Involved in the First World War

Participants in the First World War: The countries of the Entente and allies and their colonies appear in green, the Central Powers in orange, neutral states in gray.

Parties involved in the First World War were those States, regions and ethnic groups that directly or indirectly on the First World War involved or affected by it.

Entente and Allied Powers

The Entente originally (until 1914) consisted only of France , Russia and Great Britain . In the course of the war, numerous states or nationality groups joined them as allies or associates, and Russia left.

• Andorra - no military engagement; Formal state of war with Germany until 1939 due to failure to sign the Versailles Treaty.
• Armenia - on the Russian side, Armenian volunteer battalions (one of the pretexts for the Armenian genocide ); 1918 independent as the Democratic Republic of Armenia .
• Azerbaijan - founded at the end of May 1918; an Azerbaijani delegation took part in the 1919 peace negotiations in Paris.
• Belgium / Belgian colonies - mother country occupied by Germany except for a small area in west Flanders (see General Government of Belgium ).
  • Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) - Colonial troops fought in German East Africa, Cameroon and Rhodesia; Occupation of Rwanda-Urundi ; small Congolese corps on the western front.
• Brazil .
• Republic of China (today People's Republic of China and Mongolia ) - declaration of war on Germany in 1917; End of the German post in China ; no military engagement, but dispatch of approx. 185,000 workers to Great Britain, Russia and France, who also work near the front (especially the western front ) e.g. B. were used for fortification work. In response to the Treaty of Versailles , the May Fourth Movement was born .
  • Outer Mongolia - declared independent before World War I, gained autonomy in 1915, and remained neutral.
  • Tibet - declared itself independent and neutral before World War I.
  • Leased ports - ports leased by Great Britain and France as early as August 1914 in a state of war; without Tsingtau , which was first leased by Germany and then administered by Japan.
• Costa Rica - no military engagement; President Granados recognized by Germany after the 1917 military coup.
• France / French colonies .
  • French Equatorial Africa (now Gabon , Congo , Chad , Central Africa ) - Colonial troops took part in the fighting in Cameroon.
  • French Guiana .
  • French Indochina (now Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam ).
  • French North Africa , was partially considered the mother country (today Algeria , Tunisia , most of Morocco ) - German attack on Algerian ports in August 1914. Colonial troops took part in the fighting in northern France; Algerian uprisings against mobilization.
  • French Polynesia - German attack on Tahiti in September 1914. Maupihaa was briefly “occupied” in August / September 1917 by the sea ​​eagle crew who were shipwrecked there.
  • French West Africa (today Benin , Burkina Faso , Ivory Coast , Guinea , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Senegal ) - colonial troops took part in the fighting in northern France and Togo; four cities of Senegal were declared the motherland, with which the conscription was connected.
  • French Somali Coast (now Djibouti ).
  • Madagascar .
  • Other French colonies (today partly French overseas territories ).
• Greece - the Greek "Movement of National Defense" declares war on the Central Powers on November 24, 1916, the Kingdom on June 29, 1917.
• Great Britain / British Empire .
  • Australian Confederation - British Dominion . The first shot between the British Empire and Germany was fired in Sydney when a German ship tried to escape. First military actions: Occupation of German New Guinea in 1914 and Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 ( ANZAC Day since the latter ). The war strengthened the Australian central government (one of the reasons for the secessionist aspirations of Western Australia ).
    • Territory of Papua (now the southern part of Papua New Guinea ) - de facto Australian colony; Occupation of the neighboring Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land by Australian troops in 1914.
  • Canada - British Dominion . 600,000 men under arms, strong participation on the Western Front by the Canadian Expeditionary Force , civil unrest as a result of the conscription crisis of 1917 .
  • Newfoundland - British Dominion . Practically complete destruction of the contingent on July 1, 1916 (Memorial Day).
  • New Zealand - British Dominion . First military actions: Occupation of German Samoa in 1914 and Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 ( ANZAC Day since the latter ).
  • South African Union - in contrast to the other Dominions, separate declaration of war; pro-German Boer uprising ( Maritz rebellion ) 1914; Walvis Bay briefly occupied by German South West Africa; about 25,000 black workers were part of the South African Native Labor Corps in France.
  • Ireland - Great Britain included Ireland at the time, the "Home Rule Bill" of May 1914 was not implemented due to the outbreak of war. About 70 percent of the Irish Republican Irish Volunteers and the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force joined the British Army. - The Easter Rising of 1916 cannot be understood as taking sides with the Central Powers. A German attempt at intervention failed and a supporting attack on eastern England had no discernible impact on Ireland.
  • British colonies and protectorates .
    • Sultanate of Egypt - attacks by the Ottoman Empire on the Suez Canal repelled; small German attack on the port of Sollum ; Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces of the British Empire into Palestine.
    • Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (now Sudan and South Sudan ) - condominium of Great Britain and Egypt, but de facto British colony; Incorporation of Darfur after the failed, pro-Ottoman uprising of the Fur Sultanate under Ali Dinar as a result of the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur expedition of 1916 .
    • Basutoland (now Lesotho ) - approx. 3,000 inhabitants took part in the war.
    • Bechuanaland (today Botswana ) - partially staging area in the war against German South West Africa.
    • British Ceylon (now Sri Lanka ).
    • British India (today India , Bangladesh , parts of Burma and Pakistan ) - under British colonial rule or sovereignty (see Princely States ); Troops of the British Indian Army in France, the Middle East and East Africa; Attack by the Emden on Madras .
    • British East Africa (now mostly Kenya ) - provided numerous soldiers and porters in the campaigns against German East Africa.
      • Sultanate of Zanzibar - On the side of Great Britain, Zanzibar entered the war on August 5, 1914 against the German Empire and on August 20 against Austria-Hungary. As a result, the German cruiser Königsberg attacked and sank a British cruiser lying in the port of Zanzibar on September 20, 1914.
      • Uganda - provided numerous soldiers and porters in the campaigns against German East Africa.
    • British Somaliland (today a de facto autonomous Somaliland ) - independent state structure of the dervish movement under Mohammed Abdullah Hassan in the hinterland.
    • British territory in the Indian Ocean (today only the Chagos Archipelago ) - The Emden team was warmly received in Diego Garcia in October 1914 , as the war was not yet known.
    • Falkland Islands - an attempt to land by the German East Asia Squadron led to a naval battle in the Falkland Islands .
    • Gold Coast (now Ghana ) - starting point for the British invasion of the German neighboring colony of Togo.
    • Jamaica - Declaration of Martial Law in 1914; About 10,000 Jamaican soldiers took part in the war.
    • Qatar - policy of neutrality until the Ottoman garrison withdrew in 1915; British protectorate from 1916.
    • Kuwait - staging area for the British conquest of Mesopotamia
    • Malta - provided the Entente with ports and shipyards as military bases and served as a hospital station.
    • Nigeria - Isolated border war and deployment area opposite the German colony of Cameroon.
    • Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia ) - the last place of refuge for the protection force for German East Africa.
    • Nyasaland (today Malawi ) - provided numerous soldiers and porters in the campaigns against German East Africa.
    • Straits Settlements (now mostly Malaysia ) - attacks by the Emden on the port of Penang and the Cocos Islands .
    • Cyprus (now the Republic of Cyprus or Northern Cyprus ) - de jure partly sovereign under the British-Ottoman Treaty of 1878, de facto British annexation in November 1914; British bases to this day .
    • Other British colonies and protectorates (today partly British overseas territories ).
• Guatemala - no military engagement.
• Haiti - Occupied by the United States of America from 1915 to 1934 . Under pressure from the USA, Haiti declared war on Germany in July 1918. No military engagement, but expropriation of German residents.
• Hejaz (now part of Saudi Arabia ) - Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire (1916–1918); see also Saudi state.
• Honduras - no military engagement.
• Italy / Italian colonies .
  • Eritrea .
  • Libya (then Tripolitania , Cyrenaica and Fezzan ) - colonies of Italy, partly controlled by pro-Ottoman Senussi orders with German help.
  • Italian Somaliland (now part of Somalia ). - Independent state structure of the dervish movement under Mohammed Abdullah Hassan in the hinterland.
  • Italian Aegean Islands (now part of Greece).
• Japan / Japanese Colonies - Siege of Tsingtau and occupation of German islands in Micronesia in 1914.
  • Korea (now North Korea and South Korea ).
  • Taiwan .
• Cuba - no military engagement. Strong economic boom due to sugar exports to the Entente.
• Liberia - Attacks by German submarines on Monrovia . No military engagement of their own.
• Luxembourg - no military engagement.
• Montenegro - occupied by Austria-Hungary from 1916 to 1918 .
• Nepal - declared its support for the British Empire on August 3, 1914 and provided a total of 55,000 Gurkha soldiers to the British Indian Army by the end of the war . An official declaration of war was not made.
• Nicaragua - no military engagement.
• Panama - no military engagement.
• Poland - initially resistance from parts of the army and the population in the Generalgouvernement of Warsaw or within the reign of Poland . Recognition of the Polish National Committee by the Allies in early 1918, units of the Blue Army fought on the Western Front in 1918. On October 7, 1918, proclamation of the independent Polish state by the Regency Council, recognition as the Second Polish Republic in the Peace Treaty of Versailles .
• Portugal / Portuguese colonial empire - entry into war 1916; Sending a Portuguese expeditionary force to the Western Front.
  • Goa (now part of India ).
  • Cape Verde (now independent) - was in 1918 in the no-sea area imposed by Germany.
  • Macau (now part of China ).
  • Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau ).
  • Portuguese East Africa (today Mozambique) - Refuge of the protection force for German East Africa ; Occupation of the Kionga Triangle by Portugal in 1916.
  • Portuguese Timor (now East Timor ).
  • Portuguese West Africa including Portuguese Congo (today Angola) - short border war with German South West Africa as early as 1914 ( battle for Naulila ).
  • São Tomé and Príncipe (now independent).
• Romania - Separate peace in May 1918, re-entry into the war in October 1918.
• Russian Empire (today Armenia , Azerbaijan , Estonia , Finland , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , part of Poland , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , most of Ukraine , Uzbekistan , Belarus ) - main opponents of the Central Powers on the Eastern Front and Caucasus Front ; Expeditionary Corps in France and Greece.
  • Finland - Declaration of independence of December 1917 culminated in the Finnish civil war .
  • Russian Republic - from the February Revolution of 1917 to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
  • Russian Poland - until it was captured by the Central Powers in 1915.
  • Soviet Russia up to the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty - early separate peace between the Central Powers and Ukraine .
  • Transcaucasia - declared itself independent in April 1918, but split up into the individual states of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia at the end of May 1918.
• San Marino .
• Saudi State (now Saudi Arabia ) - Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire (1916–1918); see also Hejaz.
• Serbia (today Serbia , parts of Kosovo and Macedonia ) - conquered by the Central Powers in autumn 1915 and occupied by Austria-Hungary .
• Siam (now Thailand ) - dispatch of an expeditionary force to the Western Front (no combat mission, but participation in the later occupation of the Rhineland).
• Czechoslovak Legions - proclamation of the Czechoslovak Republic on October 28, 1918 in Prague; recognized by the Entente as a victorious power.
• United States of America / Colonies and Protectorates of the United States - Entry into the war in 1917 as an “associated power”, as US President Wilson distanced himself from the goals of the Entente; Sending the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe.
  • Alaska .
  • American Samoa - not to be confused with German Samoa to the west .
  • Guam - Self-sinking of the auxiliary cruiser SMS  Cormoran in 1917.
  • Hawaii - Confiscation of the SMS  Geier gunboat in 1917.
  • Panama Canal Zone (now part of Panama ) - the official opening of the canal was delayed until 1920 due to the war.
  • Philippines .
  • Puerto Rico - Enlarged conscription in the Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 and enlisted 20,000 Puerto Ricans in the US Army.
  • Other territories and outskirts of the United States .

Central Powers and Allies

The collapse of Bismarck's alliance system and the clumsy foreign policy since 1890 had brought the German Reich into an almost isolated foreign policy situation. The Central Powers originally (1879) consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary ( two alliance ). Italy did not see the requirements of the Triple Alliance as a defensive alliance , which was concluded in 1882 , and initially declared itself neutral in World War I, only to join the Allies later ( London Treaty of 1915 ). Since the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central Powers, the term four alliance was also used. At the end of the war, allied or dependent regimes were added to the former Russia for a short time.

Central Powers and their colonies

• Austria-Hungary - comprised the current states of Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , parts of northeastern Italy and South Tyrol , parts of today's Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia and Ukraine .
• Kingdom of Bulgaria - comprised the present-day Republic of Bulgaria , parts of Greece and parts of Macedonia .
• German Empire - the territory of Germany in 1914 also included areas that are now Belgium ( Eupen-Malmedy ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), France ( Alsace-Lorraine ), Lithuania ( Memelland ), Poland (including parts of East Prussia and Silesia ) and Russia ( Parts of East Prussia) belong. Furthermore, the German sphere of influence in 1914 included the actual national territory, the following colonies or "protected areas" :
  • German New Guinea - today Carolines (part of Micronesia ), Northern Mariana Islands , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Palau Islands , Papua New Guinea - northern part, Solomon Islands - northern part.
  • German East Africa - today Burundi , Mozambique ( Kionga triangle ), Rwanda , Tanzania (→ see also: First World War in East Africa ).
  • German Samoa - today the independent state of Samoa .
  • German South West Africa - today Botswana northern border, Namibia exclusively Walvis Bay (→ see also: First World War in South West Africa ).
  • Cameroon - today Gabon -Northern part, Cameroon , Republic of the Congo -Northeast part, Nigeria -East part, Chad -Southwest part, Central African Republic -West part (→ see also: Cameroon in the First World War ).
  • Kiautschou - today part of China (→ see also: Siege of Tsingtau ).
  • Togo - today Ghana - eastern part, Togo (→ see also: Togo in the First World War ).
• Ottoman Empire - comprised the present-day territories of: Iraq , Israel , parts of Yemen , Jordan , Lebanon , Palestine , parts of Saudi Arabia , Syria , most of Turkey . The bombardment of Russian ports by German ships flying the Turkish flag took place at the end of October 1914 without a declaration of war. Until the genocide of the Armenians also served Armenians in the Ottoman army.

Dependent states

• Regency Kingdom of Poland - formation of the Polish Legions in advance (after the establishment of the Regency Kingdom: Polish Wehrmacht ).
• Democratic Republic of Georgia - diplomatic recognition by Germany and other states in 1918; Military alliance with Germany until the end of the war.
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia - satellite state in German dependency.
• Kingdom of Lithuania - satellite state in German dependency.
• Ukrainian state - founded in 1918 with German help and dependent on the Central Powers until the end of the war.
• Belarus - not recognized as a state, but supported by Germany.

Sympathetic regimes

• White Finland - supported by Germany through Finland intervention .
• Sanusiya - Islamic brotherhood in what is now Libya, which fought primarily against the British presence in Egypt from 1915 to 1918.
• Burian insurgents - opponents of South Africa's participation in the war and the invasion of German South West Africa (→ see also: Maritz Rebellion ).

Neutral states

• Afghanistan - Failure of the Niedermayer-Hentig expedition's attempt to conclude a friendship and assistance treaty with local princes in Afghanistan and thereby also endanger British India.
• Albania - formally neutral, de facto occupied (the north and the center by Austria-Hungary, the south by France, Italy and Greece; see also: Northern Epirus ).
• Argentina .
• Belgium - initially declared armed neutrality, which Germany did not respect.
• Bolivia - Diplomatic relations with the Central Powers broken off in 1917.
• Bhutan .
• Chile - ports open to German warships. Easter Island , which belongs to Chile, was the meeting point of the East Asia Squadron including supply ships in October 1914 (largest German fleet collection in non-European waters during the war).
• Denmark / Danish colonies - trade with both sides.
  • Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands ) - Sale to the United States in 1917.
  • Faroe Islands .
  • Greenland .
  • Iceland .
• Ecuador - diplomatic relations with the Central Powers broken off in 1917.
• El Salvador .
• Empire Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ) - received a German diplomatic mission that tried to persuade the country to take action against the British in Africa.
• Colombia .
• Liechtenstein - at the time in a customs and trade union with Austria. Allies blocked supplies for the textile industry via Switzerland.
• Luxembourg - despite invasion and occupation by German troops, no declaration of war on Germany, pro-German stance of Grand Duchess Marie Adelheid .
• Mexico - rejected an alliance with Germany ( Zimmermann-Depesche ).
• Monaco - Prince Louis II served in the French army; Protection treaty with France in July 1918.
• Netherlands / Dutch colonies - mobilization, took in wave of refugees from Belgium. Trade with both sides, but also affected by the sea blockade (hunger riots 1917).
  • Netherlands Antilles .
  • Dutch East Indies (today Indonesia ) - after the exchange of territory with Portugal in 1916, added Maubesi .
  • Surinam .
• Norway / Norwegian possessions (excluding Svalbard, which was stateless until the Svalbard Treaty) - indirectly involved via a merchant fleet, mainly on the Entente side. 1200 seamen lost in the unrestricted submarine war.
• Paraguay .
• Peru - Diplomatic relations with the Central Powers broken off in 1917.
• Iran - occupied by British and Russian forces. In Northern Iran, Germany and the Ottoman Empire supported the rebels of Mirza Kutschak Khan , who was able to drive out the troops of Tsarist Russia there (→ see also: First World War in Persia ).
• Spain / Spanish colonies - economic boom through deliveries of raw materials to the warring parties, mainly to the Entente.
  • Canaries - failure of the fruit and vegetable purchases by Germany.
  • Spanish Guinea (today Equatorial Guinea ) - Refuge for the German protection force for Cameroon.
  • Spanish Morocco (now part of Morocco ).
  • Spanish Sahara (now Western Sahara ).
  • Other Spanish outer areas and colonies.
• Sweden - partial mobilization on the mainland, mobilization on Gotland . Supported Germany financially and with strategically important deliveries of ore. Swedish instructors and commanders in Iran supported pro-German movement.
• Switzerland - Switzerland declared a state of siege and an "armed neutrality". Military cooperation with Germany in the event that France or Italy attack Germany through Switzerland; Protects German interests in the occupied colonies of the German Reich from 1917 (→ see also: Switzerland in the First World War ).
• Uruguay - Diplomatic relations with the Central Powers broken off in 1917.
• Venezuela - Assisted the Allies with oil shipments.

Neutral Moresnet , a territory that was administered jointly by Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Reich in 1914, is a special case under constitutional law . Like Belgium, it was occupied by German troops at the beginning of the war, but administered separately by them until the German annexation at the end of 1915. In 1919 it came to Belgium.

Declarations of war

European military alliances before the war.

The Allies and the Central Powers in early August 1914.

Allies and Central Powers in mid-1918.

Declarations of war are informal declarations of intent that announce the occurrence of a state of war. In some cases there has been a military engagement without a declaration of war, in others there has been a declaration of war without actual combat operations or the start of combat operations preceded the declarations of war (see sections above).

The following table shows the dates of the respective declarations of war among the participating states. Entries with a yellow background mean that diplomatic relations have been broken off without a declaration of war. In the literature, the information on the exact date and time vary slightly in some cases.

date	Declaring State	addressee
1914
July 28th (11 a.m.)	Austria-Hungary	Serbia
August 1st (4pm / 7pm)	The German Imperium	Russian Empire
August 3rd (6pm)	The German Imperium	France
August 4th (6 a.m.)	The German Imperium	Belgium
August 4th (11pm / midnight)	UK and Dominions	The German Imperium
5th of August	Montenegro	Austria-Hungary
6th of August	Austria-Hungary	Russian Empire
	Serbia	The German Imperium
August 9	Montenegro	The German Imperium
August 11th	France	Austria-Hungary
12. August	Great Britain	Austria-Hungary
August 22nd	Austria-Hungary	Belgium
August 23	Japan	The German Imperium
August 25	Japan	Austria-Hungary
September 8th	South African Union	The German Imperium
November 1st	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire
November 2	Serbia	Ottoman Empire
November 3rd	Montenegro	Ottoman Empire
November 5th	Great Britain France	Ottoman Empire
1915
23. May	Italy	Austria-Hungary
3rd of June	San Marino	Austria-Hungary
August 21	Italy	Ottoman Empire
October 14th	Bulgaria	Serbia
15th October	Great Britain Montenegro	Bulgaria
October, 16th	France	Bulgaria
October 19th	Italy Russian Empire	Bulgaria
1916
9th March	The German Imperium	Portugal
March, 15	Austria-Hungary	Portugal
August 27	Romania	Austria-Hungary
	Italy	The German Imperium
August 28th	The German Imperium	Romania
August 30th	Ottoman Empire	Romania
November 1st	Bulgaria	Romania
1917
April 6th	United States of America	The German Imperium
7th of April	Cuba	The German Imperium
10th of April	Bulgaria	United States of America
April 13th	Bolivia	The German Imperium
20th of April	Ottoman Empire	United States of America
June 29th	Greece	German Empire Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria
22nd of July	Siam	German Empire Austria-Hungary
4th of August	Liberia	The German Imperium
August 14th	China	German Empire Austria-Hungary
October 6th	Peru	The German Imperium
October 7th	Uruguay	The German Imperium
October 26th	Brazil	The German Imperium
December 7th	United States of America	Austria-Hungary
December 7th	Ecuador	The German Imperium
10th of December	Panama	Austria-Hungary
December 16	Cuba	Austria-Hungary
1918
April 23	Guatemala	The German Imperium
8th of May	Nicaragua	German Empire Austria-Hungary
23. May	Costa Rica	The German Imperium
July 12	Haiti	The German Imperium
July 19	Honduras	The German Imperium
November 10th	Romania	The German Imperium

Armistices

date	Party that stopped participating in the war	Contract partner	Remarks
January 12, 1916	Kingdom of Montenegro	Austria-Hungary	Montenegro was occupied by Austria-Hungary until the end of the war
5th / 15th December 1917	Soviet Russia	Central Powers	Occupation of large parts of Russia in Operation Faustschlag (February to March 1918) led to the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty on March 3, 1918 (later canceled); previously separate peace treaty with the Ukrainian People's Republic (" Bread Peace " of February 9, 1918)
December 5, 1917 ( Erzincan Armistice )	Transcaucasian Commissariat	Ottoman Empire	ended the hostilities on the Caucasus Front
December 9, 1917 ( Armistice of Focșani )	Kingdom of Romania , Russian forces in Romania	Central Powers	Preliminary peace of Buftea on March 5, 1918, peace of Bucharest on May 7, 1918; on November 10, 1918 Romania terminated the peace treaty and rejoined the war
September 29, 1918 ( Armistice of Thessaloniki )	Tsarist Bulgaria	Entente (France)	Neuilly-sur-Seine Peace Treaty on November 27, 1919
October 30, 1918 ( Armistice of Moudros )	Ottoman Empire	Entente (Great Britain)	Peace Treaty of Sèvres on August 10, 1920 (later revised)
November 3, 1918 ( Armistice of Villa Giusti )	Austria-Hungary	Entente (Italy)	Peace Treaty of Saint-Germain (with Austria) on September 10, 1919
November 11, 1918 ( Armistice of Compiègne )	German Empire	Entente	Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919
November 13, 1918 (Armistice of Belgrade)	Hungary	Entente	Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Resignation of an Entente member
2. ↑ after the dissolution of the Realunion with Austria

See also

• Triple entente
• Central Powers
• First World War outside Europe

literature

• Gerhard Hirschfeld, Gerd Krumeich and Irina Renz in connection with Markus Pöhlmann (Ed.): Encyclopedia First World War . Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2009, ISBN 978-3-8252-8396-4 .

References and comments

1. ^ JI Kettler: War World Map, 1917. (Digitized collection of the Berlin State Library).
2. ↑ Jan C. Jansen, Jürgen Osterhammel: Decolonization - The end of empires. CH Beck, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-406-65464-0 , p. 29 f.
3. ↑ Peter Englund: Beauty and Terror. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-499-62623-4 , p. 641, endnote 24.
4. ^ Jürgen Zimmerer: Hopes burst . In: ZEIT Geschichte , Issue 1, 2019, p. 66.
5. ↑ Darfur 1916 (English)
6. ↑ The Indian troops on the Artois Front ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
7. ↑ Kim Dudek, Steling Yates: Qatar, in: Wolfgang Gieler (ed.): Handbook Foreign Policy Middle East. Lit, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-643-12782-2 p. 156.
8. ↑ Björn Opfer-Klinger: The war on the periphery - Central Asia and North Africa . In: From Politics and Contemporary History , 16-17 / 2014, pp. 24–31.
9. ^ Madan Kumar Bhattarai: Diplomatic history of Nepal, 1901–1929. A critical appraisal of Nepal-British India relations. New Delhi 1990, ISBN 81-85304-11-4 , p. 33.
10. ↑ The Portuguese in the First World War
11. ↑ Björn Opfer-Klinger: The war on the periphery - Central Asia and North Africa . in: APuZ , 16-17 / 2014, pp. 24–31.
12. ^ Daniel Marc Segesser: The First World War in a global perspective. 4th edition, marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-86539-953-3 , p. 216.
13. ^ Daniel M. Segesser: The First World War in a global perspective. 4th edition, marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2014, p. 184.
14. ↑ An Alsatian strip of territory around the city of Thann was in French hands from August 1914.
15. ↑ Chronicle of the 20th Century. Weltbild, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-130-9 , p. 236.
16. ^ The World at War - Monaco 1856-1949.
17. ↑ Kerstin Wilke: "The German Banana". Dissertation, University of Hannover 2004, p. 88, online version (PDF).
18. ^ Daniel M. Segesser: The First World War in a global perspective. 4th edition, marixverlag, Wiesbaden 2014, p. 143
19. ^ Departure of the telegram from Vienna. The Austrian envoy had already left Belgrade.
20. ↑ Time difference Berlin - St. Petersburg: three hours.
21. ↑ In the literature, the German "Sommation" is largely not considered a declaration of war.
22. ↑ Time difference Berlin - London: one hour, Dominions up to 11 hours (New Zealand).
23. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (pp. 637, 726): August 7th.
24. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (pp. 637, 726): August 12.
25. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (p. 758): November 2nd.
26. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (pp. 637, 726): October 29.
27. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (p. 637): November 6th.
28. ↑ Divergent data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (pp. 99, 637): August 28.
29. ↑ ^{a b} Diverging data in the literature. Encyclopedia First World War (p. 638): August 28th.