Street children in Romania

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The street children in Romania ( Romanian copii de strada ) comprise several generations of abandoned children from the time of communist tyranny in Romania , orphans or runaways between the ages of three and seventeen. They live - sometimes in larger groups - on the streets and in the sewers of numerous cities in the country.

There is disagreement in the literature about their national number. It is estimated that it was

  • 2000: 3,200 children
  • 2003: 1,900 children
  • 2004: 1,300 children

Other sources assume around 9,000 children in 2018, 5,000 children in 2005, 20,000 children in 2001, or 30,000 children (no year), or even 100,000 in 1997 and 2008. Street children rarely have documents or ID, which makes it difficult to get an accurate survey.

Its existence was already known before the Romanian Revolution in 1989 , but the problem in all its dimensions was withheld from the public by the state organs of the time . The phenomenon peaked in the 1990s and early 2000s; Since then, according to some sources, the number of street children has declined, while others say that "homelessness and with it the number of street children and young people continues to increase dramatically".

Help is mainly provided by national and international Christian groups and street workers .

causes

Research on homelessness in Romania has only recently started. Studies show a nationwide number of 15,000 homeless, with the organization Doctors Without Borders suspecting around 5,000 people to be affected in the streets of Bucharest alone with around two million inhabitants.

The age structure of Romania shows the population with the highest birth rates in the cohorts 1975–1979.

The street children in Romania are the result of both the relative poverty of the Romanian population and its communist past . Nicolae Ceaușescu had the vision to let the Romanian people grow to 30 million by the turn of the millennium. As early as October 1966, Decree 770 was issued, banning contraception and severely punishing abortion with imprisonment . Women did find ways to have illegal abortions, but only under the most severe conditions ( see also: 4 months, 3 weeks and 2 days ). Under this population policy, the birth rate doubled just a year later . Although the program was initially accompanied by massive financial support for kindergartens and schools , these social policy measures have proven to be inadequate over the years, and the resulting social problems in Romania are still great today.

Many expectant mothers tried to induce an abortion with wires or medication . As a result, there were frequent births of disabled children. These were then deported to social orphanages such as the Cighid children's home near the city of Oradea , where handicapped children and unwanted children were brought in. Here the Irecuperabili (German the irretrievable ) were kept under the most unworthy conditions like cattle.

Forty percent of the population lived below the poverty line , and families with large children in particular were often exposed to the disruption. As a result, numerous parents could no longer pay for their children and gave them to orphanages or "threw them out". The overcrowded orphanages could not cope with the flow of orphaned children. There have been a few cases where desperate parents killed their children. In the orphanages, the secret police also used Securitate for their offspring.

After the revolution in 1989, the number of now legal abortions rose massively for a short time and in 1990 even reached a rate of 300 abortions per 100 births. Even today, mothers who have unwanted pregnancies often leave their babies behind in the hospital immediately after they are born. In some clinics, women giving birth are now photographed to facilitate potential later investigations, in the event "that they secretly seek the distance without their baby". In 1997 there were one million children living in state homes.

An estimated 60,000 children escaped from everyday family life in which alcohol, violence and sexual abuse were often the order of the day. In 2001, 30 percent of Romanian women were exposed to acts of violence by their spouses or life partners. In 2006 a study by UNICEF Romania showed that 73% of Romanian parents physically abused their children. More than a million Romanian children lived in poverty , 350,000 of them in extreme poverty. Poverty among Roma children was three times higher than among children of the majority population, and 27,000 Romanian children were not in parental care that year but in institutions or other state-recognized bodies.

Other factors, such as parents working abroad, created a different problem for single Romanian children. Between 16 and 18 percent of Romanian children between the ages of 10 and 14 have no parent for this reason:

  • 80,000 the father
  • 55,000 the mother
  • 35,000 both parents

Some of these children are socially accompanied by relatives or neighbors as far as possible and with varying degrees of commitment. Materially, the children they left behind are often better off than their peers, as most parents regularly transfer money. Nevertheless, the children are prone to depression and alcohol abuse and often come into conflict with the law. In 2008 the rate of related youth suicides also increased. According to official estimates, 14 percent of the total population work abroad, often illegally. Most of them are young adults, many of them parents.

situation

Many of the street children live in the sewers near district heating pipes, in subway stations, at train stations or on construction sites. Their clothes are not infrequently held together by ropes; the children are often very dirty and lack footwear. For personal hygiene, there is often only a little water available from soda bottles. Many have tuberculosis and are plagued by lice and fleas as a result of poor hygiene , and many suffer from athlete's foot . The elderly in particular have sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis and are constantly at risk of contracting AIDS or hepatitis .

The sniffing of cheap street drug "Aurolac" out of plastic bags is common among children. Aurolac is the name of a Romanian brand of a synthetic silver- or gold-colored diluent that has a slight hallucinogenic effect after inhalation, making children forget their fears, worries and hunger for a few moments. This method causes heart and brain disease and damages the airways with prolonged use. Under the influence of the fumes, the children occasionally show self- harm, for example cutting their arms with broken pieces.

It's hard to get in touch with the street kids. They form their own, albeit rough, family that sticks together. The older children mostly “pay attention” to the smaller ones, but the law of the fittest also often prevails and there are strong hierarchies in which the older children organize the begging and stealing of the younger ones. Begging and petty crime are the order of the day. At many inner-city traffic lights, street children rush to the waiting cars and clean the windows in the hope of some money, often crossing themselves.

Help and support are often not accepted because institutions always have rules and obligations that must be followed. The street children probably have a desire for a “better life”, but they want to “be free” and have difficulties in keeping to a minimum of rules. They appear mainly in bad weather and in winter at aid stations to get at least a warm meal and a safe place to sleep. Most of them then return to the streets. Aid organizations have no illusions, neither about the breadth and size of their task nor about the means and possibilities available to them. If, like most of them, they do not have identification papers, they will not be allowed to attend regular school.

Romania, and here especially Bucharest, is one of the main European travel destinations for pedophile offenders. Street children in particular are their victims. It is estimated that five percent of the homeless children in Romania are forced into sexual exploitation. Nonetheless, the number of arrests and long-term convictions of foreign offenders in Romania is increasing. Trafficking in women and children for sexual exploitation remains a serious problem in the country. The anti-trafficking law passed in 2001 did not lead to any notable improvements in the first few years. Women and children from Romania are still being abducted for sexual exploitation in Western and Eastern Europe , with street children in particular quickly becoming victims of false promises made by human traffickers. There are known cases in which they were forced into prostitution in Hamburg, Berlin and Amsterdam. Romania also serves as a transit country for onward transport for victims from numerous other countries, such as Turkey or Thailand , to other European countries. The sexual abuse of children is punishable by imprisonment of up to fifteen years in Romania. Romania ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in October 1990 , followed in January 2002 by the additional protocol banning child prostitution , child trafficking and child pornography .

In 2004, the Romanian government declared that the aid measures of the government strategy in the area of ​​the protection of children in difficulty (2001-2004) were ineffective and suggested better coordinated programs. In addition to the district youth welfare offices, there is a national office for the protection of children's rights , as well as private and state children's homes, which, however, are still associated with violence and sexual abuse. Financial help and psychosocial support are also offered to protect the children from being abandoned or abandoned. However, in coordination with the European Union in 2005 , the country stuck to many tough austerity measures in the social sector.

To alleviate the problem, more than 1,500 children were placed abroad for adoption between 1996 and 2001, but often without follow-up reports and under questionable conditions. In 2001, the Romanian government suspended all international adoptions under pressure from the EU Commission. Despite the moratorium, it became known in 2003 that more than 1,100 children had been placed abroad, mainly in Italy. Since 2004 only one's own grandparents are allowed to adopt a Romanian child abroad, and other foreigners only if they have lived in Romania for at least five years.

The following situations and initiatives are known from the larger cities (selection):

Bucharest

Father Georg Sporschill

About half of Romanian street children live in Bucharest. At the station Bucureşti Nord or stations as Piata Victoriei they are not to be overlooked. Here alone lived over 3000 street children, mostly drug addicts, without any medical care or social security worth mentioning. In 2016, the taz put their number at “over 1500”.

For many years the Austrian Jesuit priest Georg Sporschill looked after street children in Bucharest with his social work Concordia . The organization that Sporschill separated from in 2012 now looks after young people in four countries. In 2012, Sporschill and Ruth Zenkert founded the ELIJAH association near Hermannstadt (Sibiu), which looks after Roma children and their families, who also live in disastrous conditions on the outskirts of the villages. Former street children from Bucharest work in the association as social workers and music teachers.

The Marist brother Antolín is the head of the street children project supported by Caritas . 80 km north of Bucharest, a farm with a bakery and ten houses was built between 2006 and 2009, on which around 100 street children live and work. The aim of the project is to create an environment for the children and young people in which they can develop a positive perspective.

In the project Circus Parada , which was started by the French clown Miloud Oukili , street children learn to fit into social structures. “In the Human Pyramids we have listed , the strong bear the misery of the weak. It's the other way around on the streets. There, the weakest have to carry the strong, ”says Ouki. Over 300 children could be reintegrated in this way. In December 1999 Miloud Oukilis received a UNICEF award for his work.

The Open House , a school for street children , was also set up in Bucharest . They receive further support from Casa "Robin Hood" , the Arms Center , Casa Gavroche , Salvați Copiii , and Children in Distress . There are two day clinics that offer street children in Bucharest no permanent accommodation, but basic medical care. The Casa "Sankt Ioan" is a non-profit home for street children with only ten beds. The children's ability to rehabilitate is assessed beforehand and is a prerequisite for admission here.

Timișoara

In Timișoara ( German  Timişoara ), according to unofficial estimates, at least 1,000 people lived on the streets in 2005. At times, several groups of up to 100 children between the ages of 5 and 17 lived in the Timișoara sewer during winter. Inhaling sniff substances was widespread here. The newspaper The Independent called 1994 the rat children (German rats children ).

In 1997 the number of children was given as up to 200. A survey found that over 80 percent of the children were boys, 50 percent between 10 and 14 years old, and over 40 percent were not at home in Timișoara. 65 percent of children living on the streets during the day returned to families at night. In 2001 there were still between 200 and 250 street children in Timișoara; At that time, about half of them were accommodated in night asylum or other institutions.

Franz Brugger described the children of the street :

“Run away from home, cast off, torn from so-called children's homes and found everywhere, these are the children of the street. In the train stations, market halls, backyards of apartment blocks and in the sewer system, they seek warmth, security and shelter. They mostly numb their hunger, cold and fear with varnish, which they sniff out of plastic bags. This sniffing causes irreparable damage to the brain and prevents them from entering a better life. No school education, no job, sometimes casual work, sometimes begging - waiting for what? "

On September 13, 1994, the German Children's Future Foundation founded the Children's Village Rudolf Walther Timișoara . The children's village was built for 5 million DM and is the first of its kind in Romania. In 2008, 149 children lived in it. Twenty-nine of them successfully completed school and four graduated from school in 2009. Seventeen of them were in high school or university. On an area of ​​80,000 square meters, the village comprises eleven residential buildings with attached kitchen gardens, a kindergarten and a school, an administration building, an infirmary with rooms for doctors and psychologists, a guest house, lawns, sports facilities and a training center for preparatory courses.

Father Berno Rupp , Superior of the Salvatorians in Timișoara, initiated the P. Jordan House in 1999 together with the Caritas Association of the Timișoara Diocese . The night asylum offers street children two large dormitories with 30 beds each for men over 16 years of age and two further bedrooms with 20 beds each for women and girls and for boys under 16 years of age. In addition to a roof over one's head, there is a warm dinner, breakfast and access to washing facilities, fresh clothes and medical care. Father Berno also founded a youth farm, a rehabilitation center for the homeless and a day care center for children from socially disadvantaged families. The youth farm (former kolkhoz) has been prepared to accommodate and future street children for several years. Agriculture, mills, carpentry and a lot more work and the first children and young people are already there. The first two residential buildings have also been completed and occupied since the beginning of 2008.

Mechtild Gollnick, Romania representative of the Help for Children Association in Timiș County , said in mid-2012: “In my experience, many families are extremely poor, especially families with many children - these are mainly Roma families or Baptists or Pentecostals - and families in remote villages - mine Experience relates to the villages of Teremia Mică and Bencecu de Jos - where the parents do not have a permanent job; no jobs in the area, parents without adequate schooling. [...] I do not know of any children who have to work too much at home and are absent from school because of economic obligations. They tend to be absent because their parents do not consistently send them to school. I know many very poor families with many children - for example 6 to 10 children - especially in remote villages. One reason for this seems to me to be that they are not sufficiently informed about contraceptive methods and / or are not clear about the efforts, including financial ones, that are necessary to raise the children. Unfortunately, these are mostly families who don't give their children much support. The consequence of this is that their children learn little, do not receive a qualified school leaving certificate and then have little prospect of a good job. That means that the precarious living situation will continue into the next generation. "

Iași

On a farm in Podul Iloaiei near Iași (German Jassy ), the foundation “Hope of the Children in Romania” has given shelter to more than 150 street children since 1990. These are initiatives by Etienne Metreau and Daniel Rusu.

Cluj-Napoca

The street children music project in Cluj-Napoca (German: Klausenburg ) enables socially disadvantaged children and young people to express their musical abilities in a band. The project is carried out by the organization "Luptatori pentru Speranta". The children and youth band mainly plays two styles of music, popular Roma music and Manele . The band with the name “VIS” (German dream ) consists of boys and girls between 8 and 16 years and is accompanied by two music teachers. The number of members of "VIS" is constantly increasing as more boys and girls join. The band rehearsals take place once a week, giving them enough time to rehearse their pieces of music in addition to the lessons. As a daily meal is not a matter of course for many of the participating children and adolescents, a free meal is provided during the class.

Brașov

In Brașov ( Kronstadt in German ) 20 to 30 street children aged eight and over lived constantly at the city's train station. Some girls between the ages of 15 and 20 also lived here who made money through prostitution. Drug-free eight to fourteen year olds could spend the night in the waiting room at the train station.

The younger street children in Brașov secure their survival by selling newspapers on the international long-distance trains that stop in Brașov. But there is a lack of clothing and shoes, especially in winter, and there is no medical care at all. Most of the street children here have never been in a home.

Sighișoara

In Sighișoara (German Schäßburg ) in 2007, the Evangelical Action Hope for Eastern Europe helped people to help themselves to build an infrastructure for street children. With the project to build the House of Light , a children's home with an integrated special school for handicapped children, a refuge for 16 street children was created in a former rectory in 2007.

Other initiatives

SOS Children's Villages

There are currently three SOS Children's Villages , two SOS Youth Facilities, two SOS Kindergartens and six SOS Social Centers in Romania . The main locations are Bucharest , Cisnădie near Sibiu , and Hemeiusi near Bacău .

Casa Don Bosco

Cincu (German Groß-Schenk ) in the Brașov district and Iacobeni (German Jakobsdorf ) in the Sibiu district were the locations of the controversial foundation of the children's aid association "Casa Don Bosco", which looked after street children. The head of the foundation, who died in 2011, named Pater Donatus or Don Demidoff , already appeared with his family name Udo Erlenhardt as the former editor-in-chief of the first German gay magazine DU & ICH and as a colorful figure in the affair of the Bundeswehr General Kießling in 1984 .

The Archdiocese of Freiburg and other West German dioceses as well as the Dutch Bishops' Conference warned several times about "a certain Father Donatus Demidoff from Amsterdam", who asked German parishes for donations to set up a home for homeless youth. The man is not a Catholic priest. He was accused of misappropriating donations from various sources. Don Demidoff denies this on his website and blames representatives of the Roman Catholic and Romanian Orthodox Churches, among others, for the attacks directed against him.

public perception

The population reacts to the children with rejection and discrimination. It is significant that the word street children in colloquial language is synonymous with rats or scum . In the minds of many Romanians, street children are still considered to be the “social hazardous waste of the Ceausescu era”.

Street children were victims of police abuse. In January 2003 the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child expressed concern about the numerous allegations of ill-treatment and torture against children. It was also criticized that such incidents did not lead to effective investigations by an independent authority. The committee urged Romania “to take immediate action to end all violence against children and to address the prevailing climate of impunity for such offenses”.

On March 21, 2009, on International Street Children's Day, the Child Protection Authority organized exhibitions with drawings and life experiences of former street children in the city center of Timișoara. The campaign took place under the motto “The street is not home” .

Henrike Bradiceanu-Persem took on the topic of street children in the scene of the same name, which was presented by the author at the 2000 theater festival in Timișoara.

In 2003, the premiere of the play The Stilts by Francisca Ricinski took place in Iași . It is about the life of street children. For this piece, the author received the theater prize from the renowned Romanian literary magazine "Convorbiri literare".

The Catalan director Joan Soler Foye portrayed in his film abandonados / Abanonatii (German exit ) a group of young people in the sewers near the train station Bucureşti Nord lives under difficult conditions. The film was nominated in 2007 for the Spanish Goya Film Prize in the category of Best Short Documentary Film and received numerous awards, including the prestigious Premio Caracola-Alcances at the Cádiz Film Festival .

With the documentary When I cry, my heart beats , a German-Romanian cooperation from 2008, Annett Schütze and her team shot a portrait of street children in Bucharest. The main actor Mustafa and five other street children filmed their very own view of their life amid drugs, prostitution and violence with a mini DV camera.

Young Germans have also contributed to the support of street children in Romania through the possibility of doing other service abroad as an alternative to the German alternative military service .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d frommelt.ag , Street Children in Bucharest, 2003
  2. ↑ a b ec.europa.eu (PDF file; 216 kB), European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Bill Edgar: National strategy for preventing and combating homelessness. The road to permanent abode - Synthesis report, Norway 2006, page 16: Romania
  3. ^ Street children in Romania . In: Child and Youth Welfare for Romania eV, Heidelberg, updated on April 15, 2018.
  4. ↑ a b c d e dradio.de , Deutschlandfunk , Keno Verseck : Der Kanal, der Lack und der Tod. The forgotten street children of Romania , November 26, 2005
  5. ↑ a b c d asirev.de ( Memento from March 6, 2001 in the Internet Archive ), Markus Döhring: Street children in Brașov
  6. ^ A b Christian Schmidt-Haeuer: The children from the Bucharest train station. A people have cast out their orphans. In: The time . 31/1997 ( zeit.de ).
  7. ^ A b Public Broadcasting Service , European Journal, Erin Condit: Romanian Street Children. October 9, 2008 (English).
  8. ↑ tlaxcala.es , article from România Liberă, Hans-Jürgen Falkenhagen, Brigitte Queck: Romania: election manipulation in the runoff election for the presidency preprogrammed. November 30, 2009.
  9. ↑ a b Anuschka Roshani: The parents of the rats . In: Der Spiegel . No. 52 , 1997, pp. 108-110 ( Online - Dec. 22, 1997 ).
  10. ↑ Video documentation: The Experiment 770  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Westend Productions, Arte , 2004, 1:07:39; for details see Gail Kligman: The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press 1998, ( online preview )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / video.google.at  
  11. ↑ Romania's forgotten children: In the home of sore souls - after the Ceausescu dictatorship they are allowed to live again. In: Der Tagesspiegel . September 7, 2000 ( tagesspiegel.de ).
  12. ↑ a b c ifsoz.org , internship with the street children in Timișoara - Copii de strada - background, program, impressions , March 2001
  13. ^ Susan Gal, Gail Kligman: Reproducing gender: politics, publics, and everyday life after socialism . Princeton University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-691-04868-1 , pp. 443 (English).
  14. ^ The Alan Guttmacher Institute (Ed.): Readings on Induced Abortion: A World Review 2000 . New York 2001, p. 93 (English).
  15. ↑ schmetterling.de , From Brâncuși to street children, politics, culture, society - interesting facts about a country full of contrasts.
  16. ↑ ots.at , Prets: Discrimination against women in Romania sharply condemned , SPÖ press release, March 2001
  17. ↑ Verein-papageno.ch (PDF; 1.5 MB), Martin Bauer: Parents as Money Suppliers , Easter 2008
  18. ↑ a b banaterzeitung.com , Banater Zeitung , Raluca Nelepcu and Olivian Ieremiciu: How the dream becomes a nightmare. Legal drugs with dangerous side effects , February 11, 2010
  19. ↑ taz.de , the daily newspaper , Keno Verseck: Ganz, very down , January 6, 2007
  20. ↑ cms.wigeo-muenchen.de ( Memento from November 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), WiGeo Munich eV, Karl Hennermann, Johannes Rehner: Austria - Hungary - Romania. Report on the excursion from March 18 to April 6, 2003, WRU reports, volume 24, materials and research reports from the Institute for Economic Geography at the University of Munich, Section 21: The St. Andrei Street Children Project in Bucharest , 2004
  21. ↑ a b news.bbc.co.uk , BBC , Glenda Cooper: Romania's blighted street children. September 17, 2004 (English).
  22. ↑ panthersie-fuer-europa.steiermark.at  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Shirin Hooshmandi, Ingrid Teodor: Street children in Bucharest. August 2009@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.panthersie-fuer-europa.steiermark.at  
  23. ↑ child-hood.com , country information Romania
  24. ↑ bonn.mae.ro , Consulate General of Romania, Bonn: Kinderschutz , 2004.
  25. ↑ derstandard.at , Der Standard , Norbert Mappes-Niediek : Romania: Dubiose shops with adoptions. May 23, 2006.
  26. ↑ Sarah Bioly: Children of the Underground. In: taz of July 16, 2016.
  27. ↑ aurora-magazin.at , Georg Sporschill: "Perseverance" or: "The surprise on the second mile"
  28. ↑ Projects , Concordia.or.at, accessed on December 11, 2019.
  29. ↑ a b sevenbuerger.de , TV tip: When I cry, my heart beats. April 29, 2010.
  30. ↑ kinderkulturkarawane.de , KinderKulturKarawane : Clownpower against Indifference - Circus Parada in Bucharest, Romania
  31. ↑ gruene-europa.de  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Petre Ilieșu, Timișoara '89 Foundation (Romanian Fundația Timișoara '89 ), 2005@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.gruene-europa.de  
  32. ↑ independent.co.uk , The Independent , Lucy Banwell: The rat children of Romania - winter bites and the street urchins head for the sewers , January 9, 1994.
  33. ↑ packsofloveoutreach.org ( Memento from August 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive ), Christian website with pictures of street children in Timișoara, 2007.
  34. ↑ rss.archives.ceu.hu ( Memento from July 14, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 3.5 MB), Valentina Teclici: The Resocialization of the street children , 1999
  35. ↑ enken.at (PDF file; 863 kB), Roma and Sinti in Austria, Karl Stojka : Interview with Emred , May 15, 2001.
  36. ↑ a b salvatorianer.at ( Memento from August 12, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), Franz Brugger: Children of the street - people in Romania
  37. ↑ kinderzukunft.ro , homepage of the Rudolph-Walther-Stiftung Kinderzukunft , Timişoara branch.
  38. ↑ kinderzukunft.de , Children's Village Romania celebrates its 15th anniversary.
  39. ↑ kidslovefoundation.de ( Memento from December 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ), Children's Village Romania.
  40. ↑ sds-austria.at , Salvatorian Romania: support street children - P. Jordan House.
  41. ↑ kmf-net.de ( Memento from January 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), circular from the Münster and Saxony regions: Romania trip , December 2009.
  42. ↑ zoro.ro ( Memento from July 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Inquiry about: Child poverty in Romania , June 1, 2012, accessed on August 21, 2012
  43. ↑ angelfire.com , Nadejdea Copiilor din Romania: The history of the farm
  44. ↑ art4peace.ch ( Memento from January 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 109 kB), street children music project in Cluj (Romania)
  45. ↑ ekd.de ( Memento from September 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), Evangelical Church in Germany , Nicole Kiesewetter: Eastern Europe: In need of help despite joining the EU , February 22, 2007
  46. ↑ sos-kinderdorfinternational.org , SOS Children's Village Activities in the State
  47. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung of April 21, 2006
  48. ↑ fundraisingbeobachter.wordpress.com
  49. ↑ http://dondemidoff.blogspot.de/
  50. ↑ depeschedondemidoff.com , Depeche Don Demidoff
  51. ↑ dondemidoff.wordpress.com ( Memento of May 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive ), collection of articles about Don Demidoff
  52. ↑ kirchensumpf.to ( Memento from May 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive ): Don Demidoff
  53. ↑ amnesty.de ( Memento of December 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Amnesty International : Annual Report, Romania , 2004
  54. ↑ temeswar.diplo.de , German Consulate in Timisoara, press evaluation March 16-22, 2009, Renașterea bănăţeană: International Day of Street Children , March 20, 2009
  55. ↑ uebersetzercolloquium.de ( Memento from August 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Vita Henrike Bradiceanu-Persem
  56. ↑ fixpoetry.com , biography Francisca Ricinski