Forced prostitution

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Forced prostitution describes the illegal practice of forcing people to work as prostitutes . It mainly affects women and children. Forced prostitution usually occurs in connection with human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation . Coercion can be exercised through physical and psychological violence , deception , blackmail , exploiting a predicament or exploiting the victim's helplessness.

In Germany, forced prostitution has only been defined in Section 232a of the German Criminal Code since October 15, 2016. Previously, the term forced prostitution was not legally defined. It was a word creation that was used in the media and political debate. In the legal and sociological literature it is controversial to what extent the term simplifies.

Modern forced prostitution in Europe

Organized human trafficking developed in Europe after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc and intensified during the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. The Schengen Agreement and the establishment of the European internal market in 1993 were added as a reinforcing element at the same time. Since then, mostly young girls and women from Eastern Europe have been lured to Western Europe by organized gangs by promising them a lucrative job, for example as a waitress or au pair . After their arrival, their papers are taken from them so that they cannot move freely in the foreign country and remain dependent. According to the then EU Interior Commissioner Cecilia Malmström, who refers to an EU study published in 2010, the official number of victims of human trafficking rose by 18 percent between 2008 and 2010: from 6,309 to 7,418 per year. With the figures for the EU countries whose data were not available in 2008, the figure for 2010 is 9528 victims. A total of 23,623 victims of human trafficking were officially registered in the EU between 2008 and 2010, two thirds of whom were forced into prostitution. Germany is also accused of not taking decisive action against human trafficking, as the federal government has not legally anchored the requirements from Brussels.

The extensive legalization of prostitution since 2002 with the simultaneous lack of compulsory examinations for the operation of prostitution establishments has developed into an “Eldorado for pimps and brothel operators”.

Extent of human trafficking

A warning poster from around 1900 shows: Germany used to be a region of origin for the victims. Today it is mainly a target region

The Federal Criminal Police Office regularly publishes a status report on human trafficking. The survey is based on investigations into suspected human trafficking.In 2016, 363 investigations (2014: 392 investigations, 2015: 364) were completed in Germany in the area of ​​human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It is believed that there is a large number of unreported cases behind this.

The Rotherham abuse scandal in Great Britain, for example, uncovered around 1,400 cases in the vicinity of a northern English town that became known as part of an investigation by the British Parliament. A comprehensive report appeared in August 2014 and uses the collective term to describe the cases as sexual abuse and exploitation.

Recruiting using the loverboy method

Since about the year 2000 people in the Netherlands became aware of so-called “loverboys”. The term was then used in this context in Belgium and in German publications since the mid-2000s. In May 2009 Bravo Girl was the first German magazine to report on the problem.

Those affected are often underage girls and young women from all walks of life, often with little self-confidence or great shyness. They are approached by loverboys, including those who have just come of age, and are initially led to believe that the loverboys are in love with them. The loverboys give them attention, compliments, affection and often gifts. At the same time, they make the victims emotionally dependent and alienate them from their relatives and friends. Later they induce or force them into prostitution. They often trick their victims into thinking that they want to use the money they earn to build a common future. The victims are often difficult to spot. On the one hand, they are mostly just going through puberty and are changing a lot as a result; on the other hand, they have often learned to lead a parallel life of lies and denial. Sometimes the loverboys pay attention to regular school attendance. Sometimes they are known to the family as friends.

There are a number of behavioral abnormalities that can indicate this type of abuse if they occur in a single person. The “Parents' Initiative for Loverboy Victims Germany” (eilod.de) has compiled a list of these symptoms, which occur without accumulation in many adolescents in puberty .

The retired Commissioner Bärbel Kannemann, an activist to protect against so-called loverboys, said in January 2015 that she had known about 3,000 cases in the Netherlands and about 200 in Germany since 2010. By September 2015, the number of cases known to Kannemann rose to 800. The Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Science in Utrecht assumed as early as 2004 that at least 100 of the 400 prostitutes in Amsterdam's red-light district are loverboy victims. In Switzerland as of 2020, based on the last three years, over 30 relationships that could be classified as loverboy cases were reported to the national reporting office ACT212.

The television film Schimanski: Loverboy deals with this form of forced prostitution.

Law enforcement of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation

Type of offense

The most serious crimes against sexual self-determination , against personal freedom and against physical integrity are often committed against the victims . Tax evasion , money laundering and violations of labor , immigration and social security law are usually additional offenses .

Problem

The prosecution of criminal trafficking in human beings is extremely difficult because the perpetrator groups are very tightly organized and professional and there are extremely few criminal complaints or reports from the victims, but at the same time the victim's testimony is a prerequisite for prosecution even if other evidence is available. The victims are too intimidated to turn to the authorities. They are afraid of the perpetrators, who threaten not only them, but also their relatives in particular , and must expect to be deported to their home countries - at the latest after the proceedings have been concluded . (See under “Where the Victims Are” and “Violence Against Victims” below.)

These law enforcement problems lead to a very high number of unreported cases in this area of ​​crime.

Due to the problems of the law enforcement authorities in combating pimps and human traffickers effectively, there are EU- wide efforts to prosecute clients who use the services of forced prostitutes instead.

United Nations

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was passed by the General Assembly of the United Nations by resolution 217 A (III) on December 10, 1948. Although it is not binding under international law as a declaration , it is generally regarded as part of United Nations law.

The practice of forced prostitution violates many of the fundamental rights enshrined in the declaration:

  • Art. 1: “All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. (…) “The forced prostitutes are deprived of their dignity and rights.
  • Art. 2: "Everyone has the right to the rights and freedoms proclaimed in this declaration, without any distinction, such as according to ... gender ... or other circumstances." These rights are withheld from forced prostitutes because they are women and often viewed as serfs become.
  • Art. 3: “Everyone has the right to life, freedom and personal security.” Forced prostitutes are not infrequently murdered, live unfree and enjoy no security whatsoever.
  • Art. 4: “Nobody may be held in slavery or serfdom; Slavery and slave trade are prohibited in all forms. ”Forced prostitutes are treated like slaves or serfs and the perpetrators treat them like things.
  • Art. 5: "Nobody may be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment ..." Forced prostitutes are not infrequently tortured, almost always treated inhumanly and degrading.
  • Many other rights cannot be exercised by forced prostitutes either.

UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

The convention was adopted with the resolution United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime A / RES / 55/25 of November 15, 2000 . It was signed by Germany, Austria and Switzerland on December 12, 2000, and concluded by the EU with Council Decision 2004/579 / EC of April 29, 2004 (Official Journal L 261 of August 6, 2004).

According to Article 1, the aim of the Convention is to improve cooperation in the prosecution of cross-border organized crime.

Protocol to prevent, combat and punish trafficking in human beings and in particular women and children

The protocol is an annex to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and, in accordance with Article 2, is intended to prevent and combat trafficking in human beings, especially women and children. The victims should be protected while respecting their human rights. This is to be done through increased cooperation between states in the prosecution and prevention of such acts. The framework decision of the Council of the European Union to combat trafficking in human beings (see below) is based on this protocol.

European Union

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Forced prostitution violates a whole range of EU laws. In particular, Article 5 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is relevant, which as Article II-65 will be part of the new European Constitutional Treaty (TCE). The “prohibition of slavery and forced labor” enshrined there is a result of the inviolable dignity of the human being , which is laid down in the first article of the charter.

The Charter becomes binding when the Constitution comes into force. However, the European fundamental rights do not apply directly between natural persons, for example between exploited women and their tormentors. The fundamental rights initially only bind the organs of the EU and the member states insofar as they implement Union law (cf. Art. II-111 VVE).

As a result, all legal acts and actions of EU institutions must respect fundamental rights in their actions. For example, no European law or framework law may directly or indirectly promote forced prostitution.

A direct obligation of the EU to act against forced prostitution cannot be derived in individual cases. However, the fundamental rights are also part and source of a general order of values ​​that form the general yardstick for Union action. From this, for example, one can derive a coordination task for the Union to coordinate criminal prosecution in the Member States in the case of cross-border human trafficking.

Council framework decision on combating trafficking in human beings

This framework decision is intended to improve the implementation of the Charter of Human Rights of the European Union (in particular Art. 5 (3)) by harmonizing the relevant legal provisions of the member states, especially with regard to international cooperation.

To this end, based on this framework decision, a number of action programs ( STOP , STOP II,) and joint initiatives (Equal, combating the smuggling of migrants , exchanging liaison judges and public prosecutors, expanding the European judicial network) were adopted.

The member countries had until August 1, 2004 to adapt their legislation accordingly, and on August 1, 2005 the Council examined the effectiveness of the implementations.

In particular, the sanctions of the member states for the perpetrators (including legal persons, e.g. smugglers, money laundering companies) must be "effective, appropriate and dissuasive". The maximum sentence for the perpetrators should not be less than eight years in prison, and means of intra-European cooperation should be incorporated more closely into national law (in particular joint measures against money laundering and criminal organizations).

The victims, especially if they are minors, must be protected.

The acts are to be prosecuted across borders. Conflicts of jurisdiction are to be avoided.

Council resolution on initiatives to combat trafficking in human beings, especially women

With its resolution of October 20, 2003, the Council of the European Union points out once again that the implementation of the above-mentioned charter and the above-mentioned resolution are of great importance and should be pursued with appropriate vehemence by the member states. The problem of trafficking in women should be raised awareness and the trafficking in women should be combated more strongly than before. To this end, an improved cooperation between the member states is called for and the use of existing possibilities is demanded.

Germany

Legal position since 2016

Systematics

Forced prostitution has been punished since October 15, 2016 according to Section 232a StGB new version in connection with human trafficking ( Section 232 StGB), mostly in the form of trafficking in women . In extension of the general area of ​​validity of the German Criminal Code ( StGB ), acc. Section 6 No. 4 in conjunction with Sections 232a, 232 StGB, forced prostitution will also be prosecuted if the offense was committed abroad.

In the cases of § 232 and § 232a Abs. 1 to 5 StGB, the court according to. § 233b of the Criminal Code management supervision order.

Offenses from forced prostitution are subject to self- confiscation in the event of a commercial or gang-based commission ( Section 76a, Paragraph 4, Sentence 3, No. 1, Letter e of the Criminal Code).

On July 1, 2017, the Prostitute Protection Act came into force, which is also intended to protect women from human trafficking and forced prostitution.

Criminal liability of customers of forced prostitutes

Since October 15, 2016, customers of forced prostitutes have also been prosecuted under Section 232a (6) StGB. In the coalition agreement negotiated between the CDU / CSU and the SPD after the 2013 federal election, the governing parties agreed to "proceed against those who knowingly and willfully exploit the plight of victims of human trafficking and forced prostitution and who abuse them for sexual acts". Legal adjustments have been discussed since 2014 and implemented in spring 2016 with the law on the criminal prosecution of forced prostitution . The law provides for custodial sentences of three months to five years for clients who take advantage of the situation of forced prostitution, whereby the client may remain unpunished if he reports the forced prostitution. Punishment for sexual assault or rape according to Section 177 of the Criminal Code is also possible, especially since the regulation was tightened on November 10, 2016.

Legal situation before 2016

The United Nations Palermo Protocol from 2000 and the EU Framework Decision on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of July 19, 2002 resulted in a change in the law with effect from February 19, 2005. With the 37th Criminal Law Amendment Act, §§ 180b, 181 StGB a. F. by simplifying and standardizing the facts in § 232a StGB a. F. newly regulated. Since the implementation of the EU Human Trafficking Directive in 2011, Section 232a StGB new version has applied

Constraint, Section 180b Paragraph 1 Clause 1 StGB a. F.

Human trafficking according to Section 180b of the Criminal Code existed when someone, for personal gain, acted on a person in a predicament (e.g. lack of money) to the effect that this person pursued prostitution for the benefit of the perpetrator.

In these cases, the offender is punished with a fine or imprisonment for up to five years .

Helplessness, Section 180b Paragraph 1 Sentence 2 StGB a. F.

Trafficking in human beings was also punished under Section 180b of the Criminal Code if the perpetrator knowingly acted on a person who was helpless due to the stay in a foreign country, to carry out sexual acts on or in front of third parties or by or in front of third parties to gain his financial advantage allow. This section did not include prostitution in the classic sense (see below), but for example the presentation or production of pornographic material while exploiting the victim for the pecuniary advantage of the perpetrator.

In these cases, the offender was punished with a fine or imprisonment of up to five years.

Prostitution of a helpless person, Section 180b Paragraph 2 No. 1 StGB a. F.

More severely punished (imprisonment of six months to ten years) were those who exploited a person's helplessness associated with their stay in a foreign country in order to persuade them to prostitute them (Section 180b). An own pecuniary advantage was not a constituent element.

Prostitution of young people, § 180b Abs. 2 Nr. 2, Abs. 3 StGB a. F.

Anyone who persuaded a person under the age of 21 into prostitution was also punished with imprisonment from six months to ten years. The attempt was punishable under paragraph 3. A separate pecuniary advantage was not a constituent element here.

Austria

Section 216 pimping

The § 216 of the Criminal Code was redrafted and Gazette 2004/15 as amended by Federal Law Gazette 2013/116.

It is only valid for criminal offenses to the detriment of persons previously residing in Germany, since Section 217 of the Criminal Code specifically defines the legal consequences of the cross-border prostitution trade and is therefore a special norm for these cases.

According to paragraph 1, anyone who exploits a person to gain a continuous source of income through prostitution is punished with a prison sentence of up to two years. This paragraph does not apply to forced prostitution, but to prostitution with the consent of the prostitute.

Paragraph 2 provides for a prison sentence of up to three years for someone who exploits or intimidates a person in order to obtain continued income through prostitution, prescribes the conditions for the practice of prostitution or who exploits several such persons at the same time.

According to Paragraph 3, for offenses under Paragraphs 1 and 2, sentences are increased to imprisonment from six months to five years if the offenses were committed as a member of a criminal organization (formerly “gang”).

A prison sentence of six months to five years is also punished under paragraph 4 who intimidates a person from giving up prostitution.

Section 217 Cross-border trade in prostitution

The § 217 of the Criminal Code punishes feeding or recruiting a person for prostitution in another state, than in that of his nationality irrespective of whether it has been prostituted in their homeland.

Paragraph 1 provides for a prison sentence of six months to ten years for cases in which the prostitutes have pursued their trade voluntarily; if the offenses are commercial, the sentence increases to one year to ten years imprisonment.

In the case of forced prostitution, paragraph 2 threatens the perpetrator with imprisonment from one year to ten years, irrespective of the commercial nature.

Further regulations

In particular, the regulations against human trafficking (Section 104 a of the Criminal Code) and severe coercion (Austria) (Section 106 of the Criminal Code) come into consideration.

Switzerland

In the Swiss penal code , human trafficking was only defined as trafficking in people for the purpose of sexual exploitation until November 30, 2006 and treated under human trafficking and, in the case of forced prostitution, with the promotion of prostitution . Thus, the StGB in its restriction to the aspect of sexual exploitation no longer corresponded to the definitions of human trafficking of the United Nations and the European Union.

In March 2000, National Councilor Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold submitted a motion which the National Council converted into a postulate . This requires the Federal Council to adapt the legislation in such a way that those affected by human trafficking are better protected and the perpetrators or customers are prosecuted more efficiently. This includes not only a revision of the Victims Assistance Act , but also of criminal law , residence rights and immigration law . As a result of this mandate, the Federal Council set up an interdepartmental working group (FDJP, EDI, FDFA, EVD, EPD) to review the legal situation in Switzerland.

In order to be able to better combat human trafficking after the ratification of the United Nations' additional protocol on human trafficking, the coordination office against human trafficking and people smuggling was set up at the Federal Office of Police in 2003 .

Protected legal interest

The legal interest protected in the case of human trafficking is the right of self-determination of the person concerned. The freedom of choice is particularly impaired . Since any consent given by the victim is irrelevant in the case of impaired freedom of decision or will, the right to self-determination is violated in any case. The last point is viewed very critically by the Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Human Beings , as there is a risk of patronizing the victims, which in turn is incompatible with the right of self-determination of these people.

Extended criminal prosecution, Art. 5 and Art. 6 Paragraph 1 StGB

Since Switzerland has committed itself, by ratifying the United Nations' additional protocol to human trafficking, to also prosecute human trafficking that has been committed abroad, Swiss criminal law also applies in these cases in accordance with Art. 6 Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code, for those under the age of 18 old victims according to Art. 5 even if the act is not punishable at the scene.

Human trafficking, Art. 182 StGB

According to paragraph 1, anyone who trades or recruits people with people for the purpose of prostitution or sexual exploitation, labor exploitation or the removal of organs is punishable by imprisonment or a fine. The maximum penalty results from Art. 40 StGB (definition of custodial sentence) and, unless otherwise specified, is 20 years.

According to paragraph 2, if the victim is a minor or the perpetrator acts professionally, the minimum sentence is 1 year imprisonment; A fine must also be imposed.

Promotion of (forced) prostitution, Art. 195 lit. d StGB

Anyone who detains a person in prostitution is punished with imprisonment of up to ten years or a fine. According to this regulation, the impairment of the freedom of action of a prostitute is a criminal offense. The term is thus defined much more broadly than in German criminal law.

Individual cases

Forced prostitution in World War II

Interview with a Chinese "comfort woman", Rangoon, August 8, 1945

There are numerous reports of forced prostitution during World War II , with women being systematically sexually abused on the part of various warring parties.

During the Second World War, hundreds of brothels were set up by the Wehrmacht and the SS ( Wehrmacht brothel and camp brothel ). Tens of thousands of women have been forced into prostitution. Women infected with sexually transmitted diseases through this form of forced labor were shot. Although sexual contact with non-Aryans was considered punishable and reprehensible, rape and forced prostitution by German soldiers were the order of the day. Even after the fighting ended during the occupation, girls and young women were sent to brothels for forced prostitution. After the end of the war, this topic was considered taboo in Germany and also in the areas that were once German-occupied .

After the German defeat during the occupation there are reports of forced prostitution in the Soviet occupation zone (SBZ), for example in Marta Hiller's autobiographical work Eine Frau in Berlin . Only after the conquest of German territories was rape by Red Army soldiers, later the lines between rape and forced prostitution began to blur. Hiller called it "going to sleep".

In East Asia and Southeast Asia, the Japanese army forced women and girls for prostitution and described it euphemistically as comfort women .

Forced prostitution in Kosovo

In December 2000, a report by the television magazine Weltspiegel made public the systematic exploitation of forced prostitutes by German KFOR and UNMIK soldiers.

According to a report by Amnesty International in May 2004, German soldiers stationed in Macedonia and Kosovo had used forced sexual services on abducted women and child prostitutes .

Former forced and child prostitutes from Kosovo have testified that German soldiers and officers were regularly among their customers. Unlike the local suitors, the Germans would not have mistreated the prostitutes. That is why they were asked for help in trying to escape from the unbearable situation. The interrogated Germans deny this, and nothing was known of the barred windows in the women's “rooms”. Despite the news, the number of brothels rose from 1999, according to the UN administration, with 18 establishments in which women were forced into prostitution, to 200 institutions in 2004.

Medica mondiale , an aid organization for traumatized women, accuses the Federal Ministry of Defense of covering up the soldiers' misconduct and of being guilty of neglect (or, more correctly, neglect of official supervision).

In June 2004, UN officials Kenneth Cain, Heidi Postlewait and Andrew Thomson published a disclosure report entitled Emergency Sex and Other Desperate Measures , a True Story from Hell on Earth . In their book, the authors report on extravagant sex parties with women and girls forced into prostitution, corruption and drug abuse on missions in Haiti, Liberia, Somalia - and Kosovo. In order not to further demolish the already tarnished image of the world organization, the then General Secretary Kofi Annan, according to press reports, considered legal measures against the publication.

See also

Legal texts

United Nations:

Wikisource: Universal Declaration of Human Rights  - Sources and full texts

European Union:

Germany:

Wikisource: Agreement between the German Reich and the Netherlands for the protection of matched women. November 15, 1889  - Sources and full texts
Wikisource: Agreement between the German Reich and Belgium for the protection of matched women. September 4, 1890  - Sources and full texts

Austria:

Switzerland:

literature

  • Philipp Thiée (Ed.): People trafficking - how the sex market is regulated by criminal law. Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-9812213-0-5 .
  • Jochen Thielmann: The limit of victim protection . In: The criminal defense attorney. 2006, p. 41.
  • Mary Kreutzer , Corinna Milborn : Ware woman. On the trail of modern slavery from Africa to Europe . Ecowin Verlag , Salzburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-902404-57-2 .
  • Kevin Bales: Understanding global slavery. A reader . University of California Press, Berkeley CA 2005, ISBN 0-520-24506-7 .
  • Alexandra Geisler: Traded women. Human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution with women from Eastern Europe . Trafo-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-89626-530-X .
  • Manfred Paulus: Trafficking in women and forced prostitution. Crime scene Europe . VPD, Hilden 2003, ISBN 3-8011-0487-7 .
  • Yoshimi Yoshiaki: Comfort women. Sexual slavery in the Japanese military during world war II . CUP, New York 2000, ISBN 0-231-12032-X .
  • Martina Schuster, Almut Sülzle: Forced prostitution, sex work, human trafficking and the 2006 World Cup. Expert opinion on campaigns on prostitution and human trafficking in Germany in the context of the 2006 men's soccer World Cup . Vienna 2006.
  • Lea Ackermann , Inge Bell , Barbara Koelges: Sold, enslaved, forced to have sex: the big business with women . 1st edition Kösel, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-466-30691-4 .
  • Mandy Kopp : The time of silence is over . Marion von Schröder Verlag 2013, ISBN 978-3-547-71192-9

Forced prostitution in the media

  • A narrative processing of the topic was carried out in 2003 by the Swedish feature film Lilja 4-ever using the example of an inexperienced 17-year-old woman from Estonia who unexpectedly found herself sold into forced prostitution in Sweden.
  • In 2004 the British-Canadian television film Sex Traffic about two Moldovans was released.
  • In 2004 the Israeli-French film Promised Land was released . He describes how two Eastern European women are smuggled into Israel.
  • In 2004, the American film Spartan was released , in which the kidnapping of a young woman triggers a series of murders.
  • In 2005 the television miniseries Human Trafficking was produced with Donald Sutherland. The film is about forced prostitutes who are smuggled into the USA using the lover-boy scheme, and how children are kidnapped abroad, in this case a little American girl in the Philippines. The film shows the international networking of criminals and how difficult it is to get over them.
  • In the film 96 Hours from 2008, the main character, played by Liam Neeson , seeks his kidnapped daughter, who is highly profitable for the criminals as a pretty and virgin girl, and step by step reveals the machinations of the human traffickers.
  • The film Trade - Welcome to America deals with the topics of modern slavery, sex slavery, forced prostitution and international human trafficking. The victims are a 13-year-old Mexican, a Thai boy and the Polish Veronica, played by Alicja Bachleda-Curuś .
  • The 2013 television film Schimanski: Loverboy with Götz George and Anna Loos addressed the dangers of the loverboy method.
  • The 2012 film Eden is based on a real-life US case.

Web links

Wiktionary: Forced prostitution  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ EU study: Human trafficking in the EU is increasing . In: The time . April 14, 2013, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 2, 2017]).
  2. ↑ Ndr: EU study: More human trafficking through liberal prostitution law. In: ndr.de. September 29, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2017 .
  3. ↑ Situation report on human trafficking 2016 (PDF) BKA, accessed on March 22, 2018.
  4. ↑ Alexis Jay: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham 1997-2013. Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council . Retrieved December 9, 2015 ( archive ( December 8, 2018 memento in the Internet Archive )).
  5. ↑ Dialika Krahe: Prostitution: Morning Math, noon whore. In: Spiegel Online . July 5, 2010, accessed on January 19, 2015 ( archive ( Memento from December 8, 2018 in the Internet Archive )).
  6. ↑ The Loverboy Method. ( Memento of December 6, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) SISTERS eV - for getting out of prostitution! eV, Stuttgart.
  7. ↑ The Loverboy Method. ( Memento of December 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) and info: Loverboy. ( Memento of December 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Police prevention portal .
  8. ↑ The loverboy scam briefly explained. Love without coercion - network against human trafficking e. V., Berlin ( Archive ( Memento from December 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive )).
  9. ↑ Recognize the victim of a loverboy! In: eilod.de . Retrieved January 19, 2015 ( archive ( memento of July 2, 2017 in the Internet Archive )).
  10. ↑ The lousy scam of the loverboys. In: bild.de. January 19, 2015, accessed January 19, 2015 .
  11. ↑ Danger from loverboys How Berlin girls fall into the trap of pimps Berliner Kurier, August 12, 2015, accessed on September 2, 2017
  12. ↑ He flatters her, she believes him. In: sueddeutsche.de of: July 26, 2009 . Retrieved January 19, 2015 ( archive ( December 8, 2018 memento in the Internet Archive )).
  13. ↑ Abuse in the nursery: first evaluation of loverboy methods provides terrifying figures , Aargauer Zeitung, January 9, 2020
  14. ↑ ACT212 Counseling and Training Center for Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation
  15. ↑ WDR Frau-TV from October 10, 2013. (No longer available online.) In: wdr.de. January 15, 2015, archived from the original on October 14, 2013 ; Retrieved November 17, 2016 .
  16. ↑ Universal Declaration of Human Rights on Wikisource
  17. ↑ Convention of the United Nations against transnational organized crime (Swiss version SR 0.311.54) , admin.ch
  18. ↑ Sebastian Bürger: The new regulation of human trafficking. Implementation of Union law requirements and creation of a coherent overall concept? ZIS 2017, pp. 169–181
  19. ↑ Protect women from violence. Prostitution website of the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth , 30 June 2017
  20. ^ The coalition agreement in full 4.1. Cohesion of society - strengthening togetherness. In: Focus Online . November 27, 2013, accessed January 19, 2015 .
  21. ^ Eva Högl: New regulation of prostitution in Germany: Not prohibited. In: The European , December 18, 2013.
  22. ↑ www.welt.de: Sex for sale - New minimum age for prostitutes divides coalition , June 13, 2014
  23. ↑ New law: suitors of forced prostitutes face imprisonment. FAZ, April 6, 2016, accessed on April 12, 2016 .
  24. ↑ Article 1 - Fiftieth Act to Amend the Criminal Code - Improvement of the Protection of Sexual Self-Determination (50th StrÄndG) , buzer.de, accessed on July 10, 2017
  25. ↑ OJ. No. L 203 of August 1, 2002 p. 1
  26. ↑ Bernd Heinrich : Criminal liability of trafficking in human beings according to the new regulation of §§ 232 ff. StGB Status: June 2008
  27. ↑ Federal Law Gazette I 239
  28. ↑ § 180b a. F. Validity from July 22, 1992 to February 19, 2005
  29. ↑ BT-Drs .: 18/4613
  30. ^ Review of Eine Frau in Berlin by Constanze Jaiser for H-Soz-Kult
  31. ↑ JAPAN access: ( Memento from September 13, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Rehabilitation problems of the former comfort women in Japan. Article + related links.
  32. ↑ Kosovo / trafficking in women - KFOR and UNMIK favor forced prostitution in Kosovo ( Memento of 23 August 2006 in the Internet Archive ) AI-Germany on forced and child prostitution in Kosovo
  33. ↑ Serbia and Montenegro / Kosovo: International peacekeepers as pioneers for sex slavery ( Memento from February 29, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) AI Austria with e-mail campaign against forced prostitution in Kosovo
  34. ↑ Kosovo: German soldiers with forced prostitutes . ( Memento of March 12, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) MONITOR No. 524, September 30, 2004
  35. ↑ Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) "So does it mean that we have the rights?" Protecting the human rights of women and girls trafficked for forced prostitution in Kosovo . ( Memento of April 1, 2006 on the Internet Archive ) Amnesty International, May 6, 2004, Chapter 6.
  36. ↑ a b In bad company . Amnesty International, ai-Journal , June 2004.
  37. ↑ Helmut Lorscheid : The federal puff. In: Telepolis . November 15, 2004, accessed January 19, 2015 .
  38. ↑ Björn Menzel: Former forced prostitutes: How the judiciary stigmatized Mandy Kopp. In: Spiegel Online . April 6, 2013, accessed January 19, 2015 .
  39. ↑ as print The first home. In between world . Journal of the Theodor Kramer Society , vol. 1–2, February 2011, pp. 23–30.