have come to Germany every year since the turn of the millennium to marry a Turkish man there are victims of forced marriage. A well-known case is Esma Abdelhamid .

The reasons for these occurrences are complex:

  1. The wedding ceremony in the country of origin enables relatives living there to participate in the wedding.
  2. The wedding in the country of origin is cheaper.
  3. The bride or groom live in the country of origin and do not receive a visa or only under certain conditions.
  4. Forced marriage is only possible in the country of origin.

In 2007, Terre des Femmes suggested that more than 1,000 girls in Germany are forcibly married and brought abroad for this purpose - mainly Turkey, but also Lebanon, Syria, Kosovo, Iran and Iraq - or deported . A British survey from 2009 found that contrary to popular opinion that forced marriage takes place almost exclusively in Muslim (or South Asian) communities, forced marriages also occur regularly in other religious communities in Great Britain . In Austria, too, particularly in Vienna, the number of girls and young women at risk of forced marriage is rising steadily. The Orient Express association, which is involved in caring for the victims, reports in 2020 that the majority of those affected are now underage girls : “The clients who come to us are getting younger and younger. In the past, 70% were of legal age and 30% were minors. Now it's the other way around ”.

Hinduism

The 2000 year old Manusmriti is the most important Hindu text for social rules such as the caste system , rituals and the rules of marriage. The text, which is often reproduced as the “Code of Manu”, is not, however, a code, but a description of the societal “target state” from a Brahmanic point of view (see also the role of women in Hinduism ).

Eight forms of marriage are described, of which the Brahma rite is described as the ideal: “The gift of a daughter, adorned (with precious clothes) and honoring her (with jewelry), to an educated man studying the Veda and has good behavior, which the father himself invites, is called the Brahma rite ”(MS III.27).

Two forms of marriage are said to be non- dharma . One of these is the Rakshasa rite ( Rakshasa , demon): "The violent kidnapping of a girl from her home while she is screaming and crying after her relatives have been slain and wounded and the house has been broken into is called the Rakshasa rite" (MS III.33). The Pisaka rite is also rejected: "If a man seduces a girl who is sleeping, intoxicated or mentally disturbed by trickery, this is called the sinful Pisaka rite" (MS III.34).

The variant that a bride is married against the will of the parents is not mentioned in the text.

Causes of Forced Marriage

Possible motives of the actors involved are:

  • material interests, as bridal money is often paid
  • Sons and daughters who grew up in European countries and who should be “disciplined” and more strongly committed to the norms of the culture of origin by marrying a partner from their parents' country of origin
  • Families fear of loss of honor
  • Obtaining a residence permit in an EU country
  • "Fight" against homosexuality

Feminist positions see forced marriage as a typical expression of patriarchal power relations and the male interest in controlling the childbearing ability of women.

Sociobiological positions, similar to feminist positions, but going beyond them, see the cause of forced marriage in the competition between male and female individuals that exists in every species. Thereby there is competition for the chances of reproducing one's own genes. Depending on the species, the power balance between the sexes is different: sometimes the females, sometimes the males, have the stronger position. In humans, however, the social structure - and thus the balance of power between the sexes - is not genetically fixed; Due to our special biological makeup, there is constant social change ( sociocultural evolution ). This can vary depending on the company. In the course of this change, conflicts arise between cultures with different distribution of power between the sexes.

Dealing with forced marriage

On an individual level

Partly decide by forced marriage Endangered to go underground to escape the reach of the family. In western countries it is possible to seek refuge such as a women's or men's house and receive support there from youth or social welfare offices and aid organizations and to avoid forced marriage. In individual cases it can happen that the person threatened with forced marriage is included in a victim protection program in order to protect them from a violent partner or family member by the state.

Under certain circumstances, if the state cannot or does not want to offer protection from such assaults, fleeing from forced marriage can, as gender-specific persecution, constitute a reason for recognition as a refugee or for granting asylum.

Advice, protection and help in the event of an impending forced marriage is provided in Germany, for example, by the organization Papatya .

On a global level

Various non-governmental organizations are trying to convince the United Nations (UN) to take action against forced marriage. Forced marriage is outlawed in a number of international agreements:

In 2007 the American photographer Stephanie Sinclair received the prize of the international competition “ UNICEF Photo of the Year ”. Your photo shows a bridal couple in Afghanistan . At 40, the bridegroom Mohammed looks like an old man, the bride Ghulam is just 11 years old. UNICEF Patroness Eva Luise Köhler said at the award ceremony in Berlin: “The UNICEF photo of 2007 draws our attention to a global problem. Millions of girls are married while they are still children - most of these child brides are forever denied a self-determined life ”.

According to UNICEF, more than 60 million young women worldwide who were married before they came of age, half of them in South Asia.

In Europe

In October 2005, the Council of Europe called for state action against child and forced marriage. According to the conservative rapporteur for the Council of Europe, Rosmarie Zapfl-Helbling from Switzerland, the problem is primarily in immigrant communities.

In Germany and Switzerland too , women are imprisoned and mistreated in order to bring about a forced marriage. So-called holiday marriages, which take place during holiday trips to their home countries, are particularly common. In spring 2008, the Berlin adult education centers initiated an awareness campaign against forced marriage (“Holiday brides - not with us”). State and civil society organizations maintain counseling services for those affected by forced marriage. The prerequisite for this, however, is that the person affected, if they were able to escape the common dwelling at all, can make themselves understood despite any physical limitations resulting from a physical argument.

Political demands concern an expansion of victim assistance as well as higher sentences and more consistent persecution. Other positions reject the politicization of the problem, but instead call for suitable mediators who can mediate between parents and children in affected families. In Germany, forced marriage is punishable under Section 237 of the German Criminal Code and can thus be combated in part.

In Austria , the Federal Ministry for Health and Women (BMGF) set up a registration database in 2006, in which doctors, educators, social workers, police officers, public prosecutors and other people, in particular, have to report cases of forced marriage.

In 2005, France moved the age limit for women to marry 18 to protect minors from forced marriages.

In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland there are uniform guidelines for the police, school and social work on how to deal with the threat of forced marriage. There is a central contact point for those affected or threatened, as well as a 24-hour hotline from the aid organization Karma Nirvana .

In Germany

In Germany, forcing a marriage is directly punishable under Section 237 of the Criminal Code. Furthermore, other criminal offenses can be committed in connection with a forced marriage, e.g. B. Deprivation of liberty , hostage-taking , assault , human trafficking , kidnapping or rape . A study by the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs from 2011 assumes at least 3,400 people affected in Germany, whereby only the 615 responses from a total of 1,445 German advice centers could be taken into account.

Forced marriage has been defined since February 19, 2005 as a standard example of particularly severe coercion in Section 240 (4) No. 1 StGB by the law of February 11, 2005 ( Federal Law Gazette I, p. 239 ). This was "as a rule, if the perpetrator coerced another person [...] to enter into marriage". The regulation provided for a prison sentence of six months to five years.

Nevertheless, since then there have been constant efforts to sanction forced marriages through an independent penal norm. So for operation 2006, the Baden-Württemberg Minister of Justice and Integration Commissioner Ulrich Goll ( FDP ), a Federal Council - legislative initiative . This should prove forced marriage with imprisonment from six months to ten years and make all forms of forced marriage a criminal offense. This legislative initiative was preceded by the symposium “Forced marriage - measures against a dishonorable tradition” with Serap Çileli and Terre des Femmes on October 13, 2003.

The deliberations were restarted in February 2010 through a draft law by the Federal Council. The draft law provided for “forced marriage” as an independent criminal offense. This should be based on the facts of coercion, human trafficking and kidnapping. Anyone who takes a woman abroad through cunning, violence or threats and forces her to marry should also be punished. In addition, the position of the victims in private law should be strengthened. An application period for the annulment of the forced marriage was planned to be extended by one to three years. Acts committed abroad should be able to be prosecuted according to German law if the victim lives permanently in Germany. The statute of limitations should only begin when the victims come of age. On October 27, 2010, the Federal Government decided that a separate criminal offense should be created for forced marriage. Forced marriage instigators should be punished with imprisonment of up to five years.

On March 17, 2011, the Bundestag passed the "Act to Combat Forced Marriage and to Better Protect Victims of Forced Marriage and to Change Other Regulations on Residence and Asylum Law". The regulation on the punishment of coercion to forced marriage, which has existed since 2005, was adopted with the same content from § 240 StGB in § 237 StGB. The offense and threat of punishment (imprisonment 6 months to 5 years) remained unchanged. The new regulation also makes it clear that anyone who takes another person abroad through cunning, violence or threats, or who causes another person to go there or who prevents them from returning from there, will also be punished . Finally, the application period for the annulment of forced marriage in the German Civil Code was extended from one to three years ( Section 1317 (1) sentence 1 BGB ).

The new Section 37 (2a) of the Residence Act gives victims of forced marriages who are prevented from returning to Germany a right of return if it appears guaranteed that the victim “can fit into the living conditions of the Federal Republic of Germany based on their previous education and living conditions "And the visa to return to Germany or the residence permit" within three months of the end of the predicament, but no later than ten years after departure ".

In return, the minimum period for an independent right of residence (independent of marriage) for foreign spouses who have moved to Germany has been extended from two to three years (amendment to Section 31 of the Residence Act). For this reason, the lawyers, migrants' and welfare associations involved in the legislative process consistently rejected the law to combat forced marriage, as it made the victims even more dependent on their spouse. After the law passed the Federal Council on April 15, 2011, it came into force on July 1, 2011.

In November 2011, a federally funded nationwide study on forced marriage in Germany was presented. The study recorded 3,443 people who had taken advice on the subject of forced marriage. It is acknowledged that some people may have turned to several advice centers, which is why the actual number is probably lower. In 60% help was sought because of a threatened forced marriage; it remains unclear how many of them this was then carried out. After the study was published, a group of social scientists in the Süddeutsche Zeitung accused the Minister of Family Affairs, Kristina Schröder, of having stoked anti-Muslim resentment by demanding in a guest article in the FAZ that “some traditional roots must be severed for good”. In the opinion of the scientists, Schröder reported the results of the study “simply wrong”. Among other things, she "equated threatened crimes with those actually taking place" and, based on unreliable data, made the claim that 83.4% of those affected had Muslim parents. The Federal Minister for Family Affairs then announced that she was unwilling to “downplay, disguise or have them reinterpreted” the results of the study. The family minister receives support from women's rights activists such as Serap Çileli , who has campaigned for the rights of Muslim women for over 12 years, and Sabatina James , who founded her aid organization Sabatina e. V. for the equal rights of Muslim women and is the ambassador of the women's rights organization Terre des Femmes .

In connection with forced marriages, Terre des Femmes calls for the civil status law to be reformed , in particular the reintroduction of the ban on religious marriage, which was abolished in 2009 .

In Asia and Africa

Forced marriage is still practiced today in South Asia and the Islamic world , although it is often prohibited by law. In contrast to previous centuries, however, it is an exception in South Asia today. In Africa ( Malawi ), girls are often married at the age of twelve or thirteen.

On February 22, 2008, the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone , in a decision in the context of the proceedings against the armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), recognized forced marriage as an independent crime against humanity , that of sexual slavery as well as traditional Reasons of arranged marriages. In its decision, the court also defined the prerequisites that must exist for forced marriage to be criminalized.

See also

literature

  • 2010: Federal Council - Draft Law: Draft of a law to combat forced marriage and to better protect the victims of forced marriage (Forced Marriage Combat Act) . In: Bundestag printed matter . No. 17/1213 . German Bundestag , Berlin March 24, 2010, p. 7–9:  Explanation ( PDF: 206 kB at dipbt.bundestag.de).
  • 2007: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Ed.): Dealing with Cases of Forced Marriage: Practice Guidance for Health Professionals . United Kingdom Foreign Office, London 2007 (English, PDF: 987 kB, 36 pages on fco.gov.uk ( memento of October 11, 2007 on the Internet Archive ) on archive.org - English materials for health professionals).
  • 2015: Christian F. Majer: The criminal liability of forced marriage according to § 237 StGB - balance sheet and reform issues . In: Law Studies & Exams . Edition 3/2015. Tübingen 2015, p. 241–244 (complete issue as PDF: 1.3 MB, 62 pages on zeitschrift-jse.de).
  • 2016: polis aktuell , No. 1, 2016: Forced marriage. 2nd unchanged edition. Zentrum polis - Political Learning in School, Federal Ministry of Education, Vienna 2016 (authors: Sabine Mandl, Matea Tadic; PDF: 892 kB, 20 pages on politik-lernen.at).
  • 2010: Yvonne Riaño, Janine Dahinden: Forced marriage: background, measures, local and transnational dynamics . Seismo, Zurich 2010, ISBN 978-3-03777-091-7 (study by the Department for Equal Opportunities of the City of Zurich, Switzerland).
  • 2004: Christine Schirrmacher , Ursula Spuler-Stegemann : Women and the Sharia: Human rights in Islam . Diederichs / Hugendubel, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7205-2527-9 ( searchable in Google Book Search - Professors for Islamic Studies and Turkic Studies ).
  • 2011: Christian Sering: The new "Forced Marriage Combat Law" . In: New legal weekly . Issue 30. Beck, Munich 2011, p. 2161–2165 (lawyer from Dortmund).
  • 2005: Ahmed Toprak: The Weaker Sex: The Turkish Men. Forced marriage, domestic violence, double standards of honor . Lambertus Verlag, Freiburg im Breisgau 2005, ISBN 3-7841-1609-4 ( searchable in the Google book search - Professor of Educational Sciences at the Dortmund University of Applied Sciences).
  • 2001: UNICEF : Early Marriage: Child Spouses . In: Innocenti Research Center (Ed.): Innocenti Digest . No. 7 . United Nations Children's Fund, Florence 2001 (English, PDF: 468 kB at unicef-irc.org - general overview).
  • 2001: Forum on Marriage and the Rights of Women and Girls: Early Marriage: Sexual Exploitation and the Human Rights of Girls. Great Britain 2001 (English; position paper of the worldwide association of organizations against child and forced marriage and violence against women and girls; PDF: 155 kB, 52 pages on ippf.org ( Memento from July 16, 2004 in the Internet Archive )).
  • 2002: Rahel Volz: In love, engaged, married . In: Human Rights for Women. Journal for women's rights . No. 4 . Terre des Femmes, Tübingen 2002, p. 4–7 (Expert at Terre des Femmes - Human Rights for Women eV ).
  • 2012: Hayriye Yerlikaya: Forced Marriage - A Criminological Investigation. PhD thesis. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2012, ISBN 978-3-8329-7762-7 .
  • 2011: Hayriye Yerlikaya, Esma Çakır-Ceylan: Forced and sham marriages in the focus of state control - A consideration of the most recent draft law to combat forced marriage and the prevention of sham marriages in the light of victim protection. In: Journal for International Criminal Law Doctrine . Volume 6, Issue 4, University of Kiel 2011, pp. 205–213 (Lawyers from Düsseldorf; PDF: 146 kB, 9 pages on zis-online.com).

Documentaries

  • 2010: Nima Sarvestani: I was worth 50 sheep. Girls trafficking in Afghanistan. Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen , Schweiz 2010 (53 minutes; trafficking in girls and forced marriage based on individual fates; video on YouTube ).
  • 2005: Rita Knobel-Ulrich : The day when I escaped my wedding. The escape of a promised bride. Hessischer Rundfunk , Germany 2005 (45 minutes; program information ).
  • 2005: Renate Bernhard, Sigrid Dethloff: Eat sugar and speak sweet. Forced marriage, the so-called family honor and its victims. CouRage, Germany 2005 (55 minutes; five individual fates; info ).
  • 2004: Bettina Haasen: Stranger Love. Gebrueder Beetz Filmproduktion, Germany 2004 (52 minutes; a Tuareg girl in West Africa in the last hours before her arranged wedding; information and preview in gebrueder-beetz.de ).
  • 1918: Sigmund Weinberg, Fuat Uzkinay: Himmet Ağanın İzdivacı . English: The marriage of Himmet Aghas. Merkez Ordu Sinema Dairesi Prod., Ottoman Empire 1918 (silent film based on the play Le Mariage forcé “The forced marriage” by the French playwright Molière from 1664).

Web links

Commons : forced marriage (forced marriage)  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Forced marriage  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Anonymous online advice portals:

Press reports:

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Police crime statistics and study by the Lawaetz Foundation / Torsten Schaak / Terre des Femmes, Tübingen, see BT-Drs. 18/7749 . S. ?? (PDF: 323 kB; 32 pages).
  2. ^ Document: Results of a survey by the “Berlin Working Group Against Forced Marriage” on the extent of forced marriages in Berlin 2013. Berlin 2015, p. (PDF: 15 kB; 2 pages; on berlin.lsvd.de).
  3. ↑ Brochure: Forced Marriage - Information from the Berlin Working Group against Forced Marriage. S. ?? (PDF: 1.5 MB; 31 pages; on big-berlin.info).
  4. ^ De sponsalibus, on marital engagement and its rights . In: Die Hochteutsche Rechtsgelahrte Societät (ed.): General Jusristisches Oraculum . tape 5 . Johann Samuel Heinsius, Leipzig 1748, p. 679 ( google.de [accessed February 15, 2020]).
  5. ^ De sponsalibus, on marital engagement and its rights . In: The Hochteutsche Rechtsgelahrte Societät (Hrsg.): General juristisches Oraculum . tape 5 . Johann Samuel Heinsius, Leipzig 1748, p. 679 .
  6. ↑ Carl Hugo Hahn : Tagebücher / Diaries 1837-1860 . Edited by Brigitte Lau. tape  4 . Windhoek 1985, p. 973 .
  7. ↑ a b Khatidja Chantler, Geetanjali Gangoli, Marianne Hester: Forced marriage in the UK: Religious, cultural, economic or state violence? In: Critical Social Policy . tape 19 , no. 4 , November 2009, p. 587-612 , doi : 10.1177 / 0261018309341905 (English).
  8. ↑ Dawoud Sudqi El Alami, Doreen Hinchcliffe: Islamic Marriage and Divorce Laws in the Arab World (=  Developments in International Law . Band 2 ). Kluwer Law International, London 1996, ISBN 90-411-0896-3 ( searchable in Google book search - English).
  9. ↑ Lexicon entry: Nikāḥ . In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . tape 8 . Brill, Leiden 1995, p. 27 b . "The wali can only give the bride in marriage with her consent, but in the case of a virgin, silent consent is sufficient. The father or the grandfather, however, has the right to marry his daughter or granddaughter against her will, as long as she is a virgin (he is therefore called wali mudjbir, wali with power to coercion); the exercise of this power is, however, very strictly regulated in the interests of the bride. ”
    See also: Abu Šugā, Eduard Sachau: Muhammedanisches Recht nach Shafiitischer Doctrine . In: Textbooks of the seminar for oriental languages ​​in Berlin . tape 17 . W. Spemann, Stuttgart / Berlin 1897, p. 7 ( side view on archive.org - Arabic text of ʻAbû-Šugâ according to Bâgûrî, Bulak 1307).
  10. ^ Rita Breuer: Family life in Islam. Traditions, conflicts, prejudices . Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 2008, p. 20 .
  11. ↑ a b c Harald Motzki: Sexual maturity and legitimation for procreation in early Islam . In: Ernst W. Müller (ed.): Sexual maturity and legitimation for procreation . Karl Alber, 1985, p. 525 (see also sources there).
  12. ↑ Ahmad A. Reidegeld: Handbuch Islam - The Doctrine of Faith and Law of Muslims . Kandern, 2005, p. 776 f .
  13. ↑ a b Sahīh al-Buchārī - News of actions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad . Selected, translated from Arabic and edited by Dieter Ferchl. Reclam, 2006, p.  344, chapter 14 .
  14. ^ Thomas Patrick Hughes: Marriage . In: A Dictionary of Islam . Asian Educational Services, 1996, p. 314 .
  15. ↑ Sahīh al-Buchārī : Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 62: Wedlock, Marriage (Nikaah). (No longer available online.) CMJE & University of Southern California, archived from the original on Aug. 23, 2011 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj : Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 8: The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah). (No longer available online.) In: usc.edu. CMJE & University of Southern California, archived from the original on August 21, 2011 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  17. ↑ Mālik ibn Anas : Translation of Malik's Muwatta, Book 28: Marriage. (No longer available online.) In: usc.edu. CMJE & University of Southern California, archived from the original on August 4, 2011 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Abū Dāwūd as-Sidschistānī : Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 11: Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah). (No longer available online.) In: usc.edu. CMJE & University of Southern California, archived from the original on August 21, 2011 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  19. ^ Kateri Jochum: Women in Saudi Arabia - Grand Mufti Pronounces End of Forced Marriages. (No longer available online.) In: qantara.de . Deutsche Welle / DW-World.de, April 21, 2005, archived from the original on May 1, 2008 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Jürgen Gottschlich: Imam weddings in Turkey: Guardian of double standards. In: Spiegel Online. January 10, 2012, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  21. ↑ BMFSFJ: Living situation, safety and health of women in Germany - A representative study on violence against women in Germany. (PDF: 16 ​​MB; 1,111 pages) (No longer available online.) Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , 2004, p. 131 , archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  22. ↑ Anna Reimann: Fact check: How Berlin integrates its immigrants - or not. Part 6: Berlin and the forced marriages. In: Spiegel Online. November 1, 2010, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  23. ↑ a b Federal Government of Germany: New study on forced marriage. (No longer available online.) In: bundesregierung.de. November 9, 2011, archived from the original on January 3, 2012 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  24. ↑ Committee for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, Ministry of Justice Baden-Württemberg: Statement on the subject of forced marriage in the hearing of the Bundestag Committee for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth on June 19, 2006 (PDF: 56 kB; 16 pages) (Not more available online.) In: Committee printed matter 16 (13) 91i. German Bundestag , June 14, 2006, archived from the original on July 9, 2007 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  25. ↑ Peter Carstens: Islam Conference: Reality overcomes wishful thinking. In: FAZ. May 2, 2007, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  26. ↑ Myria Böhmecke (interview): Forced marriage: Mothers threaten unwilling daughters with suicide. In: Spiegel Online. August 10, 2007, accessed on July 6, 2018 (Böhmecke is an expert at Terre des Femmes - Human Rights for Women ).
  27. ↑ Message: Forced marriage: Girls in Vienna are getting younger and younger. In: msn.com . February 21, 2020, accessed February 26, 2020 .
  28. ↑ Christina Sticht: Break with the old life: When victims have to go into hiding. In: n-tv. June 2, 2017, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  29. ↑ When women have to go into hiding. (No longer available online.) In: Sächsische Zeitung. June 2, 2017, archived from the original on October 23, 2017 ; accessed on October 22, 2017 .
  30. ↑ Article 37 Forced marriage. In: Council of Europe : Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence and explanatory report . May 11, 2011 ( PDF: 1.1 MB, 122 pages on coe.int ).
  31. ↑ Anna Reimann: Action against forced marriage: cover letter for holiday brides. In: Spiegel Online. May 21, 2008, accessed July 6, 2018 . See also: Press Office District Office Berlin-Mitte: Press Release No. 201/2008: Holiday Brides - not with us! Action by the Berlin Adult Education Centers against forced marriage. May 14, 2008, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  32. ↑ a b Forced Marriage - Best Practice in Other European Countries. In: Frauenrechte.de. Terre des Femmes e. V., accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  33. ↑ a b Press Release: The Inconvenient Truth of a Study. (No longer available online.) Peri - Association for Human Rights and Integration, December 5, 2011, archived from the original on December 5, 2016 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 (Info: Serap Çileli is the chairwoman of the association).
  34. ↑ Invitation & Program: Symposium Forced Marriage - Measures against a Dishonorable Tradition. (PDF: 69 kB; 3 pages) Commissioner for Foreigners of the State Government of Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart, October 13, 2003, accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  35. ↑ Draft law of the Federal Council : Draft of a law to combat forced marriage and to better protect victims of forced marriage (Forced Marriage Combat Law) . In: Printed matter . No. 17/1213 . German Bundestag , Berlin March 24, 2010 ( PDF: 206 kB at bundestag.de ).
  36. ↑ Article: Legislative Initiatives: Forced marriage becomes a criminal offense. In: Berliner Morgenpost. February 13, 2010, accessed on July 6, 2018 (only with registration!).
  37. ↑ German Bundestag : Draft of a law to combat forced marriage and to better protect victims of forced marriage, as well as to amend other provisions relating to residence and asylum law . Bundestag printed paper 17/4401. January 13, 2011 ( PDF: 249 kB; 20 pages on bundestag.de ). See also: Committee on Home Affairs and Home Affairs (German Bundestag) : Recommended resolution and report . Bundestag printed paper 17/5093. Ed .: German Bundestag. March 16, 2011 ( PDF: 335 kB; 20 pages on bundestag.de ).
  38. ^ German Bundestag: Mixed response to changes in the law on foreigners. March 14, 2011, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  39. ↑ Interior Committee of the German Bundestag: March 14, 2011: Combating forced marriage, right to stay. (No longer available online.) German Bundestag, March 14, 2011, archived from the original on October 21, 2013 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  40. ↑ Kristina Schröder (Minister): Guest contribution: Forced marriages. (No longer available online.) In: bmfsfj.de. Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , November 9, 2011, archived from the original on January 15, 2012 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  41. ↑ Thorsten Denkler: Family Minister under fire: Scientists attack Schröder for Islamophobic undertones. Sueddeutsche.de, November 30, 2011, accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  42. ↑ Anna Reimann: Forced marriage study: quarreling about numbers. In: Spiegel Online. November 30, 2011, accessed July 6, 2018 .
  43. ↑ Sabatina James: Alarming figures on forced marriages in Germany. Sabatina eV, November 9, 2011, accessed on July 6, 2018 .
  44. ↑ Terre des Femmes : Risks of forced marriage and “honor” murder are increasing - civil weddings must again take precedence over religious ones! (No longer available online.) October 25, 2012, archived from the original on March 14, 2016 ; accessed on July 6, 2018 .