Brașov

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Brașov
Kronstadt
Brassó
Brașov coat of arms
Brașov (Romania)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : RomaniaRomania Romania
Historical region : Transylvania
Circle : Brașov
Coordinates : 45 ° 39 '  N , 25 ° 37'  E Coordinates: 45 ° 39 '10 "  N , 25 ° 36' 43"  E
Time zone : EET ( UTC +2)
Height : 600  m
Area : 267.2  km²
Residents : 253,200 (October 20, 2011)
Population density : 948 inhabitants per km²
Postal code : 500001 - 500670
Telephone code : (+40) 02 68
License plate : BV
Structure and administration (as of 2016)
Community type : Municipality
Mayor : George Scripcaru (independent)
Postal address : Bulevardul Eroilor, no. 8, cam. 100
loc. Brașov, jud. Brașov, RO-500007
Website :

Brașov ([ braˈʃov ]; pronunciation ? / I ; German Kronstadt , Hungarian Brassó , historical - as a city in the land of St. Stephen's Crown - also Stephanopolis as well as Cronstadt , Corona and Krunen , from 1950 to 1960 after Josef Wissarionowitsch Stalin Orașul Stalin ("Stalinstadt") ), is a large city in Romania with about 250,000 inhabitants. Audio file / audio sample  

Geographical location

The location of Brașov (red square) in central Romania

The "city under the battlements" is located in the district of the same name in Burzenland in south-east Transylvania , Romania. The city is surrounded by the Carpathian Mountains to the south and east . The nearest larger neighboring towns are (clockwise, starting in the north) Sfântu Gheorghe , Ploieşti , Târgovişte , Piteşti , Hermannstadt and Mediaş .

The city ​​of Kronstadt near St. Petersburg has the same German name.

history

Official entrance sign in three languages ​​with the Romanian, German and Hungarian city names

Kronstadt was founded by the Knight Brothers of the Teutonic Order in the early 13th century as the most southeastern German city in Transylvania under the name Corona (later also called Krunen ). In 1225 the Teutonic Knights had to leave their Kronstadt Commandery and settled in the Baltic States. For centuries, Kronstadt was, alongside Sibiu, the cultural, intellectual, religious and economic center of the Transylvanian Saxons , who had settled in the region at the invitation of the Hungarian king since the 12th century and made up the majority of the city's population until the 19th century. In the 13th century the Mongols and since the 14th century Turks invaded the city again and again . Around 1500 Kronstadt had around 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants and was the largest city in Transylvania, which owed its wealth and thus its independence to trade. In addition to the Saxons, Hungarians, Romanians, Roma, Armenians and Greeks also lived here. The Black Church, the Gothic parish church, was the largest south-east of Vienna. With many schools, the city was an important center of Transylvanian-Saxon humanism.

From 1523 the first Protestant writings by Martin Luther and Philipp Melanchton came to the city. The best-known humanist in Kronstadt was the school man and later church reformer Johannes Honterus (1498–1549), who was first a philologist, pedagogue, geographer and printer. After his training in Vienna and further stations, he returned in 1533 as a supporter of the Basel reformer Johannes Oekolampad . He reformed the school system to achieve humanistic educational goals. He opened a printing house and published numerous publications. In 1542 the city, which had been an autonomous principality under Turkish sovereignty since 1541, and the surrounding area could be won over to the Reformation thanks to the new city judge Johannes Fuchs (successor to Lukas Hirscher). In 1543, Honterus published the confessional “Reformation booklet for Kronstadt and Burzenland”, in which he borrowed from the Nuremberg Reformation which he had visited in 1529. The Reformation of the Kronstadt city population was considered complete and other cities soon followed. Also in 1543, Honterus (based on models in Nuremberg and Basel) founded the Coronense course , which renewed the old Latin school, as a humanistic grammar school, on which the later Honterus grammar school was founded. In 1544 he became city pastor, and the Lutheran Reformation continued to prevail. In 1550 the university declared the "Church Ordinance of All Germans in Transylvania" to be binding for the German Saxon settlements. In 1560, denominations other than the Lutheran denomination were banned.

Map section of Transylvania with Orașul Stalin

Up until the 17th century, the city and the region were repeatedly threatened by their location on the border with the Ottoman sphere of influence . Kronstadt and its surroundings belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary , the Principality of Transylvania and the Habsburg Monarchy , until it had to be ceded to Romania after the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 .

In the period from 1950 to 1960, the city was renamed Oraşul Stalin ( Stalin City) in the wake of the personality cult around Stalin . The new city name took in the GDR of the publishing house people and knowledge in his school atlas on (in this edition 1960). However, the German name Kronstadt is not, although the German names are also given for Klausenburg and Hermannstadt. The monument of Stalin stood on the square in front of the building Bulevardul Eroilor fifth

As early as 1987, two years before the turning point in 1989, Brașov was one of the first cities in Romania where workers rose up in the Brașov uprising against the Ceaușescu dictatorship. Of the approximately 300 participants in this uprising, 61 men were resettled for six months to three years in different cities in the country such as Filiași , Târgoviște , Brăila or Bârlad . Various forms of harassment were also inflicted on their wives.

In 2017, Brașov was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .

population

Around 1500 Kronstadt had about 11,000 inhabitants and was the most populous, economically powerful and thus the most important city in Transylvania. Until the second half of the 19th century, the Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) were the most numerous ethnic group in Kronstadt. The Austrian census of 1850 counted 21,782 inhabitants, of which 8,874 Germans (Transylvanian Saxons; 40.8%), 8,727 Romanians (40%) and 2,939 Magyars (13.4%). In 1880 there were 29,584 inhabitants in Brașov, about a third of whom were Germans, Magyars and Romanians. Until the time between the two world wars, the censuses show a slight numerical dominance of the Magyars. In 1941 the largest absolute number of Germans was registered at 16,210; However, due to the greater increase in the Romanian population in particular, the proportion of Germans was only 19%. In the first decades after the Second World War, around 10,000 Germans lived in the city. Since the 1970s, their number has continuously decreased due to emigration to Germany and is now below 2,000. The total population of Brașov rose to 324,000 in 1992 and has been declining since then. At the 2002 census, around 285,000 residents were still registered, including 258,000 Romanians, 23,200 Magyars, 1,700 Germans, 800 Roma and 100 Jews and 100 Russians or Lipovans . In the 2011 census, of the 253,200 people registered, 219,019 were Romanians, 16,551 were Magyars, 1,188 were Germans, 845 were Roma, 75 each as Lipovans and Italians , 70 as Jews, 69 Greeks , 65 as Turks and a few other ethnic groups .

In 2001, 20 to 30 street children aged eight and over lived constantly at the city's train station in Brașov , including some young people between the ages of 15 and 20 who made money through prostitution . Drug-free eight to fourteen year olds could spend the night in the waiting room at the train station. The younger street children in Brașov secured their survival by selling newspapers on the international long-distance trains that stopped in Brașov. But there was a lack of clothing and shoes, especially in winter, and medical care was completely lacking. Most of these street children have never been to a home.

politics

Mandate distribution
Mandates in the local council:
(elections 2012) :		 USL (12), PD-L (9),
DFDR (2), UDMR (2), PPDD (2)
The Piața Sfatului, the market square of Brașov in September 2003
Impressions from Brașov (2010)

The Brașov Local Council has 27 members. Mayor is George Scripcaru of the Democratic Liberal Party . The Democratic Forum of Germans in the Kronstadt district represents the political interests of the German-speaking minority .

Town twinning

Information from the official website of Brașov (as listed, partly with dates):

Tours in France (1990)
Rishon LeZion in Israel
Győr in Hungary (1992)
Minsk in Belarus (2005)
Holstebro in Denmark (2005)
Tampere in Finland
Linz in Austria
Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2018)

City friendships

Musashino in Japan (1991)
Nuremberg in Germany (2014)
Leeds in England
Ghent in Belgium (1993)

coat of arms

Coat of arms of the city of Brașov
 Blazon : "In a blue shield, a golden crown with a silver or brown root ."
Justification for the coat of arms: The motto is Latin "Deo vindici patriae" , " God, the protector of the hometown [dedicated], or For God, the protector of the homeland."

Attractions

Brașov lettering above the city on Mount Tâmpa . The mountain is also known as the "Zinne" by the German-speaking population.

Historical buildings

The Black Church in winter
The old town seen from Mount Tâmpa
City view of Brașov with the town hall tower
Brașov, seen from Mount Tâmpa
Promenade at the city wall of Brașov, on Mount Tâmpa

The Protestant Black Church ( Romanian Biserica Neagră ) with its Buchholz organ, built in 1477, is an important historical building and a striking landmark of the city . Other sacred buildings are the Orthodox Cathedral, built in 1858, and the Church of Nikolaus von Myra ( Romanian Biserica Sfantul Nicolae ), which was built in 1292 and rebuilt from stone in 1495, as well as the Neologe Synagogue and the Orthodox Synagogue .

The old town hall on Rathausplatz is another striking symbol of the city. The St. Bartholomew Church from the 13th century is the oldest building in the city. The historic old town is characterized by late medieval town houses (such as the Hirscherhaus on Rathausplatz) and spacious, stylish buildings from the 19th century. The medieval city fortifications are also worth seeing, including the Katharinentor from 1559, the weavers' bastion, the White Tower and the Black Tower. All of them have now been restored and are accessible as a museum. The First Romanian Book Museum ( Romanian Prima Carte Romaneasca ) provides u. a. the first book printed in Romanian.

Not far from Brașov is the Bran Castle (Törzburg).

Modern buildings

In the vicinity of Brașov near Bod (Brenndorf) the Romanian radio operates the long-wave transmitter Bod on the frequency 153 kHz with a transmission power of 1,200 kilowatts.

Arts and Culture

  • Brașov State Opera

The Romanian State Opera Brașov is one of the leading opera ensembles in the country after the Opera Na führendenională București . It was only founded in 1953. But it continues a long musical tradition, as an opera buffa troupe was recorded in Brașov as early as 1794 . Cristian Mihăilescu, director and former soloist of the Opera Națională Bucureşti, directs the State Opera. He was voted Musician Personality of the Year in 1998.

  • Playhouse
  • Philharmonic orchestra
  • German cultural center Kronstadt

economy

After the Second World War, the tractor manufacturer Uzina Tractorul Brașov emerged from the Întreprinderea Aeronautică Română aircraft factory, which had been in existence since 1925 . In 2007 the company was liquidated.

In 1921, the ROMLOC plant was founded as a rail vehicle manufacturer; weapons and ammunition were manufactured there during World War II. After various renaming, trucks were produced from 1954, initially copies of Soviet vehicles. In 1969 a license for the production of MAN vehicles was acquired. The factory was later renamed ROMAN .

Since the end of 1999 the company Autoliv from Sweden has been producing airbags for BMW and from 2005 also seat belts. This was followed by a plant for gas generators for airbags. In addition to the automotive industry, mechanical engineering is the city's most important industry. This also includes the Schaeffler Group , which has set up a large production plant in Brașov. In 2007, the Austrian JAF Group opened the JFFurnir sawing and veneer plant here. Varta Microbattery has had a microbattery plant in Brașov since 2014 .

The University of Transylvania Brașov and the University of George Barițiu also exist in Brașov . The presence of well-educated university graduates also attracts foreign companies. So has z. B. Siemens has a location in Brașov, which is constantly being expanded, as does Miele & Cie. KG . The publisher Directmedia Publishing GmbH , the text collections published electronically, is based in 2009 Berlin moved to Braşov.

fauna

Almost every day bears are spotted in the outskirts of the city, which search the rubbish bins there for food and even let people feed them. Bears ( brown Carpathian bear ) still live in the wild in the forests around Brașov . This makes it one of the few areas in Southeastern Europe where this is still the case.

To protect wolves and bears, the Carpathian Large Carnivore Project (CLCP) was set up in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) .

traffic

The city is a railway junction with the Brașov Triaj marshalling yard and has had a trolleybus system since 1959 . In addition, Brașov is used by numerous taxis and buses. From 1892 to 1927 and again from 1987 to 2006 there was also a tram line . An international airport near Brașov in Ghimbav (Weidenbach) is under construction. The Highway 3 from Bucharest to Borş at the Hungarian border will perform Braşov.

Sports

The football club FC Brașov plays in the second Romanian league . The ice hockey club ASC Corona 2010 Brașov takes part in the Romanian ice hockey league and the MOL league . The women's handball team, Rulmentul Brașov , which was Romanian champion and cup champion in 2006, plays successfully .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

To 1900

1901 to 1950

From 1951

Connected to the city

Panoramic photo

and display information about the image
Panoramic view of the western part of Brașov from Mount Tâmpa

See also

literature

  • Arne Franke: Kronstadt - Brașov. An art history tour through the city under the battlements. (= Great Art Guide in the Potsdam Library Eastern Europe. Volume 2). With a historical introduction by Harald Roth . Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2008 (= Large Art Guide. Volume 236), ISBN 978-3-7954-2058-1 .
  • Arnold Huttmann , George Barbu: Medicina în Oraşul Stalin ireri şi astăzi (The medicine in Stalinstadt yesterday and today). Editura societății științelor medicale din RPR, Filiala regională Stalin, 1959, OCLC 721295450 .
  • Erich Jekelius (Ed.): Kronstadt (= Das Burzenland. Volume III, 1). Burzenländer Sächsisches Museum, Kronstadt 1928, OCLC 1070946022 .
  • Maja Philippi: Kronstadt. Historical reflections on a city in Transylvania. Bucharest 1996.
  • Harald Roth (Ed.): Kronstadt. A Transylvanian city history. Universitas, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-8004-1375-2 .
  • Harald Roth: Kronstadt in Transylvania. A small city history , Böhlau, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-412-20602-4 .
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Stenner: The officials of the city of Brassó (Kronstadt) from the beginning of the municipal self-government to the present (= sources on the history of the city of Brassó (Kronstadt). Volume 7, Supplement 1). Brothers Schneider & Feminger printing works, Kronstadt 1916, OCLC 1111751881 .
  • Klaus T. Weber, Monika Jekel: The castle of Kronstadt. In: Journal for Transylvanian Cultural Studies. 23rd vol., No. 1, 2000, ISSN  0344-3418 , pp. 64-81.
  • List of city administrators and mayors of Kronstadt from 1360 (PDF; 86 kB; data from: Gernot Nussbächer: Kronstadt. Munich 1999; description in Romanian)

Web links

Commons : Brașov  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Brașov  - travel guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b 2011 census in Romania ( MS Excel ; 1.3 MB).
  2. ↑ Mayoral elections 2016 in Romania ( MS Excel ; 256 kB).
  3. ^ Robert Offner: Kronstadt, the city doctor Paulus Kyr and Ferrara. In: Robert Offner (Ed.): Paulus Kyr, Health is a delicious thing. A reprint of the health textbook of the Kronstadt doctor Paulus Kyr, translated into German, Romanian and Hungarian and provided with contemporary images and commented: Sanitatis studium ad imitationem aphorismorum compositum item alimentorum uires breuiter et ordine alphabetico positae Autore Paulo Kyr medico. Imprint in Inclyta Transylvaniae Corona anno 1551. Schiller Verlag, Hermannstadt / Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-941271-33-3 , pp. 9-20, here: p. 9.
  4. ↑ . JG Th Graesse: Orbis Latinus . G. Schönfeld, Dresden 1861, urn : nbn: de: s2w-3093 ( html, with alphabetical search function ).
  5. ↑ Maja Philippi: From the founding of the city to the achievement of autonomy around 1500. In: Harald Roth (ed.): Kronstadt. A Transylvanian city history. 1999.
  6. ^ Ulrich Andreas Vienna: Transylvania - pioneering region of religious freedom: Luther, Honterus and the effects of the Reformation . Schiller Verlag, Hermannstadt / Bonn 2017, ISBN 978-3-946954-05-7 , pp. 9-16 .
  7. ^ Robert Offner: Kronstadt, the city doctor Paulus Kyr and Ferrara. 2010, p. 10 f.
  8. ^ Robert Offner: Kronstadt, the city doctor Paulus Kyr and Ferrara. 2010, p. 11 f.
  9. ↑ a b Kronstadt, the city of the Reformation. A solid castle. In: reformation-cities.org/cities, last accessed on January 25, 2019.
  10. ↑ Bianca Ioniță: 15 noiembrie 1987 - ziua în care Braşovul a cântat “Deşteaptă-te, române!” Radio România, November 15, 2014, accessed on September 24, 2019 (Romanian).
  11. ^ Robert Offner: Kronstadt, the city doctor Paulus Kyr and Ferrara. 2010, p. 9 f.
  12. ↑ See also Maja Philippi: From the founding of the city to the achievement of autonomy around 1500. In: Harald Roth (Ed.): Kronstadt. A Transylvanian city history. 1999.
  13. ^ Censuses in Transylvania 1850–2002. In: kia.hu, accessed on August 10, 2009 (PDF; 513 kB; Hungarian).
  14. ^ Romania: counties and larger cities. In: citypopulation.de, accessed on May 31, 2018 (census from 1977).
  15. ^ Street children in Brasov ( Memento from March 6, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Statutul Municipiului Braşov. (PDF; 1.3 MB) Retrieved on February 14, 2020 (Romanian).
  17. ^ Robert Sonnleitner: coat of arms of Kronstadt. (No longer available online.) In : hagenbuerger-bw.de. Robert Sonnleitner, 1998, archived from the original on April 22, 2016 ; accessed on November 28, 2018 (private website).
  18. ↑ What exactly is the meaning of “deo vindici patriae”? In: reddit.com. June 2, 2017, accessed May 31, 2018.
  19. ↑ Brașov - Attractions. In: traveltoromania.com, accessed on May 31, 2018 (English).
  20. ^ Marin Sorin: The Social Consequences of the 1944 Anglo-American Bombing of Ploieşti: A Grassroots Perspective. Budapest 2008, p. 44 (Hungarian; PDF; 2.3 MB) at Central European University .
  21. ↑ The Tractoru works in ruins, a wound that does not heal. In: adevarul.ro, February 8, 2011.
  22. ↑ Ionuț Bonoiu: Suedezii de la Autoliv fac oa treia fabrica de 13 mil. De dolari la Brasov. In: “Ziarului Financiar” .ro, July 8, 2005 (Romanian; the Swedish company Autoliv opens a third plant in Brașov).
  23. ↑ Simona Suciu: Factories in Brașov produce automotive parts and decorations for the world's most popular automobile brands. In: adevarul.ro. May 29, 2013, accessed May 31, 2018 (Romanian).
  24. ↑ jffurnir.com.
  25. ↑ Robert Offner (ed.): Paulus Kyr, Health is a delicious thing. 2010, p. 10.
  26. ^ László András Magyar, Robert Offner: Krauss, Valentin. In: Péter Kőszeghy (Ed.): Magyar Művelődéstörténeti Lexicon: Középkor és kora újkor. Volume 6. Budapest 2006.
  27. ^ Hans Peter Türk, Johannes Killyen: Paul Richter (1875–1950). In: suedost-musik.de. Society for German Music Culture in Southeastern Europe V. (GDMSE), accessed on November 28, 2018.
  28. ^ Claus Stephani (KK): Mattis-Teutsch retrospective in Munich. In : hagenbuerger.de, August 28, 2001, accessed on July 7, 2019.
  29. ^ Gudrun-Liane Ittu: Eduard Morres: Painter of European format. In : hagenbuerger.de, September 14, 2006, accessed on July 7, 2019.
  30. ^ Rudolf Rösler: Witting, Otto. In: kulturportal-west-ost.eu, accessed on July 7, 2019.
  31. ↑ Information on Anemone Latzina at planetlyrik.de, accessed on July 7, 2019.
  32. ↑ Ingenious, Cronstädtisches Gesang-Buch […]. Kronstadt 1751 (CD-ROM, approx. 2010, OCLC 999267334 ).