Scarborough
| Scarborough | |||
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| Coordinates | 54 ° 17 ′ N , 0 ° 24 ′ W | ||
| OS National Grid | TA040880 | ||
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| Residents | 50,135 (as of: 2001) | ||
| administration | |||
| Post town | SCARBOROUGH | ||
| ZIP code section | YO11 - YO13 | ||
| prefix | 01723 | ||
| Part of the country | England | ||
| region | Yorkshire and the Humber | ||
| Shire county | North Yorkshire | ||
| District | Scarborough | ||
| British Parliament | Scarborough and Whitby | ||
| Website: http://www.scarborough.gov.uk | |||
Scarborough is a middle town in the English county of North Yorkshire and the administrative seat of the Borough of Scarborough . It is located in the east of the county on the North Sea coast and is an important holiday resort. In 2001 Scarborough had 50,135 residents.
geography
The modern city is 30 to 70 meters above sea level . The historic city center is located in a bay by the harbor. There is a northern and a southern bay. The southern one, the South Bay , contains the harbor. The pedestrian zone extends behind it. An old ruined castle, Scarborough Castle , stands on a hill on the coast, the Headland .
history
Early history
A Roman post existed on the Headland as early as the fourth century and there is evidence of settlement during the Stone and Bronze Ages .
The city was founded by the Vikings as Skarðaborg in 966 , but was soon taken over by Anglo-Saxon tribes in the time of Tostis and Harald III. attacked and burned down. The destruction meant that Scarborough was barely mentioned in the Domesday Book 1086. However, during the reign of Henry II , the city recovered. The king had Scarborough Castle built on the headland and gave the city the right to hold a market in 1155 and to appoint a mayor in 1163.
Edward II gave the castle to his lover Piers Gaveston . Gaveston was later abducted and executed by rival barons.
The Scarborough Fair was established by royal decree in 1253 and has been held annually for over 500 years. The six-week trade fair attracted merchants from all over Europe. The custom has been passed down to this day in the English folk song of the same name by an unknown author.
Modern times
The town and castle changed hands seven times between the royalists and parliamentarians during the English Civil War . As a result of the war, large parts of the city were in ruins.
In 1626, an acidic mineral spring was discovered by Elizabeth Farrow. The discovery led to the opening of a healing spring, the Scarborough Spa , which was very popular from the 1660s. Scarborough became Britain's first spa in early modern times. However, bathing carts were not used until 1735. The opening of the York – Scarborough railway caused another rush of visitors to the seaside resort. It is noteworthy that since it opened in 1845, Scarborough train station has the longest bench in a train station in the world at 139 m. In 1847 the northern section of the Yorkshire Coast Line from Bridlington to Scarborough was opened, which has since provided a connection to Kingston upon Hull, which is located to the south.
The surge in visitor numbers in Scarborough inspired a young architect named John Gibson to design the first purpose-built hotel building, which would later open as the Crown Spa Hotel . When the construction of a railway line from York to Scarborough was discussed in 1841, he saw an opportunity to develop the area above the mineral spring. The hotel was to be of a higher standard than the traditional inns in Great Britain were previously the case. Gibson left the construction of the hotel to the newly formed South Cliff Building Company . The first hotel in Scarborough was finally opened on June 10, 1845 and was a model for success. At this point in time, the Grand Hotel , which was soon to become Europe's largest hotel, had not yet been completed. The Grand Hotel was opened in 1867: its 4 towers represented the seasons, 12 floors the months, 52 chimneys the weeks and 365 rooms the days of the year. A blue plaque in front of the building marks the place where Anne Brontë died in 1849.
In July 1885, the Scarborough – Whitby railway was opened, which now also includes a railway connection to the north in the direction of Whitby and Middlesbrough.
In 1912, the built Royal Navy a radio station in Irton Moor just west of downtown, in the First and Second World War was important (see also: Scarborough Station ).
On December 16, 1914, the city was the target of a bombardment by the German warships Derfflinger and Von der Tann of the Imperial Navy , where they hit the Grand Hotel and the lighthouse, among other things. In total there were 7 dead and 80 wounded.
In 1931 a new tower was built in place of the lighthouse, which was badly damaged and demolished in 1914. During the Second World War, the German air force attacked the city several times. On March 18, 1941, 28 people died in the heaviest bombing, several hundred were injured and over 1,000 buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. In 1955 the very famous Stephen Joseph Theater was built in the city .
In 1962 the railway line from Scarborough to Whitby was shut down due to the Beeching Report , and a cycle path was later laid on its route. In 1966 Scarborough celebrated its 1000th anniversary.
In June 1993, heavy rains caused a huge landslide on a mountain on the coast. As a result, the Holbeck Hall Hotel was severely damaged and had to be demolished. Due to the slow demolition process, which lasted over two days, all affected people could be evacuated in good time. The land mass that has slipped into the sea is still clearly visible today.
politics
Town twinning
Scarborough is twinned with
Culture and sights
Scarborough has a cultural scene, some of which are internationally known.
theatre
The playwright Alan Ayckbourn lived here for several years. He had produced around 60 theatrical comedies in Scarborough and is the Artistic Director of the Stephen Joseph Theater , where almost all of his works have premiered. The National Student Drama Festival takes place here every year. Another theater exists on South Bay with the Futurist Theater .
Museums
Scarborough is currently undergoing a transformation into a city of fine arts, with construction of the new Wood End Museum beginning in 2006 . The Rotunda Museum underwent a multi-million dollar renovation and is now a geology center. In 2006 the network "Creative Coast" was founded, in which artists, designers, writers and others on the North Yorkshire coast have come together.
music
The grade II listed building Scarborough Spa is home to the Spa Orchestra, the last remaining orchestra on a coast in the UK. The orchestra gives ten concerts a week and plays classical music as well as entertainment songs. The orchestra received national attention in the 1950s and 1960s when concerts were broadcast on BBC radio.
The city hosts festivals such as a jazz festival in September and the Beach Festival (a rock and pop festival on the South Bay).
The freely accessible music festival Acoustic Gathering has been held in Peasholm Park every year since September 2005 with 20 bands and individual artists from all over the United Kingdom. The stage is floating in the middle of the lake.
The music band One Night Only recorded their video for the song Just for Tonight on South Bay with the backdrop of the amusement passages.
The old English folk song Scarborough Fair became particularly famous in 1966 when it was set to music by Simon & Garfunkel .
Peasholm Park
The Peasholm Park is a 14-hectare, Asian landscaped park north of the city. The facility, which was opened in 1912, hosts various open-air events such as concerts and theater performances in the summer. The park is divided into different themed areas, for example there is a Japanese garden with a pagoda built in the middle by a lake. There is also a mini golf course and a wide range of restaurants. Entry to the park is free.
Sports
A local rowing club was founded in May 1869, making it one of the oldest on the east coast of England. Rowing was widely practiced between Tees and Humber over 100 years ago . At that time a friendly rivalry arose with the rowing club of Blyth , which had a decisive influence on the sport. Among other things, the club brought out the national rower Bob Hewitt, who competed for England. In 2006 the club won the coveted Wilson Cup, which the rivals from Whitby had won for 18 years.
Every year there is also a 210 nautical mile race to IJmuiden on the Dutch coast.
The Oliver's Mount racetrack is located near the city , where racers like Barry Sheene and Ron Haslam have competed in national championships . It opened in 1946 and on some days of racing it attracted up to 58,000 spectators.
The Scarborough Cricket Club , whose home ground is Lord's Cricket Ground , won the national championship five times between 1972 and 1982. He currently plays in the Yorkshire ECB County Premier League, the top division of the sport.
The FC Scarborough had its heyday in the 1990s through participation in the Football League , rose in 2006 and 2007 but below the Football Conference and Northern Premier League from. The club achieved its greatest success by winning the FA Trophy three times . On June 20, 2007, Scarborough FC was declared insolvent and dissolved on a debt of £ 2million . Then a successor club, Scarborough Athletic , was founded. The new club is currently playing its home games in Bridlington, but is hoping to return to Scarborough soon.
The Scarborough Rugby Union Football Club moved in January 2009 on the outskirts a new stadium and uses it along with Scarborough Athletic. Furthermore, the construction of a sports center including a multifunctional hall is planned.
media
Scarborough is home to Yorkshire Coast Radio , a local radio station that provides daily news to the city. A team of journalists from the Eastfield studios broadcasts FM, DAB and online. Yorkshire Coast Radio is part of UKRD Group Ltd (UK Radio Developments).
Economy and Infrastructure
Scarborough's fishing industry still exists today, but it is only a shadow of days gone by. The harbor is home to a fish market where freshly caught fish and seafood can be purchased.
Despite today's affordability to travel abroad, local tourism continues to play an important role. In the meantime, weekend and midweek stays have largely replaced traditional weekly family stays. While it is sometimes very busy in the summer half of the year, very few overnight stays are counted in winter.
Scarborough has on the one hand a pedestrian zone with many larger chain stores and independent boutiques, and on the other hand a shopping center called Brunswick , which houses many other shops. Other rows of shops can be found on Bar Street and St Thomas Street . A small antique market is also regularly held on South Bay.
At the time of the last census in 2001, the city's unemployment rate was 7.68%. Seasonal poverty is still a problem due to the dependence on tourism.
The creative industries played an important role in the renewal of Scarborough's economic structure. In 2005 it was estimated that the sector represented around 19% of the urban economy. On October 16, 2008, the city won the title of Britain's Most Enterprising Town , and on May 13, 2009 it was presented with the European Enterprise Award in Prague for representing Great Britain.
In 2006 a network was founded to support the creative industries. It consists of designers, writers, artists, film producers and others who live and work on the North Yorkshire coast.
The Scarborough General Hospital is the main hospital in the District Scarborough, led by the National Health Service . It is in the catchment area of about 240,000 people around the cities of Scarborough, Bridlington, Whitby and Ryedale . It is also the largest employer in the region with over 2,400 employees.
traffic
Scarborough is on the A165 ( Burniston - Kingston upon Hull ). The city is also the starting point for the A64 (via York to Leeds ), the A170 (to Thirsk ) and the A171 (to Middlesbrough ). The next motorway ( A1 (M) ) is a good 70 km away.
The Scarborough railway station is the terminus of the Yorkshire Coast Line which starts in Kingston upon Hull. First TransPennine Express also offers direct connections to York, Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool via the York – Scarborough railway branching south of the city . In summer there is even a direct connection to London .
Scarborough and District , Arriva North East and Yorkshire Coastliner offer bus connections to the surrounding areas as well as to York, Hull, Middlesbrough and the North York Moors . There are two P + R parking lots on the A64 and A165, from which the city center can be reached by bus. There is also a ship connection to Kingston upon Hull.
The nearest airport is Durham Tees Valley Airport , approximately 50 miles northwest of Scarborough.
education
The city offers higher education on its Scarborough campus, which is part of Hull University. The buildings previously housed North Riding College and University College Scarborough . They also now house Yorkshire Coast College and Scarborough Sixth Form College . There are five state-run secondary schools: Graham School Specialist Science & Arts College , George Pindar Community Sports College (formerly Pindar School ), Raincliffe School , Scalby School, and St Augustine's Roman Catholic School . Consideration is currently being given to merging the Graham School Science College and the Raincliffe School under one principal. This would be the first such association in North Yorkshire.
There are two private schools in the city, Scarborough College for students ages 3-18 and Bramcote for ages 4--13 . The latter school was threatened with closure in 2009.
The state-recognized Scarborough International School of English (founded in 1968) offers English courses to students from all over the world. There is also another privately operated school founded in 1985 which offers English courses to overseas students, school institutions, companies, organized groups and individuals.
Personalities
- William Ernest Bowman (1911–1985), engineer and writer
- Elaine Frances Burton (1904–1991), Baroness Burton of Coventry, politician
- George Cayley (1773–1857), builder of the world's first glider
- Henry Cliffe (1919–1983), painter and printmaker
- Jonathan Greening (* 1979), football player
- May Hallatt (1876–1969), theater and film actress
- W. Brian Harland (1917–2003), geologist and polar explorer
- John Hick (1922–2012), religious philosopher
- Susan Hill (* 1942), novelist and non-fiction author
- Bentley Collingwood Hilliam (1890–1968), singer, composer and actor
- Paul Ingle (* 1972), world boxing champion
- Ben Kingsley (born 1943), actor
- Charles Laughton (1899–1962), actor and director
- Frederic Leighton (1830–1896), painter, illustrator and sculptor
- Jimi Mistry (born 1973), actor
- James Paul Moody (1887–1912), 6th officer and fatality on the Titanic
- Edward W. Naylor (1867–1937), organist, composer and music teacher
- Bill Nicholson (1919-2004), soccer player and team manager
- Edith Sitwell (1887–1964), poet and writer
- Dingverell Sitwell (1897–1988), writer and brother of Edith Sitwell
- Graham P. Taylor (* 1958), writer
- Gavin Williamson (* 1976), politician, former British Secretary of Defense
- William Crawford Williamson (1816–1895), naturalist and paleobotanist
- Penelope Wilton (born 1946), actress
Individual evidence
- ↑ Staff: Census information, 2001 . Scarborough Borough Council. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
- ^ Staff: History of Scarborough . www.scarboroughhistory.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
- ^ Staff: Scarborough Tourist Information . www.hello-yorkshire.co.uk. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Battles: Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, 1914 . In: FirstWorldWar.net . Retrieved August 18, 2006.
- ^ Howard Peach: Curious Tales of Old North Yorkshire Sigma Leisure, 2003, ISBN 1-85058-793-0 , p. 11
- ↑ History of Scarborough in the war (page 25 f.) ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Stephen Joseph Theater ( Memento of the original from May 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ History . Scarborough Tourist Accommodation. Archived from the original on March 29, 2010. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
- ^ Staff: Rotunda Museum Redevelopment Begins . Scarborough Borough Council. September 28, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Staff: Creative Coast: the north Yorkshire coast creative industries network . Creative Coast. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Scarborough Spa Orchestra
- ↑ Alex Jackson: Blast Arts 2006 - A musical treat! . BBC North Yorkshire. September 16, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ↑ Peasholm Park on www.discoveryorkshirecoast.com ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Public File on the broadcaster's website, accessed January 9, 2019.
- ↑ Staff: Neighborhood Statistics, 2001 - Area: Castle (Ward) . Office for National Statistics. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Laura Crothers: Scarborough triumphs as' most enterprising town in UK . Scarborough Evening News. October 17, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Ed Asquith: Scarborough are champions of Europe . In: Scarborough Evening News . Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Retrieved May 15, 2009.
- ^ Creative Coast
- ^ Laura Crothers: School's future is 'secured' after cash flow concerns . Scarborough Evening News . March 31, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
- ^ Staff: Scarborough International School of English . SIS. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
- ↑ Staff: Anglolang - English language courses in Scarborough . Angloland. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
Web links
- Official website of Scarborough (English)
- Tourist information on Scarborough (English)