School atlas
The school atlas is a didactically prepared, systematically arranged and bound collection of maps (sometimes also supplemented by visual, textual and other graphic representations) the most comprehensive and versatile cartographic teaching medium for the pupil, which is used in the lesson and when completing homework can be.
The atlas (as a printed product and in digital form) enables all students to work individually and independently during the course of the lesson . The regional and thematic maps differentiated permits comparative analysis of territories and of various symptoms of a region and thus the discharge manifold relationships between individual natural and anthropogenic components ( synopsis , removal of direct and indirect information).
Use in class
School atlases were and are mainly developed in Germany for geographic teaching (including local studies and specialist studies ), followed by a long way by history teaching , albeit in the second half of the 19th century history atlases became indispensable teaching aids in German higher schools belonged. There is currently a trend in Germany towards the development of interdisciplinary (interdisciplinary) school atlases as world atlases with / without a regional section (integration or combination). But the hegemony of geography seems to be retained.
School Atlas Types
The geographically oriented analog school plant range in Germany is very diverse. It mainly includes:
- World atlases complete edition / large edition (approx. 200–250 pages; mainly for sec.I and II)
- World atlases short edition / basic edition (approx. 100–150 pages; mainly for secondary level I)
- Regional atlases
- Home atlases
- Primary school atlases
- Elementary lists / map primers.
Depending on the thematic and / or graphic design, some series atlases or individual titles can be assigned to several atlas groups. So are z. B. to use most primary school atlases as regional atlases, home atlases and / or elementary atlases.
The “regional editions” of the large and small world atlases each contain a 10–15 page regional section of the respective home country. The world atlases can be used in all grades (4–13) anyway, while the elementary school atlases, elementary atlases and home lanes as “step atlases” are specifically intended for a few grades and are designed according to age.
In addition to the analog elementary atlases and map primers, in which “work on the map” (nature of the map, procedures for using the map) is in the foreground, almost all world and step atlases also contain a more or less extensive block (2–6 Pages) of information or instructions on using the card.
The atlases are not always recognizable in the title as “school atlases” (e.g. home atlas, Haack world atlas), even if their basic structure is pedagogically and didactically determined. Curriculum / framework references are very pronounced, especially since the individual Atlas titles are recommended for selected school types (e.g. Hauptschule, Realschule, Gesamtschule, Gymnasium).
Atlas design
The atlases for the middle and upper grades of the school, in particular world atlases for the upper level, are thematically very varied and combinable (maps combined with pictures or graphics, map diagrams, cartograms, etc.). Regional thematic differentiations (not least from the point of view of “case studies”) and the global share (thematic overviews of the earth) have also increased significantly (2008).
However, there is a risk of thematic and graphic “overloading” of the atlases or some individual maps. Some card titles seem very informative (lexical), but are too poor in expression (confusing for the students). Mobility or possible combinations of the digital versions must not lead to “information overload” in the cartographic print products in general education schools. The map must remain a clear representation of structures or processes in earth spaces.
Working with the atlas should not be made independent in school. Basic map usage is just one competency of learning techniques in school. “User orientation” must be the determinant for the design of school atlases.
School atlas publishers
In Germany, Cornelsen Verlag , Ernst Klett Verlag and the Westermann Printing and Publishing Group are the leading German publishers for school atlases.
The Lehrmittelverlag Zurich laid the Swiss World Atlas .
In Austria the publisher Ed. Hölzel since the second half of the 19th century with Blasius Kozenn school atlases for Austria-Hungary . The Austrian Middle School Atlas and the Hauptschulatlas were published by the same publisher until the 1970s . Today there are both Hölzel Atlases and New Kozenn Atlases from Ed. Hölzel.
history
The beginnings of German school atlas cartography were already at the beginning of the 18th century ( Johann Baptist Homann and Johann Huebner Kleiner Atlas Scholasticus , Nuremberg 1710, followed by the Atlas Methodicus , Nuremberg 1719). In 1717, also in Nuremberg, the engraver and art dealer Johann Christoph Weigel, together with the geographer Johann Gottfried Gregorii, published the ATLAS PORTATILIS for the greening youth . This popular atlas, in two parts from 1723, was published until the end of the 18th century.
Based on the concept of Professor of Geography and History Adam Christian Gaspari, the Weimar publishing house Bertuch brought out a two-part collection of loose maps for school lessons in 1793 under the title New Methodical School Atlas, designed and drawn by FL Güssefeld . A historical school atlas (1820) and a few other titles and editions of school atlases were subsequently published in the same publishing house in Weimar .
The first general educational German school atlas was the small school atlas for all parts of the world based on the latest state of Stieler's hand atlas , which was developed by the geographer and cartographer Adolf Stieler and published in 1821 by Justus Perthes / Gotha Editions and came out in several languages. After a small school history atlas (1823), the “Kleine Stieler” was followed as the geographically dominant school atlas in 1849 by Emil von Sydow 's school atlas in six and thirty maps published by Gothaer Verlag. Sydow-Wagner's Methodical School Atlas was published in 1888 .
In 1853, designed by the officer and school geographer Theodor Freiherr von Liechtenstern and completed by the academic cartographer Henry Lange , Westermann's first school atlas was published by Verlag George Westermann / Braunschweig. From this school atlas from Liechtenstern / Lange later (from 1883; initially under the title school atlas over all parts of the world. For geographical instruction in higher educational institutions ) the varied world atlas "Diercke" emerged, edited by the school geographer and cartographer Carl Diercke in temporary cooperation with the cartographer and publisher Eduard Gaebler .
See also
literature
- Hans-Martin Cloß et al. (Ed.): Atlas work. (= Geography today. H. 34). 1985, ISBN 3-617-06034-X . (Special issue)
- Egon Breetz: Multi-level school atlas work. APW Berlin, Potsdam 1986. (Research study - manuscript)
- Egon Breetz: On the specifics of modern geographical school atlases in Germany. In: Zt. Fd Geography lesson. H. 4, 1991, pp. 129-135.
- Egon Breetz: Teachers' books on the home atlases of Saxony (1997), Saxony-Anhalt (1998), Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (1998), Brandenburg (1999) and Thuringia (2000). Berlin 1997-2000.
- Karl Emil Fick: The publishing houses Bertuch in Weimar and Perthes in Gotha. A contribution to the development of geographic-cartographic educational and teaching aids in the 19th century. In: Wiener Schr. Z. Geogr. And Kartogr. Volume 5, Vienna 1992, pp. 252-276.
- Reinhard Herzig: Interpretation of atlas maps with the help of accompanying materials for teachers. In: Zt. Fd Geography lesson. H. 4, 1991, pp. 136-141.
- Ferdinand Mayer: School atlases in the change of atlas conception, cartographic design and production technology. In: Mitt. D. Austrian Geogr. Society 127, 1986, pp. 107-120.
- Theo Norkowski: "Our world" and "Seydlitz world atlas" - development in modern world atlases. In: Wiener Schr. Zur Geogr. And Kartogr. Volume 5, Vienna 1992, pp. 194-205.
- Wolfram Pobanz: Beginnings of the German geographical school atlases in the 18th century. In: Kartogr. Schr. Volume 8, Bonn 2003, pp. 127-132.
- Walter Sperling , Ambros Brucker: Atlas, school atlas. In: A. Brucker: Handbook media in geography lessons. Düsseldorf 1986, ISBN 3-590-14477-7 , pp. 161-178.
- Ernst Spiess: The new Swiss school atlases. In: Kartogr. Schr. Volume 8, Bonn 2003, pp. 133-146.
- Dagmar Thiele: School atlases are changing. (= Geography didactic research. Volume 13). Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-496-00808-3 .
- Ulf Zahn: Design and evaluate school atlases. In: Geography and School. H. 80, 1992, pp. 13-18.