Cultural industries

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Culture and creative industries ( English cultural industries ) is an economic sector that deals with the creation, production, distribution and / or media dissemination of cultural / creative goods and services.

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

term

The concept of cultural and creative industries originated in Great Britain . In the 1997 election campaign, the Labor government of Prime Minister Tony Blair propagated the cultural and creative industries as future branches of the British economy and employment. As a result, appropriate funding concepts were developed in Great Britain in 1998. A controversial discussion arose in Europe and America about the usefulness of this terminology, which still exists today.

In 2009, the Conference of Economic Ministers (WMK) defined the term cultural and creative industries as follows:

“The cultural and creative industries include those cultural and creative companies that are predominantly business-oriented and deal with the creation, production, distribution and / or media dissemination of cultural / creative goods and services. The connecting core of every cultural and creative economic activity is the creative act of artistic, literary, cultural, musical, architectural or creative content, works, products, productions or services. All creative acts, regardless of whether they are analog, unique, live or serial or digital production or service are included. The creative acts can be protected by copyright in the broadest sense (patent, copyright, trademark and designer rights). "

This German delimitation is compatible both with the European core delimitation of the EU Commission (LEG Task Force Cultural Employment3) and with the global reference model, the concept of the British creative industries .

Culture and creative industries are therefore everything that emerges productively from culture and deals with culture. The cultural and creative industries are more than the market allows. The Enquetekommission has recommended the term “ creative act ”, the commonality of artistic creativity, as an addition to the definition of the cultural and creative industries. Everything where people are active, deal with culture in any way and produce productive services, regardless of how it is financed, is cultural and creative industries.

On the basis of market research, a problem with the interpretation of the concept of cultural and creative industries becomes apparent. So far, the point of economic efficiency has been interpreted in such a way that it does not include subsidized cultural establishments, nor compare their numbers with what constitutes research. It is inconsistent that this includes subsidiaries of film productions that are actually subsidized by the state. The statisticians of the Office for Cultural Industry Research in Cologne complain about the conceptual definition deficits, as you can read in the - for 2014 - current monitoring report from 2012. This shows that the provision of statistical figures as a basis and the networking of the industries is complicated, an annual comparison cannot be drawn and, for example, gambling is counted under the performing arts . In addition, the associations are not in agreement with the addition to the definition of the cultural and creative industries relating to copyright . Correcting all of this was the task of the new Minister for Culture and Media in 2014 . Finally, there is one more problem with international comparisons: In Germany it has been recommended not to proceed according to occupational groups, the British-Australian approach, but to sectors when it comes to the structures of the economic field. In many countries, the freelance workers of subsidized companies can also be recorded through the statistics of the occupational groups. In Germany z. B. the numerous profit-oriented, partially subsidized music and theater companies or their employees, freelancers etc. not counted, as in Great Britain, Australia, Scandinavia. This means that the traditional, German, international music tradition is statistically sidelined in an international comparison, which can lead to incorrect conclusions.

Internationally, there are great concerns in Scandinavia, Great Britain and America that the limitation of the term cultural and creative industries will ultimately lead to an industrialization and globalization of culture, which Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer criticized.

Industry sectors

Following a guideline recommended by the German Conference of Economic Ministers in 2009, the cultural and creative industries comprise the following eleven sub-markets:

I. Cultural industries
  1. Music industry
  2. Book market
  3. Art market
  4. Film industry
  5. Broadcasting industry
  6. Performing arts
  7. Architecture market
  8. Design economy
  9. Press market
II. Creative industries
  2. Advertising market
  3. Software / games industry

Since the cultural and creative industries are an area of ​​the economy that is subject to a comparatively high level of dynamism, the definition of the submarkets also implied a principle of openness and the possibility of change and expansion. Accordingly, the guideline suggests a “Other” group into which new economic activities or those that are relevant to individual studies, such as arts and crafts , can be included.

Europe

In February 2004 Austria presented a comprehensive study of the economic potential of the “creative industries” in Vienna with the help of funding from the European Union .

In May 2007, as part of the German EU Council Presidency, a European conference on the cultural and creative industries in Europe took place, which was organized by the Office for Cultural Policy and Culture and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation .

Germany

Cultural policy

For some years now, the cultural and creative industries in Germany have been an important field of economic policy of the federal, state and numerous municipalities as well as the European Union. International organizations such as The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) have also dealt with the phenomenon of global structural change caused by the Internet, which has a significant impact on these industries.

At the federal level, the Enquete Commission on Culture in Germany dealt with the topic for the first time in 2005 . At the same time in 2007 that launched the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) and the Commissioner for Culture and Media , the cultural and creative industries initiative . As part of the culture and creative industries initiative, a business dialogue was introduced at the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology to enforce copyrights, and other sub-initiatives were founded, such as the Initiative Musik gGmbH as a funding agency of the federal government for the music industry in Germany.

Development and trends

In 2006, the gross value added of the cultural and creative industries in Germany, at 58 billion euros, approached the gross value added of the automotive industry at 64 billion euros. The industry is organized in very small parts. Almost 90% of the companies are small or very small with a maximum of 10 employees. In 2008 the industry achieved gross value added of 63 billion euros and sales of 132 billion euros. Around 238,000 companies with almost one million employees are now active in the cultural and creative industries .

The study commission identifies the public cultural offer as an important contribution to the development of the cultural and creative industries . This is a location factor for companies in the cultural and creative industries. The commission states that the development of the industry in Germany is still characterized by strong reservations. The economy still views cultural goods with the reservation that artists cannot handle money. These reservations can also be found in the political departments of culture and economy. In its final report, the Commission therefore recommends opening up the business development sector for cultural goods more and giving start-ups better access to sources of finance. The commission also recommends that the federal government draw up a national cultural industry report. The municipalities are appealed to to make unused fallow land such as former industrial sites accessible for the use of artistic productions.

The problem is that many areas are dependent on government funding. The expenditures for public cultural promotion in Germany fell from approx. 8.4 billion euros in 2001 to approx. 7.88 billion euros in 2004, whereby the states and municipalities saved almost twice as much as the federal government. In 2010, however, spending rose again to 9.6 billion euros. Without this government funding, most areas would not be viable.

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It is worrying that not all industries are involved in this success, but that essential markets that have so far supported the cultural industry are collapsing. In addition, the number of self-employed people who can barely feed themselves is rising steadily. Interns and freelancers on a fee basis as well as mini jobs (450 euros) also play a role. The central aim of the initiative is to open up positive future prospects for this economic sector. The aim is to both strengthen competitiveness and further exploit and develop the job potential. In addition, the economic basis of the innovative small cultural enterprises is to be strengthened and the employment opportunities of freelance artists improved. The recognition of the cultural and creative industries in Germany has had tax implications since 2013/14. The tax offices were instructed for the first time to issue separate tax numbers to the relevant cultural workers - including freelance artists without business registrations.

Market research

In Germany, the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology exclusively commissioned the Office for Cultural Industry Research in Cologne to update, evaluate and calculate the current key economic data on the cultural and creative industries on the basis of the data from the Federal Statistical Office . Since then, it has determined what is limited and excluded, classified and judged, and disseminated uniform figures and opinions. In Germany in recent years, courses in cultural and creative industries have emerged that are largely based on this. The Office for Cultural Industry Research in Cologne had been in charge of several cultural industry reports since 1999: 1998–2013 North Rhine-Westphalia , 2001 Saxony-Anhalt , 2003 Hesse , 2004 Schleswig-Holstein , 2005 Berlin , 2009 Thuringia. These reports are always based on the same model. In 2013, the State of Berlin-Brandenburg commissioned another market research institute, House of Research GmbH , to put the figures and results on a different basis.

All in all, all reports on cultural industries give an initial overview of the situation in the cultural and creative industries . Those responsible for culture fear, however, that the historical and mostly incomplete statistics will become too important due to a flood of informational publications. The reports are already being viewed more as expert opinions, which ultimately lead to the introduction of a minimum standard of culture instead of expanding and promoting it. In order to counteract the problem of inadequate data, the location monitor, which aggregates all key figures of the eleven core markets of the cultural and creative industries, works on forecasts and forecasts in order to map trends and developments in the industry as up-to-date as possible. In order to enable this on a valid and reliable data basis, As an interactive digital database, the location monitor uses the key figures from official sources such as the Federal Statistical Office (DESTATIS), the state statistical offices, the Federal Employment Agency and other data providers.

Another topic is the slump in sales in the music industry due to digitization and the Internet . Unauthorized music downloads , which can be burned onto blank CDs and thus also distributed illegally, are considered to be the trigger for the world-wide crisis in the recording industry that began in 1997 . The number of blank discs in Germany rose from 58 million to 303 million between 1999 and 2004, while in the same period the number of recorded original CDs fell from 210 million to 146 million. In general, copyright infringement on the Internet is now a problem in all industries .

Cultural economy as a course of study

The following universities in Germany offer the cultural economy course with a BA / MA degree:

Creative Industries course in English:

International:

Further information on the course content: Kulturwirt

See also

literature

  • How feminine is the cultural industry? Dossier Politics & Culture - Women in the Culture and Creative Industries , ConBrio, Regensburg o. J., ISBN 978-3-947308-02-6 .
  • Tobias Losekandt: Creative industries in Berlin - working world between hype, precariousness and collective solutions. Advice for creative people and local politics. ISBN 978-3-940863-73-7 . Berlin: 2014, Arkadien-Verlag
  • Michael Söndermann: Monitoring of selected key economic data in the cultural and creative industries 2011. Published by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), as of December 2012 (figures from 2009).
  • The cultural and creative industries in the macroeconomic value chain - impact chains, innovative strength, potential, Fraunhofer ISI and Prognos i. A. of the BMWi. December 2012.
  • Michael Söndermann: Data report 2012 on the culture and creative industries in Baden-Württemberg - key data, structures and trends. On behalf of the Ministry of Finance and Economics Baden-Württemberg, status: October 31, 2012.
  • A. Rohrberg, A. Schug: The Idea Makers - Enthusiastic founding in the culture and creative industries. A practical guide. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 978-3-8376-1390-2 .
  • Joachim Bühler: Culture and Creative Industries. In: Olaf Schwencke, Joachim Bühler, Marie Katharina Wagner: Cultural policy from A – Z. Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin, pp. 88-90.
  • German Bundestag: Final report of the study commission “Culture in Germany”. BT-DRS. 16/7000, Chapter 5 (2007).
  • Stefan Röder, Roger Bendisch: Capital for creatives - opportunities for venture capital in Berlin's creative industry. In: VentureCapital Magazin . 2007, No. 12, pp. 52-53.
  • Felix Denk, Daniel Seiffert: How many creative people can the city tolerate? About the cultural industry in Berlin. In: Zitty , 26/2010, 34th year, pp. 14–24.
  • F. Keuper, D. Puchta, S. Röder: Creative industries need creative finance - innovative financing solutions for the film industry. in: M. Hülsmann, J. Grapp (Ed.): Strategic management for film and television productions: challenges, options, competencies. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich et al. 2008.
  • Johanna Knott: Culture. Economy. Creativity. Culture and creative industries in North Rhine-Westphalia and Creatieve Industrie in the Netherlands. Münster 2011, ISBN 978-3-8309-2461-6 .
  • Iris Dzudzek: Creative Policy - About the Power Effects of a New Urban Government. transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-8376-3405-1
  • Lorenz, P. & Moutchnik, A. (2016): Corporate Social Responsibility in the UK Creative Industries: Building the Missing Link . In: uwf (2016). doi : 10.1007 / s00550-016-0405-8

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Culture in Germany. 2007, p. 340 ff., 348 German Bundestag
  2. ^ Culture in Germany. 2007, p. 340 ff., 348 German Bundestag
  3. ↑ 2009 report: M. Söndermann, C. Backes, Dr. O. Arndt, D. Brünink: Culture and creative industries: Determination of the common characteristic definition elements of the heterogeneous sub-areas of the "cultural industry" to determine their perspectives from an economic point of view. ( Memento of the original from February 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on kultur-kreativ-wirtschaft.de (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kultur-kreativ-wirtschaft.de
  4. ↑ beyond-the-creative-industries-mapping-the-creative-economy-in-the-united-kingdom , accessed on February 10, 2014
  5. ↑ Creative Industries: Critical Readings: Work ( Memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on research.cbs.dk (comprehensive literature) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / research.cbs.dk
  6. ↑ Horkheimer's and Adorno's culture industry ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Article from Kelsey Porter University of Colorado, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.colorado.edu
  7. ^ Resolutions of the conference of economics ministers on 14./15. December 2009 in Lübeck, item 9 on the agenda ( memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. to: bundesrat.de (PDF; 271 kB). Federal Council website, accessed on August 12, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundesrat.de
  8. ↑ a b Guide to creating a statistical database for the cultural and creative industries and a cross-border analysis of cultural industry data ( memento of the original from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on bundesrat.de (PDF; 2.4 MB). Federal Council website, accessed on August 12, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bundesrat.de
  9. ↑ Office for Cultural Policy and Culture ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on european-creative-industries.eu @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.european-creative-industries.eu
  10. ↑ Culture and creative industries initiative on kultur-kreativ-wirtschaft.de
  11. ↑ Study Commission “Culture in Germany” (2007), see Bühler: Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft. 2009.
  12. ↑ http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2010/12/PD10__469__216,templateId=renderPrint.psml
  13. ↑ CULTURAL AND CREATIVE INDUSTRY INDEX BERLIN-BRANDENBURG 2011 ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at berlin.de, accessed on December 8, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.berlin.de
  14. ↑ Initiative of the Federal Government's Culture and Creative Industries ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on kultur-kreativ-wirtschaft.de @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kultur-kreativ-wirtschaft.de
  15. ^ Location monitor - digital database of the cultural and creative industries. Retrieved June 29, 2020 (American English).
  16. ^ Location monitor - digital database of the cultural and creative industries. Retrieved June 29, 2020 (American English).
  17. ↑ Annual Economic Report 2008. ( Memento of the original dated April 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 2.1 MB) Federal Association of the Music Industry, pp. 19/27 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.musikindustrie.de
  18. ^ Popakademie Baden-Württemberg - University of Popular Music and Music Business on popakademie.de