Lipowans
The Lipovans ( Lipovaner , Lippowaner , Lipovener , Russ. Липованы even (Hist.) Старообрядцы, раскольники ) are a Russian-speaking minority, which in Budschak (now Odessa oblast , Ukraine ) and in the Norddobrudscha ( Romania lives).
description
The Lipovans are old-believing Orthodox Christians, live at the mouth of the Danube and speak a very old version of the Russian language . A few thousand Lipovans also live in Bukovina and the Moldova region .
The Lipovans have left Russia since the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich , when, from 1654, on the initiative of Patriarch Nikon , a religious reform was carried out, which they opposed as " Old Believers ". The majority fled by the end of the 17th century - i. H. also under the reign of the subsequent Tsar Fyodor III. , Ivan V and Peter I to avoid persecution as Raskolniki (from raskol / раско́л "church division") and found refuge in the inaccessible areas of the Danube Delta . Initially, the Lipovans settled in southern Bessarabia , then in the transition to the 18th century also in northern Dobruja , which was under Turkish rule at that time.
In particular, due to the oriented cultural approximation of Russia to the rest of Europe policy of Peter I. another flight and expulsion took place, as after the crushing of the Bulawiner uprising in 1708, when Don - Cossack of Ataman Nekrasov from Kuban in the Dobrogea fled. From the middle of the 18th century, the influx of Lipovans into the region is considered complete. The Russian census of 1817 mentioned 1200 Lipovan families in Bessarabia .
Settlement areas
The number of Lipowans worldwide is around 100,000. In Romania, in the 2002 census, 35,791 people stated to be Lipovans. There are tens of thousands of members of this ethnic group in Ukraine as well.
There are important Lipovan communities along the northern bank of the Danube in Budschak . The most important settlement in Ukraine, which is still predominantly Lipovan today, is Wylkowe (Russian Wilkowo / Вилково, Ukrainian Вилкове, Romanian Vâlcov ), located directly on the Ukrainian-Romanian border. There are also larger numbers of Lipovans in Kilija (Russian Килия), Ismajil (Russian Ismail / Измаил) and Nowaja Nekrasowka .
In Romania there are also significant Lipovan communities south of the Danube and in the Danube Delta (North Dobruja ). A settlement focus is the district of Tulcea (Russian Tultscha / Тулча), in which Lipovans make up 6.4% of the population (16,350 people). They often live there concentrated in a few villages, which mostly form ethnic enclaves. In this way, the Lipovans have been able to preserve their language and culture to this day. The majority of Lipowanern inhabited villages in the Tulcea County include Mila 23 (Мила 23) Jurilovca (Журиловка) Slava Cercheza (Черкезская Слава) Slava Rusă (Русская Слава) and Carcaliu (Russian Kamena or Komenka ), another important settlement centers form Sarichioi ( Seriakowo ), Crișan and Mahmudia . The Old Believer Monastery of Uspenia is also located in this Tulcea district . In the city of Tulcea itself there are almost 2000 Lipowans.
In the district of Constanta 6,000 Lipovans live according to official census from the year of 2002. The village Ghindărești (Russian: Новенькое / Novenkoje ), which has almost 2000 inhabitants and is more than 97% inhabited by Lipovans, deserves special mention . In Romania there are now bilingual (Romanian-Russian) place-name signs and addresses on public buildings in many Lipowaner villages. There is also a political party of the Lipovans, the Comunitatea Rusilor Lipoveni din România ("Community of the Russian Lipovans in Romania").
Lipovans can also be found in Moldova , a very small number also live in Bulgaria. A few Lipowans also live in Bukowina and in Pisc , today a district of Brăila , which used to be a village.
Well-known Lipowans
The most famous Lipowans include the canoeists Ivan Patzaichin and Serghei Covaliov , the boxers Calistrat and Simion Cuțov , the secret service agent Mihail Moruzov as well as the writers Nichita Danilov and Alexandra Fenoghen and the actor Vlad Ivanov .
dialect
The dialect of the Lipovans is part of the southwestern dialect of the Russian language with features of the Pskov dialect and loan words from Turkish, Romanian and Ukrainian. There are the following deviations from the standard language (the list is not exhaustive):
- [в] is pronounced before consonants and in the final as [ў];
- Initially, [в] is pronounced before consonants as [у];
- some neuter nouns are masculine or feminine in dialect;
- indefinite article один, одна (based on the Romanian model);
- [ть] instead of [т] in the third person of the verbs (both numbers);
- Perfect and past perfect (formed with predicative transgressive forms ; e.g. рыба попавши в сетку ; мы выросши вместе );
- Auxiliary verb иметь ( мать ) instead of быть ;
- indefinite pronouns ending in -сь , e.g. B. хтось, шось, какаясь, кудысь ;
- Negative form нема ;
- Conjunctions бо, чи ;
- special predicative constructions with passive participles;
- many loan words from the Pskov dialect.
literature
- Filip Ipatiov 2002: Rușii-lipoveni din România. Studiu de geografie umană [The Russian Lipovans in Romania. Human Geographic Study], Cluj-Napoca, Editura Universitară Clujeană, ISBN 973-610-090-1
- Svetlana Moldovan 2004: Comunitatea Rușilor Lipoveni. Ghid de prezentare. Obščina russkich-lipovan [The community of Russian Lipovans. A presentation] , Bucureşti, Editura Ararat, ISBN 973-7727-09-6
- Ion Nistor 1991: Istoria Basarabiei [History of Bessarabia] , Chișinău, Cartea Moldovenească
- Josef Sallanz (Ed.) 2005: The Dobrudscha. Ethnic minorities, cultural landscape, transformation; Results of a field course by the Institute for Geography at the University of Potsdam in south-east Romania , (= practice cultural and social geography; 35), 2nd, revised edition, Potsdam, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, ISBN 3-937786-76-7 ( full text )
- Josef Sallanz 2007: Change in the meaning of ethnicity under the influence of globalization. The Romanian Dobrudscha as an example , (= Potsdam Geographical Research; 26), Potsdam, Universitätsverlag Potsdam, ISBN 978-3-939469-81-0
- Alexandr Varona 2002: Tragedia schismei ruse. Reforma patriarhului Nikon și începuturile staroverilor [The tragedy of the Russian schism. The Reform of the Patriarch Nikon and the Beginnings of the Old Believers] , Bucureşti, Editura Kriterion, ISBN 973-26-0702-5
- Victor Vascenco 2003: Lipovenii. Studii lingvistice [The Lipowans. Linguistic Studies]. Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române, ISBN 973-27-0954-5
Web links
- Website about the Lipovans of Dobruja (Romania) (Romanian-speaking)
- Private travelogue about the Lipowans with some background and lots of pictures
- About the Lipowans (emphasis is placed on the Lipowans of Bukowina)
- Website of the Lipowans from Romania
- Pictures with Lipowaners
- Newspaper article about the Lipowans in Pisc (now a district of Brăila) (Romanian)