Scarborough Castle

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Donjon and curtain wall of Scarborough Castle

Scarborough Castle is a ruined castle and former royal fortress on a rocky promontory over the North Sea coast near Scarborough in the English administrative division of North Yorkshire . The castle estate with its Iron Age settlement , the Roman signal station, the Anglo-Saxon-Scandinavian settlement with chapel, the 12th century enclosure and the 18th century battery is considered a Scheduled Monument of national importance.

Fortifications for a wooden castle were built in the 1130s, but the stone castle still visible today dates from the 1150s. Various other buildings have been added over the centuries. Medieval monarchs invested heavily in the then important fortress, which protected the coast of Yorkshire, the trading port of Scarborough and the north of England from Scottish invasions or those from northern and western Europe. The castle was further fortified and defended in various civil wars , as well as in sieges and other conflicts when kings fought rival nobles, faced rebellion, or quarreled with republican forces. However, the peace with Scotland and the end of the civil wars and the wars with northern and western Europe in the 17th century made the castle less important.

The castle was once occupied by garrisons and run by governors who often threatened the city. The castle has been in ruins since the sieges of the English Civil War , but it attracts many visitors who climb the battlements, enjoy the view, view the interactive exhibition and attend English Heritage events.

history

Early history

Archaeological excavations in the 1920s uncovered evidence of a hill fort on the headland on which the castle ruins now stand. The finds were dated to 900–500 BC. Dated around the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age . Among the finds, which are up to 3000 years old, there is also a sword from the Bronze Age, which was probably one of the ritual gifts. They are exhibited in the castle.

In the 4th century a Roman signal station, one of several on the Yorkshire coast, was built on the headland at the top of the cliff. The station served as a warning of approaching enemy ships. She made use of a natural freshwater spring that later became known as the Well of Our Lady . The remains of the signal station were excavated in the 1920s and found to be square in plan and built around a small courtyard. Its diagonal was 33 meters and it was built of wood on stone foundations. It had a gatehouse and a moat around it.

The Anglo-Saxons built around the year 1000 a chapel at the site of the signal station, whose remains are still visible today. It is believed to have been destroyed during the Harald Hardrada invasion in 1066. A much later Icelandic poem tells that a Viking settlement around the harbor was burned to the ground in 1066 by Hardrada's troops, who lit a large bonfire on the headland to light bales of burning straw which they then hurled down at the settlers. However, there is no archaeological evidence of such an incident or even of the presence of the Vikings. The first evidence of a settlement at the port coincides with the construction of the stone castle around 1157–1164. It grew from a small settlement around the wooden fortress, which was replaced by the stone castle.

Development and decline

Wilhelm le Gros, Count of Aumale , a powerful Anglo-Norman baron and great-nephew of William the Conqueror , built a wooden fortress after King Stephen made him Earl of York in 1138 as a reward for his victory in the Standard Battle . Wilhelm le Gros could have founded the city of Scardeburg again, even if there is hardly any evidence for this. As with other castles, there will have been at least one small settlement nearby. Some information about the castle's construction can be found in the chronicle of William of Newburgh , a monk who wrote about its creation in the 1190s. The castle had a gate tower , a curtain wall , a dry moat and a chapel. This moth later disappeared, whereby only the small earth wall of the moth can be seen in today's inner castle .

Henry II was responsible for most of the castle's original stone buildings. He started work in the 1150s for £ 682.

The fate of the original fortifications is unclear. Henry II ordered that all royal castles be returned to the crown. His policy was to destroy unauthorized castles that had been built without royal permission during Stephen's chaotic reign. Initially, Wilhelm le Gros resisted the surrender of Scarborough Castle, which he had built on a royal manor, but then Henry's troops reached York. The wooden castle disappeared - William of Newburgh, who was writing around this time, stated that the building had already suffered due to its age and wind and weather, and was consumed on the windy headland with no reasonable chance of repair. Later interpretations do not consider this plausible and argue that Heinrich Scarborough Castle wanted to put his stamp on it by destroying Wilhelm le Gros' fort and having the much stronger stone complex created.

From around 1157, Heinrich II had the castle rebuilt in stone. Most of the construction work was carried out between 1159 and 1169, when the three-story donjon was built and a stone wall replaced the wooden palisades to protect the inner castle. Towards the end of Henry II's reign a total of £ 682, sh 15 and p 3 had been invested in the castle, of which £ 532 had been spent between 1157 and 1164. Henry's annual income during his reign was around £ 10,000. The castle became a strategic fortress in the north for the crown. Henry II bestowed the title of Royal Borough on the town he had promoted alongside the castle .

While Richard I (reign 1189–1199) did not invest anything in the castle, his brother, Johann Ohneland (reign 1199–1216) had it prepared as a comfortable residence for himself and his entourage. The barons from the north rebelled against the reign of Johann Ohneland and so Scarborough Castle was fortified as a strategic bulwark. Johann visited the castle four times during his reign and invested a considerable amount of money in it. In the years 1202-1212 he had the curtain built on the west and south sides of the castle, as well as a new knight's hall, which was first called King's Chamber and later Mosdale Hall . In total, Johann Ohneland invested £ 2,291, sh 3 and p 4 in the castle. This includes £ 780 for repairs to the roof of Donjon 1211-1212. Johann Ohneland invested more in the castle than any other monarch. The Pipe Rolls, Royal Spending Records, show that Johann Ohneland spent over £ 17,000 on 95 castles during his reign, and Scarborough Castle received most of that amount.

The improvements were made under Henry III. (Reigns 1216–1272) continued. Scarborough was a prosperous port at the time and Henry never visited the castle. The king invested large sums in their maintenance. Around 1240-1250 he had a new barbican built, which consisted of two towers at the entrance and two more towers at the entrance to it. These were completed in 1343, but have been heavily modified since then. At that time the castle was a strong base that an unscrupulous governor could abuse: Geoffrey de Neville, who was governor for 20 years in the 13th century, used the garrison to appropriate goods from the port. Since governors did not necessarily live at the castle, they often shoved the king's funds into their own pockets instead of using them for repairs. In the middle to the end of the 13th century the fortifications of the castle slowly fell into disrepair, floor coverings rotted, roof tiles were missing and there were no more weapons in the arsenals. Corruption continued to spread among the castle sextons, who acted without fear of punishment since the castle was outside the city's jurisdiction. In the 1270s, Governor William de Percy blocked the main road to Scarborough and demanded illegal tariffs.

Despite its decay, the castle was handed over to Prince Edward, later Edward I (reign 1272–1307), who held court there in 1275 and 1280. In 1295, enemies of his attacks to subjugate Wales were imprisoned in the castle.

Siege of Piers Gaveston 1312

Henry de Percy , who ran the castle from 1308, had a bakery , a brewery and kitchens set up in the inner castle and the castle was again transformed into an important fortress. Edward II (reign 1307-1327) had some of his Scottish enemies locked up there in 1311. In 1312 he gave Isabella de Vesci Bamburgh Castle and Scarborough Castle as a fief. The castle seemed the right place for the king's favorite knight , Gascogner Piers Gaveston , to seek refuge when he was persecuted by the barons who had imposed the 1311 ordinances on the king. These ordinances were intended to limit the king's power and the barons saw Gaveston as a threat to their interests. Sir Robert Felton was governor of the castle in 1311 and was slain in Stirling in 1314. In April 1312, King Edward Piers made Gaveston governor of Scarborough Castle, but his administration was brief. In May of the same year, the Earl of Pembroke and the Earl of Warenne, along with Henry de Percy, besieged the castle and took it. Despite its strong fortifications, it soon fell due to a lack of precautions. Gaveston was promised safe conduct from the castle, but on his way south he was captured and killed by the Earl of Warwick . The town of Scarborough fared little better: Eduard punished the town with the withdrawal of royal privileges and placed it directly under the respective governor of the castle because she had supported Gaveston.

Further attacks and decay, 1318–1635

At the time of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) Scarborough was an important port for the wool trade and was therefore attacked several times by enemy forces. After rumors of a French attack, an investigation into the state of the castle was carried out in 1393, which led to repairs being carried out in 1396 and 1400. Henry VI. (Reign 1422–1461; 1470–1471) ordered extensive repairs in 1424–1429. Richard III (Reigned 1483–1485) was the last monarch to enter the castle grounds. He resided in the castle in 1484 and set up a fleet there to fight the Tudors . But he lost the fight and his life the following year.

After attacks by forces from France and Scotland in the early 16th century, Robert Aske tried unsuccessfully to take the castle during the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536 . This was a revolt against the dissolution of the monasteries and the break of Henry VIII (reign 1509–1547) with the Catholic Church . In 1537 repairs were carried out again on the castle and in 1538 the governor Sir Ralph Eure used part of the roofing of the towers to build a brewing kettle. Yours then reported that some walls had collapsed. In 1557, armed forces devoted to Thomas Wyatt , who revolted against the reign of Maria I (reign 1553–1558) and Catholicism , disguised as peasants , took the castle. Its leader, Thomas Stafford , held the castle for three days and was then executed on Tower Hill for high treason .

The sieges in the civil war 1642–1648

In September 1642, when the English Civil War (1642-1651) broke out, Sir Hugh Cholmeley occupied the castle as Roundhead loyal to Oliver Cromwell , but then changed sides in March 1643. At Cholmley's behest, the castle was fortified; the South Steel Battery for the artillery was also installed. After Cholmley's breach of loyalty, the castle with its garrison of 700 royalist soldiers, the city and the strategically important supply port were on the side of Charles I (reign 1625–1649). The parliamentarians saw Scarborough Castle as a worthwhile royalist destination, as it was the only port that was not controlled by them.

On February 18, 1645 Sir John Meldrum took the city for the parliamentarians and cut off all escape routes by land and sea for the royalists. On the same day, Cholmley retired to his castle and refused to give up, so the parliamentarians prepared for a siege that would last for five months - one of the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, with almost non-stop fighting. The parliamentarians set up the largest cannon in the country at the time, the Canon Royal , in St. Mary's Church from the 12th century below the castle , and began firing cannonballs weighing 56–65 pounds (= 25–29 kg), which the fortifications of Smashed castle. In return, the church was largely destroyed in the three days of fighting. The bombardment partially destroyed the donjon, but it did not break the outer walls of the castle. The Roundheads failed to take the castle, and a period of particularly bloody fighting over the barbican ensued, in which Sir John Meldrum was killed.

In July the fortunes of war turned in favor of the parliamentarians: bombings, scurvy , lack of water and perhaps also a lack of gunpowder , as well as the fear of starvation caused the only 25 fighting men in the castle to give up on July 25, 1645 Half of the originally 500-strong garrison escaped the siege alive. The castle was then repaired and re-armed with 160 parliamentary soldiers. Matthew Boynton , the new governor of Scarborough Castle, but turned to the royalist side again on July 27, 1648 after the soldiers had not been paid by the Roundheads. This led to a second siege that brought the castle under parliamentary control again on December 19, 1645, because the garrison was defeated both by the beginning of winter and by the fighting with the Roundhead troops. Between 1642 and 1648 the castle changed sides seven times. The castle later served as a prison for those believed to be enemies of the Commonwealth of England during the country's brief Republican period . The outer walls of the donjon - with the exception of the western wall, which was destroyed in the bombing - have been preserved to this day. After the Stuart Restoration in 1660, Scarborough Castle was returned to the Crown.

From 1660

George Fox , who founded the Quakers , was imprisoned at Scarborough Castle in the 17th century.

The castle served as a prison from the 1650s; the garrison was reinforced in 1658 and in 1662 Scarborough Castle was returned to the royal family. George Fox (1624-1691), founder of the Quaker movement , was imprisoned there from April 1665 to September 1666 for religious activities that were viewed as harmful to King Charles II (reign 1660-1685). The castle fell into disrepair again: James II (reigned 1685–1688) did not equip it with a garrison; he thought its fortifications strong enough to withstand any Dutch attack, but the city of Scarborough was captured by William of Orange in the Glorious Revolution that ousted Jacob from the throne.

The Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 , a series of uprisings aimed at regaining the throne for the Catholic House of Stuart , found the castle re-fortified in 1746 with cannon batteries and barracks for 120 officers and men. The donjon served as a powder magazine and the '' South Steel Battery '' was also rebuilt. A barracks with 12 departments was designed for 120 soldiers. Three batteries were built to protect the city and port. Two of them faced south and one north. The chief gunner's house was built in 1748 and served as an apartment until the beginning of the 20th century. Today there is an exhibition about the castle. During this time there was no fighting over the castle. Later, fear of a French invasion in the coalition wars led to the establishment of a permanent garrison at the castle, which remained until the mid-19th century. In 1796, French prisoners of war were incarcerated at Scarborough Castle.

During the First World War , Scarborough was used for British propaganda purposes on December 16, 1914 after the city ​​was bombed by two warships of the German Reich , the SMS Derfflinger and the SMS Von der Tann . The shelling killed 19 people and damaged the castle keep, its curtain wall and barracks. The castle was badly damaged by the 500 projectiles that fell on it and the city. The barracks then had to be demolished due to severe damage. During the Second World War , the castle served as a secret listening post.

construction

The 12th century donjon

The location on a natural headland, which drops over 100 meters high, steep cliffs into the sea on three sides, has proven to be advantageous. The ledge is connected to the mainland by an isthmus . A moat was dug there and a wall or palisade with a gatehouse was built on the south-western side facing the land. The stone curtain comes from the end of the 12th or beginning of the 13th century. It was reinforced by 12 round towers that were placed on the 230 m long wall at certain intervals. The castle wall does not enclose the inner buildings of the castle. The entrance consists of a barbican or fortifications to protect the entrance way, completed in the 14th century, and are flanked by two semicircular towers on elevated terrain. Changes to the barbican have removed evidence of a portcullis and its running rails. The barbican stands on the site of a 12th century fortification built near the remains of an 11th century Anglo-Saxon chapel.

After the main entrance a stone bridge, which was built 1337-1338 and replaced two earlier drawbridges , leads to the castle courtyards. It leads to the main castle, which housed craft shops, offices, a kitchen and a storage area. A core castle is usually accessed through the outer bailey, but the opposite is true at Scarborough Castle.

The 26 meter high donjon from the 12th century and the 50 meter deep well are located in the inner castle. The donjon with its entrance on the first floor has been preserved as a shell, although the western wall, the inner walls and the roof are missing because of the bombing in the 17th century. With its sloping plinth for better defense, its flat roof and four turrets, this square, four-story building was once over 30 meters high. The castle walls vary in thickness from 3.30 meters to 5 meters; the western wall is the strongest. There are several windows, some of them bricked up. The corners are decoratively rounded. At the height of the first floor in the west wall, there are remains of a hearth where there was once a single knight's hall, in which the residents ate and often slept. The 2nd and 3rd floors were each divided into two rooms for important guests and the governor, and the ground floor was used as a warehouse. Geoelectrics studies in the main castle at the end of the 20th century showed the location of other buildings from the 12th century.

House of the Chief Gunner

The courtyards are separated by a stone wall and a moat. There are two reinforced culverts. Events were held in the larger outer bailey, vegetables were grown and animals were kept. There was a cemetery and a Lady Chapel which has completely disappeared, although the remains of an Anglo-Saxon chapel can still be seen in place of an old Roman signal station today. A 30 meter long building from the 12th century for the reception of royal guests stood in the outer bailey. It housed a long hall and a private bedroom with an open fireplace for the monarch, as well as rooms for storage and preparation of meals. This building was demolished sometime before the 1538 recording where it is no longer mentioned. Only foundations of it, which were excavated in 1888, still exist.

In the outer bailey , a building called the King's Chamber or Mosdale Hall , named after a governor who had it modernized, is an example of the changes the castle has made over the years. It was originally built in the 13th century and modernized by Mosdale after 1397. The two-story building that was attached to the curtain wall was converted into a red-brick barracks in the 18th century. After severe damage from German cannon fire in 1914, it had to be demolished. The red brick masonry is clearly visible from Scarborough's south bay alongside the much older, outer stone wall. The 13th-century Queen's Tower in the nearby castle wall also had a variety of uses: Initially, it was a luxury residential tower with private latrines ; a loggia and large windows overlooking the bays were added in 1320. Two of these three windows were later bricked up and one of them was converted into a cupboard with a waste disposal facility. The chief gunner's house, built in 1748, served as a residence until the beginning of the 20th century.

Development into a tourist attraction

In the second half of the 19th century, the castle became a tourist attraction. The foundations of the medieval knight's hall were excavated in 1888, and a photograph from 1890 shows visitors using the property for archery. In 1920 the property was taken over by the Ministry of Works . The demolition of the 18th century barracks uncovered the medieval foundations of Mosley Hall that can still be seen today.

Scarborough Castle is perched on the ledge above the town.

The castle, a Scheduled Monument , has been managed by English Heritage since 1984. Various events are held there - usually in summer, e.g. B. on the topics of pirates and Robin Hood . The castle property is said to be haunted by ghosts - 3 of them, including a Roman soldier. In the house of the chief gunner, now a museum, the most important piece in the exhibition is a sword from the Bronze Age that was discovered in 1980. English Heritage invested £ 250,000 in making the castle a tourist attraction. A visitor center provides access to the extensive remains of the castle and offers an exhibition of artefacts from the property as well as viewing platforms.

Individual references and comments

  1. ^ Scarborough Castle, North Yorkshire . In: The Heritage Trail . Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  2. ↑ a b c d Scarborough Castle: Iron age settlement, Roman signal station, Anglo-Scandinavian settlement and chapel, C12 enclosure castle and C18 battery . Historic England. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  3. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. p. 3. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  4. ^ A Guide to Historic Scarborough . Scarborough Archaeological Society, Scarborough 2003. ISBN 0-902416-07-3 . P. 7, 13.
  5. ↑ The Scarborough Archaeological Society assumes that this hill fort could be the "Wllburgbucht" that Ptolemy (approx. 90-168), the Greco-Roman geographer, meant. (see p. 13).
  6. ↑ a b A gift to the gods ... and a godsend for museum . In: Yorkshire Evening Post . May 11, 2005. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  7. ^ A b J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 17.
  8. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. pp. 1, 3. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  9. ^ E. Monsen, AH Smith: From the Sagas of the Norse Kings . Deryers Forlag, Oslo 1989. ISBN 82-09-10173-0 .
  10. ^ Translation of a work by the Icelandic Snorri Sturluson from the 13th century.
  11. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . Pp. 22-23.
  12. ^ A Guide to Historic Scarborough . Scarborough Archaeological Society, Scarborough 2003. ISBN 0-902416-07-3 . P. 8.
  13. ^ A b Scarborough Castle, Yorkshire . Castlexplorer. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
  14. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 15.
  15. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . Pp. 14, 18.
  16. ^ A Guide to Historic Scarborough . Scarborough Archaeological Society, Scarborough 2003. ISBN 0-902416-07-3 . P. 12, 14.
  17. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . Pp. 18-19.
  18. ^ J. Binns: The History of Scarborough from Earliest Times to the Year 2000 . Blackthorn, Pickering 2003. ISBN 0-9546300-0-9 . P. 14.
  19. ^ GENUKI: Geographical and Historical information from the year 1890 . Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  20. ^ A b J. AA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 23.
  21. ↑ The sources disagree about the exact year the construction of the stone castle began. Page thinks it could have been in the reign of Stephan, but others, e. B. Walmsley, cite the dates of the first entries on the documents of the English treasury, the Pipe Rolls , and put the construction of the foundations on the year 1158. Binns puts the year 1157 in a detailed account in the history of Scarborough Castle.
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q The Borough of Scarborough in W. Page (editor): A History of the County of York North Riding . Volume 2. British History Online, 1923. pp. 538-560. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  23. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. p. 1. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  24. ^ A b J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 19.
  25. ^ Richard Muir: The Yorkshire Countryside: A Landscape History . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1997. ISBN 978-1-85331-198-7 . P. 173.
  26. ^ Reginald Allen Brown: Allen Brown's English Castles The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 1954 (1976). ISBN 1-84383-069-8 . P. 109.
  27. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 24.
  28. ^ GT Clark: Scarborough Castle in The Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Journal . Booklet VIII. P. 181.
  29. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 24.
  30. ^ Reginald Allen Brown: Royal Castle Building in England, 1154-1216 in The English Historical Review . Issue 70. Number 276. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1955. p. 356.
  31. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 32.
  32. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 28.
  33. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. pp. 2-3. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  34. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 27.
  35. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 25.
  36. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 33.
  37. ^ A b J. AA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 27.
  38. ^ A b c d e David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. p. 2. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  39. ^ A. Rowntree (editor): The History of Scarborough . Temple Press, Letchworth 1931. p. 142.
  40. ^ J. Binns: The History of Scarborough from Earliest Times to the Year 2000 . Blackthorn, Pickering 2003. ISBN 0-9546300-0-9 . Pp. 35-40.
  41. ^ Felton, Sir Thomas in Dictionary of National Biography . 1888, p. 309. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  42. ↑ J. Binns: Heroes, Rogues and Eccentrics: A Biographical Journey Through Scarborough's Past . Blackthorn, Pickering 2002. ISBN 0-9540535-5-9 . P. 38.
  43. ^ J. Binns: The History of Scarborough from Earliest Times to the Year 2000 . Blackthorn, Pickering 2003. ISBN 0-9546300-0-9 . P. 25.
  44. ^ A b W. Beattie: The Ports, Harbors, Watering-Places, and Coast Scenery of Great Britain . Volume 1. George Virtue, London 1842. p. 76. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
  45. ^ J. Binns: The Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmeley of Whitby . Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 2000. ISBN 0-902122-83-5 . P. 141.
  46. ^ J. Binns: The Memoirs and Memorials of Sir Hugh Cholmeley of Whitby . Yorkshire Archaeological Society, 2000. ISBN 0-902122-83-5 . P. 147.
  47. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . Pp. 29-31.
  48. ^ Stan Pope: A Brief History of St. Mary's . In: Church booklet . St. Mary's with Holy Apostles'. P. 13. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  49. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . Pp. 165-166.
  50. ^ A Guide to Historic Scarborough . Scarborough Archaeological Society, Scarborough 2003. ISBN 0-902416-07-3 . P. 31.
  51. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . Pp. 153-156.
  52. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . Pp. 157-165.
  53. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . P. 199.
  54. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . Pp. 207-212.
  55. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . Pp. 73-220.
  56. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 33.
  57. ^ David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. pp. 1-4. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  58. ^ A b Scarborough Castle - Background Information . English Heritage. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  59. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. p. 4. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  60. ^ J. Binns: A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the Civil Wars . Carnegie, Lancaster 1996. ISBN 1-85936-018-1 . P. 17.
  61. ↑ Page states that the roof must always have been flat, as there are no signs of weathering on the donjon.
  62. ^ A b David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. pp. 4-5. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  63. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . Pp. 12-13.
  64. ^ David Walmsley: Scarborough Castle - Information for Teachers . English Heritage : Palladian, 1998. pp. 3-5. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
  65. ^ JAA Goodall: Scarborough Castle . English Heritage , London 2000. ISBN 1-85074-786-5 . P. 34.
  66. ↑ See English Heritage website ; Examples include a medieval joust in 2008, a "war weekend" in 2009 with re-enactments of battles and RAF fly-bys . See also Scarborough Evening News, August 4, 2008 and May 21, 2009.
  67. ^ Events at Scarborough Castle . English Heritage . Retrieved July 2, 2005.
  68. ↑ It's joust good fun at Scarborough Castle event as hundreds turned out . Scarborough Evening News, August 4, 2008 . Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  69. ^ Return to war years at castle . Scarborough Evening News, May 21, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  70. ↑ Simon Marsden, Val Horlser, Susan Kelleher: This Spectred Isle: A Journey Through Haunted England . English Heritage , October 9, 2006. ISBN 978-1-905624-17-1 . P. 135.
  71. ^ Scarborough Castle, North Yorkshire . English Heritage. Retrieved July 2, 2015.

Web links

Commons : Scarborough Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 54 ° 17 '13.2 "  N , 0 ° 23' 16.8"  W.