Pallywood

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Pallywood is a term used as a political catchphrase in connection with the Middle East conflict for an image and film reporting in which Palestinians are said to have faked violent Israeli attacks on the Palestinian civilian population with the help of staged scenes in order to turn the world public against Israel . This implies at the same time the accusation of an uncritical takeover and dissemination of corresponding images and films by non-Palestinian media.

Formation and origin of the expression "Pallywood"

Pallywood is a crossword based on the example of Bollywood (= Bombay × Hollywood ). Her second part -llywood derived from Hollywood , their letters patent , however, from Palestine "Palestine" or from Pally / Pallie , a colloquial, even ethnically disparagingly used reduction and affectionate form of Palestinian "Palestinians".

The word was already documented in 2002 by a Usenet contribution. It gained wide distribution through the 18-minute documentary published online by Richard Landes in 2005 and through its use in the photo controversies in the 2006 Lebanon War , in which the comparatively seldom used analogue Hizbollywood was coined.

The term has been used more frequently in the media since Landes' documentation was published. Israeli news broadcaster Arutz Sheva claimed in 2006 that the word “Pallywood” had become a common expression as well as “ infotainment ” to portray media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict. The Mackenzie Institute for the Study of Terrorism, Revolution and Propaganda, a non-governmental Canadian think tank , wrote that, considering “a long history of camera staging [...], the cynical name 'Pallywood' can be understood by journalists who were once introduced by the Palestinian news agencies were cheated. "

The Landes film and the case of al-Durrah

Depiction of the iconic scene on Avenue Al Qoods (Jerusalem) in Mali

In the film Pallywood and other videos and texts, Landes uses film material taken by Palestinian cameramen and UAVs from the Israeli army to accuse the reporting of being systematically manipulated by the Palestinian side, and that Western television stations used Palestinian material too uncritically. This has been observed since the 1982 Lebanon War . Among other things, he refers - as a particularly momentous example - to the case of the Palestinian boy Muhammad al-Durrah, about his alleged killing in the arms of his father by Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip on September 30, 2000, at the beginning of the Al-Aqsa Intifada , has been reported worldwide.

In the case of the case, on the second day of Intifadah 2000 , television crews were raised for a day at a street intersection southeast of the then still existing Jewish settlement Netzarim with an Israeli guard in Gaza in anticipation of conflicting images. There was an attack on the post in the afternoon and, in connection with this, exchanges of fire. The admission to hospital and the burial of a dead boy, shown afterwards, do not match either in terms of time or wounds. The recordings made by the Palestinian cameraman Talal Abu Rahme at the intersection were edited by the Israeli-French journalist Charles Enderlin with other recordings, commented on and broadcast in combination on the same evening by the French broadcaster France 2 . They resulted in sharp criticism of the actions of the Israeli armed forces . The sequence of images was used to train and motivate suicide bombers, and was used on postage stamps and murals. It was seen in a video of Osama bin Laden and was played in the background when the US journalist Daniel Pearl was murdered by his murderers.

Richard Landes questions the authenticity of the footage. The incident was staged by the Palestinian side. He doubts that Muhammad al-Durrah was shot at all. The corresponding doubts were also discussed in other media after the Israeli military had initially admitted responsibility. The murder thesis was increasingly questioned.

consequences

On October 2, 2007, the office of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert stated that the images of the boy with his father, which are symbolic of the second Intifada, had been "obviously staged" to the detriment of the State of Israel. The Palestinian cameraman who shot France 2 stuck to his portrayal. A video analysis carried out by an Israeli commission of inquiry came to the conclusion that Muhammad al-Durrah could not have been hit by Israeli bullets. He might even be alive. Enderlin himself hadn't been there.

The French politician Philippe Karsenty had tried France 2 and Charles Enderlin for ten years through multiple instances. Additional minutes of film from allegedly around 40 minutes of raw material were released. According to Karsenty and others, the supposedly dead al-Durrah raises his hand after the point where Enderlin speaks of the boy's death so as not to be blinded by the sun. No blood could be seen on the floor, and the “blood stain” on the leg turned out to be a red handkerchief. In the controversy over the images, aspects of the classic ritual murder legend were included in the extreme variant , while the Israeli side assumed that the Palestinians would be willing to shoot their own children for propaganda purposes.

In 2004 France 2 allowed three well-known journalists, Denis Jeambar , Daniel Leconte and Luc Rosenzweig to view the raw material. According to Jeambar and Leconte, around half of the recordings consisted of alleged injuries and falling over of war-playing young Palestinians in front of the camera, who then woke up again. It was disputed whether the scene with al-Durrah was one of the scenes played or whether it showed a real shootout. There are no indications of the boy's actual death. Esther Schapira refers to a number of "For-Camera-Only" scenes which, as excerpts, can only be recognized as such by experienced observers. The Israeli soldiers call it "For Camera Only" when demonstrators pose as injured and are picked up by ambulances, only to reappear unharmed shortly afterwards.

In a trial before a Paris appeals court in 2008, Karsenty's testimony that the France 2 report was a staged production was found to be a testimony that does not constitute an offense of freedom of expression. The court explicitly referred to Landes' statement in his film Pallywood , expressed understanding for the doubts about the cameraman's credibility and, contrary to the lower court, acquitted Karsenty of the charge of defamation worthy of a criminal offense. In 2012 the Supreme Court ruled that the release of the raw material was not legal and referred back to the appeals court. In June 2010, Karsenty won a defamation lawsuit against Canal + and the Tac Press agency , who compared his doubts about the al-Durrah case with conspiracy theories as of September 11, 2001 in a documentary broadcast in 2008 .

On June 26, 2013, an appeals court sentenced Philippe Kartensy to a fine of 7,000 euros for defamation of the journalist Charles Enderlin and the TV channel France2.

Esther Schapira made two documentaries on the subject, such as the award-winning ARD documentary Three Bullets and a Dead Child - Who Shot Mohammed al Durah? in 2002 as well as The Child, Death and Truth .

In The Child, Death and the Truth (allusion to The Garbage, the City and Death ), Schapira and Georg M. Hafner refer to timing inconsistencies - the shooting began at lunchtime, and a dead boy was already being admitted to the hospital held in the morning, the father would not have been injured - and therefore assume that the boy in question was not Muhammad al Durah. France 2 then threatened to end its cooperation with ARD.

In this context, al-Durah's father brought a defamation suit against an interview printed in 2008 with the Israeli surgeon, David Yehuda. Yehuda attributed the scars that al-Durah's father had repeatedly shown in media reports to an attack by Hamas members in 1994 who attacked him as an alleged collaborator with Israel. Yehuda had operated on him in the context. In the second instance, the defamation suit was rejected in a French court.

Dirk Maxeiner took the events as an occasion for a gloss under the title BKA, Beirut, Babelsberg . Esther Schapira described the reconstruction in the Jüdische Allgemeine under the title Made in Pallywood . The term has also been used by conservative commentators such as David Frum , Michelle Malkin, and Melanie Phillips .

Environment and aftermath

Since then, Pallywood has established itself as a fixed term in internet forums and political debates on the Middle East conflict and in publications on the media representation of this conflict.

The pro-Israel lobby organization Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) sees four different types of misleading photojournalism:

  1. Post-processing of the digital images by image processing software;
  2. Images of the posed scenes were presented as if they had arisen spontaneously and came from authentic events;
  3. Photographers themselves staged scenes or moving objects;
  4. Authentic images have been given false or misleading captions.

A comparable case is noted in the frequently shown picture of the American student Tuvia Grossman . According to the caption initially used by AP and the French Liberation , an abused Palestinian was threatened by an Israeli police officer, who in fact protected Haredi , who was abused by an Arab mob, from further violence.

According to the thesis put forward by Landes , Palestinian cameramen would systematically reenact scenes of violence, especially when there were no Western witnesses on site, in order to influence the audience in favor of the Palestinians and to win the "media war" between Israel and the Palestinians.

In 2003, Décryptage , a documentary by Jacques Tarnero and Philippe Bensoussan , was also shot in France on the misleading coverage of the Middle East conflict.

In his Behind the Scenes project, the Italian photographer Ruben Salvadori dealt extensively with staged images in the Middle East conflict.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ French Election Upset. rec.arts.sf.fandom, May 15, 2002.
  2. ↑ When in doubt, for doubt. In: Der Tagesspiegel. August 9, 2006.
  3. ^ Doreen Carvajal: The mysteries and passions of an iconic video frame. In: International Herald Tribune. February 7, 2005.
  4. ^ Nidra Poller: Al-Dura: The Trial. ( Memento of September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) In: PoliticsCentral. September 13, 2006.
  5. ↑ a b Thanassis Cambanis: Some Shunning The Palestinian Hard Stance. In: The Boston Globe. September 6, 2005.
  6. ↑ Thorsten Schmitz: The war of images. ( Memento from June 19, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. June 16, 2006.
  7. ^ "There's Something About Qana," Arutz Sheva (Channel 7), Israel, August 3, 2006.
  8. ^ Lies, Damned Lies and Footage. ( Memento of August 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) The Mackenzie Institute, Newsletter July 6, 2006.
  9. ↑ Richard Landes: Pallywood, According to Palestinian Sources. ( Memento of March 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (Windows Media Video), SecondDraft.org.
  10. ↑ a b box office hit from Pallywood , by Ulrich W. Sahm , Jungle World No. 22, May 30, 2013.
  11. ↑ James Fallows: Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura? ( Memento from November 12, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) In: Die Weltwoche . Edition 29/03
  12. ↑ "Al-Durah: What happened?" ( Memento of April 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Second Draft .
  13. ^ Film Focus: HR in Hollywood and 'Pallywood'. ( Memento of June 11, 2007 on the Internet Archive ) Honestreporting.com.
  14. ↑ David Gelernter: When pictures lie. In: Los Angeles Times. 2005.
  15. ^ Photo of Palestinian Boy Kindles Debate in France. In: The New York Times. February 7, 2005.
  16. ^ Israeli Army Says Palestinians May Have Shot Gaza Boy. In: The New York Times . November 28, 2000.
  17. ↑ Esther Schapira: Propaganda against Israel: The Mohammed Al Durah case and the media staging of reality. ( Memento of July 26, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) at: european-forum-on-antisemitism.org , June 18, 2008.
  18. ↑ JA / hie .: Is Mohammed al-Dura alive? . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  19. ↑ Jürg Altwegg: France's journalists support a forgery . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 3, 2009 edition . Retrieved March 3, 2009. 
  20. ↑ Controversial Gaza video: Israel rejects guilty of twelve-year-old death Der Spiegel, May 20, 2013.
  21. ↑ Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura? The Atlantic, James Fallows June 1, 2003.
  22. ^ Bollard 2005
  23. ↑ a b Jeambar and Leconte 2005 ( Memento of February 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive ).
  24. ^ Cahen 2005 ( Memento of February 7, 2006 in the Internet Archive ).
  25. ↑ a b Esther Schapira: Made in Pallywood. In: Jüdische Allgemeine. June 16, 2008.
  26. ↑ Stéphane Durand-Souffland: France 2 blanchie pour l'image choc de l'intifada. In: Le Figaro. October 20, 2006.
  27. ↑ Pascale Robert-Diard: Reportage enfant Palestinia; Charles Enderlin et France 2 gagnent leur procès. In: Le Monde. October 20, 2006.
  28. ↑ - ( Memento of March 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Judgment text Arrêt de la Cour d'Appel de Paris du 21 may 2008 relaxant Philippe Karsenty
  29. ^ Affaire Al-Dura: Karsenty essaie de prouver sa bonne foi , rue89, January 17, 2013.
  30. ↑ Canal + condamné pour diffamation dans un documentaire sur les rumeurs du web , Agence France-Presse, 11 June 2010, Lalande, Julien. Canal + et l'agence Tac Presse condamnés pour diffamation , Ozap, 11 June 2010.
  31. ↑ Media analyst convicted over France-2 Palestinian boy footage. In: The Guardian. June 26, 2013.
  32. ↑ ARD reveals falsification in the case of Mohammed Al-Durah. In: Hessischer Rundfunk. March 3, 2009.
  33. ↑ ARD with French broadcaster in Klinsch. In: The contact. April 20, 2009
  34. ↑ Katharina Sperber: It couldn't have been like that. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. April 20, 2009.
  35. ↑ a b c d Avi Issacharoff: Israeli physician acquitted of libel against Mohammed al-Dura's father. On: Haaretz. 2012.
  36. ↑ Dirk Maxeiner: BKA, Beirut, Babelsberg. On: achgut.de , September 2, 2006.
  37. ↑ The (Latest) Israeli Atrocity that Wasn't ( Memento from December 10, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  38. ↑ Michelle Malkin: Questioning a NY Times reporter; challenging CBS News & ASNE . December 5, 2006. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  39. ↑ Homepage melaniephillips.com
  40. ↑ Ricki Hollander, CAMERA , on August 8, 2006.
  41. ↑ Lebanon War: The Tales of Hezbollah. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine. August 18, 2006.
  42. ↑ Le lot de consolation d'Abbas. In: Jerusalem Post . August 13, 2013.
  43. ^ The Reuters Photo Scandal
  44. ↑ Décryptage. 2003 at IMDb
  45. ^ Ruben Salvadori: Photojournalism Behind the Scenes.
  46. ↑ Ruben Salvadori: Behind the Scenes of Photojournalism. Photo gallery in Die Zeit. March 22, 2012.