Ethnophaulism

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A Ethnophaulismus is a derogatory term for an ethnic group . The term was coined in 1944 by the American psychologist Abraham Aron Roback .

etymology

The word ethnophaulism is a neologism made up of the ancient Greek nouns ἔθνος ( éthnos , in German 'people') and φαῦλος ( phaulos , German 'low, worthless, evil') and the suffix -ism (Greek -ισμός -ismós ) .

In technical terms, an ethnophaulism is a pejorative exonymic ethnonym , a pejorative external name for an ethnic group . In the Anglo-Saxon language area there is the expression derogatory ethnic label (DEL) ("degrading ethnic label"), which introduces the term derogation as a technical term for anti-discrimination . In addition, the term ethnic slur is used especially in American .

Ethnophaulisms for Germans and Austrians

In relation to the Germans, there are the terms Kraut , Hun ("Hunnen") in English as well as Fritz , which is also used in French, Russian and Polish ; Also to be mentioned are French boche , Italian crucco , Dutch mof , Danish prøjse (“Prussian”) and sakse (“Saxon”), Finnish niksmanni , Polish Szwab , Szkop and Hanys and Czech skopčák. In Austria, Germans are often referred to as Piefke (the Marmeladinger , which goes back to feeding German soldiers in World War I, is also common ), in Switzerland as rubber necks .

More recently, the derogatory youth-language term potato for Germans has been established in Germany .

Ethnophaulisms in the United States

Erdman B. Palmore found that the greater the social distance between an ethnic majority and another ethnic group, the greater the number of different ethnophaulisms. There are more ethnophaulisms for blacks than for whites. In addition, these ethnophaulisms in blacks often refer to body features that are different from whites.

According to a study by Irving L. Allen in 1982, pejorative naming in the United States was found primarily in connection with “immigration, settlement behavior, city migration, occupational specialization and intra-social migration of specific ethnic groups”. Subcultural groups are also covered with swear words that express regional, class and confessional differences.

literature

  • Irving Lewis Allen: The Language of Ethnic Conflict. Social Organization and Lexical Culture. Columbia University Press, New York NY 1983, ISBN 0-231-05556-0 .
  • Jeff Greenberg, Shari L. Kirkland, Tom Pyszczynski: Some Theoretical Notions and Preliminary Research Concerning Derogatory Ethnic Labels. In: Geneva Smitherland-Donaldson, Teun A. van Dijk (Ed.): Discourse and Communication. Wayne State University Press, Detroit MI 1988, ISBN 0-8143-1957-2 , pp. 74-92.
  • Manfred Markefka: Prejudices - Minorities - Discrimination. A contribution to understanding social opposites. 7th, completely changed and expanded edition. Luchterhand, Neuwied et al. 1995, ISBN 3-472-01935-2 , p. 35 ff.
  • Erdman B. Palmore: Ethnophaulims and Ethnocentrism. In: Milton L. Barron (Ed.): Minorities in a changing world. Knopf, New York NY 1967, pp. 205-210.
  • Jobst Paul : The "animal" construct - and the birth of racism. On the cultural presence of a destructive argument (= Edition DISS. Edition of the Duisburg Institute for Linguistic and Social Research. 2). Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-89771-731-X , especially pp. 10-28.
  • Diana R. Rice, Dominic Abrams, Constantina Badea, Gerd Bohner, Andrea Carnaghi, Lyudmila I. Dementi, Kevin Durkin, Bea Ehmann, Gordon Hodson, Dogan Kokdemir, Jaume Masip, Aidan Moran, Margit E. Oswald, Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, Rolf Reber, Jonathan Schroeder, Katerina Tasiopoulou, Jerzy Trzebinski: What Did You Just Call Me? European and American Ratings of the Valence of Ethnophaulisms. In: Journal of Language and Social Psychology. Vol. 29, No. 1, 2010, pp. 117-131, doi : 10.1177 / 0261927X09351696 .

Web links

Wiktionary: ethnophaulism  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Abraham Aron Roback: A Dictionary of International Slurs (Ethnophaulisms). With a Supplementary Essay on Aspects of Ethnic Prejudice. Sci-Art Publishers, Cambridge MA 1944.
  2. ^ Jeff Greenberg, Shari L. Kirkland, Tom Pyszczynski: Some Theoretical Notions and Preliminary Research Concerning Derogatory Ethnic Labels. In: Geneva Smitherland-Donaldson, Teun A. van Dijk (Ed.): Discourse and Communication. 1988, pp. 74-92.
  3. ↑ Terms for Germans in other languages ​​can be found in: Andrea Schöb, Martin Schöb: Piefkes, Krauts and other Germans. What the world thinks of us. Bucher, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7658-1615-4 .
  4. ↑ Ulrich Ammon : The German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: the problem of the national varieties , Walter de Gruyter, 1995, p. 226 ( online ).
  5. ↑ From "Gummihals" to "Briech-Chnebel" , at srf.ch , May 9, 2013.
  6. ↑ Anna Kemper : Swear words: We potatoes . In: The time . December 5, 2016, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed April 18, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Erdman B. Palmore: Ethnophaulims and Ethnocentrism. In: Milton L. Barron (Ed.): Minorities in a changing world. 1967, pp. 205-210, here p. 207.
  8. ↑ Manfred Markefka: prejudices - minorities - discrimination. 7th, completely changed and expanded edition. 1995, p. 36.
  9. ↑ Manfred Markefka: prejudices - minorities - discrimination. 7th, completely changed and expanded edition. 1995, p. 37.