Reformation city of Europe

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Reformation City of Europe ( English European City of the Reformation , French Cité européenne de la Réforme ) is an honorary title for European cities that played an important role in the history of the ecclesiastical Reformation initiated by Martin Luther and other Protestant theologians .

CPCE project

The associated initiative was launched on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe (CPCE) in cooperation with European cities. So far 101 cities in 17 European countries have been awarded the honorary title of “Reformation City of Europe” (as of June 1, 2019). The award is associated with the authorization of the cities to use the word and image mark Reformation City of Europe .

list

The title was awarded to the following cities:


city country Reason
Banská Bystrica (Neusohl) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Banská Štiavnica (Schemnitz) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Bardejov (Bartfeld) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Basel Switzerland Basel was due to its humanistic and cultural tradition, founded by the work of Erasmus 'von Rotterdam , Paracelsus ', Sebastian Brants and Hans Holbeins the Elder. J. in the city, early on the Reformation efforts, which through the collaborator Erasmus', Johannes Oekolampad (1482–1531), prevailed in 1522 and made the place a hub for the Reformation developments in Germany, France and Switzerland. In 1535, Basel became the refuge of the reformer Johannes Calvin , who wrote his Institutio Christianae Religionis here .
Berlin Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Bern Switzerland (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Bernburg a. d. Saale Germany The Reformation in the parts of Anhalt-Köthen and Anhalt-Bernburg was introduced in 1525 and 1526 by Prince Wolfgang von Anhalt-Köthen , who had met Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521 . This made his territory the first in the empire to commit to the Reformation. As a result, the prince was a strong advocate of the Reformation doctrine and joined the Torgau and the Schmalkadian League . At the Diet of Speyer in 1529 he was one of the six imperial princes who represented the Protestation in Speyer , and in the following year one of the signatories of the Confessio Augustana .
Brașov (Kronstadt) Romania (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Braunschweig Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Bremen Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Wroclaw (Wroclaw) Poland The reformers and humanists Johann Hess and Ambrosius Moibanus worked in Breslau and organized the transition to the Protestant faith with the help of the city council. By founding the University of the Jesuits, the Habsburg rulers tried to enforce the Counter-Reformation , but had to recognize religious freedom in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . For centuries, the city supported the Protestant believers in neighboring Catholic countries.
Boards Germany Bretten is the city of birth of Philipp Melanchthon (1497–1560). When the Reformation was officially introduced in the Electoral Palatinate in 1556 by Elector Ottheinrich (1502–1559), Protestant teaching had long been accepted in Bretten.
Celle Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Český Těšín (Teschen) Czech Republic Český Těšín was created as a Czech city through the division of the city of Teschen (Czech Těšín, Polish Cieszyn ) in 1920 . For its significance in the history of the Reformation see the section on the town of Cieszyn .
Chur Switzerland Johannes Comander , pastor of the main church St. Martin in Chur since 1523 , was able to enforce the Reformation in the city until 1527, the surrounding area had long strived for independence from the bishop and had founded the Three Leagues for this purpose. With the Ilanz Religious Discussion of 1526, the Reformation confession became equal in Graubünden and Chur became one of its centers, despite the permanent bishopric.
Cieszyn (Teschen) Poland Teschen (Polish. Cieszyn, Czech. Těšín) was a center of the Reformation in Silesia , which spread from Wroclaw in the 1520s. When he took office in 1545, Duke Wenzel Adam from Teschen formally committed himself to the Reformation and issued Protestant school and church regulations in 1568 and 1584. Despite radical recatholicization after the dynasty died out, Cieszyn is the largest Protestant center in predominantly Catholic Poland today. The Teschener Jesuskirche , which was built in 1707 as a church of grace under pressure from the Swedish King Karl XII. was permitted by Emperor Josef I , is the mother church of Protestant Christians in Poland.
Coburg Germany Coburg was Martin Luther's residence for six months during the Reichstag in Augsburg in 1530 . In the castle chapel and the Moriz church , Luther explained the new faith to the Coburg citizens and the electoral parliament embassy. Numerous thematically related documents from the Reformation period are still preserved in the city today.
Crailsheim Germany The Reformation was adopted early in Crailsheim, primarily through the work of Adam Weiß (approx. 1490–1534).
Debrecen Hungary Debrecen became the center of Hungarian Calvinism under the reformed bishop Péter Juhász Méliusz (approx. 1536–1572) and is still this today.
Detmold Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Eisenach Germany After he had been given the imperial ban, Martin Luther was housed in the Wartburg as "Junker Jörg" the next day and thus hidden from possible persecutors. He stayed there until March 1, 1522, translating the New Testament .
Eisleben Germany Place of birth of Luther (cf. the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site.)
Emden Germany Along with Geneva and Wittenberg, Emden was one of the most important sites of the Reformation in the 16th century , as it accepted thousands of religious refugees from the neighboring Netherlands during the Spanish-Dutch War (1568–1648). The reformers Johannes a Lasco , Albert Hardenberg and Menso Alting came from this group .
Erfurt Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Franeker Netherlands (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Geneva (Genève) Switzerland Encouraged by the reformer Guillaume Farel (1489–1565), Geneva joined the Reformation around 1535, but it was only John Calvin (1509–1564) who carried out the movement from 1538 to 1541 after the two reformers were briefly exiled from the city. With the influx of Protestant religious refugees from France, the number of inhabitants doubled in the following years. The city stood for the Reformation throughout Europe and the name "Geneva" became synonymous with Calvinism .
Gennep Netherlands Gennep, then part of the Duchy of Kleve , took in numerous religious refugees from the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France from 1530 and opened the Catholic town church to them for their services. Confessional togetherness in tolerance and cooperation developed over decades. Even if the city has only belonged to the Netherlands since 1815, it was of great importance for the Dutch Reformed Church as a place of exile from 1567 to 1572 . 1660–63 the Reformed City Church was built.
Graz Austria In the 1520s, the Reformation doctrine spread in Graz. The Lutheran theology professor David Chyträus (1530–1600) worked out church regulations and school regulations for the Protestant landscape school, at which Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) taught mathematics from 1594 to 1600 .
Greifswald Germany On July 16, 1531, the Luther supporter Johann Knipstro held the first Protestant sermon in Greifswald's Nikolaikirche at the insistence of the trades and citizens. Knipstro had previously been involved in building the Lutheran Church in Stralsund since 1525. (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site. In 1534, by resolution of the Landtag in Treptow an der Rega, Protestant teaching was declared binding for the entire Duchy of Pomerania. The church regulations were drawn up by Johann Bugenhagen (Luther's companion, who from 1502 to 1504 on from the Artistic Faculty of Greifswald University). The university was reopened as a Protestant university in 1539.)
Guardia Piemontese Italy (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Haderslev (Hadersleben) Denmark The first Danish city where the Reformation was introduced in 1526. After the successful introduction as a pilot project by the heir to the throne Christian , the Reformation in Luther's sense was adopted throughout Denmark, Iceland , Greenland and Norway .
Heidelberg Germany Many later reformers such as Johannes Brenz , Martin Bucer or Martin Frecht met Martin Luther in 1518 at the Heidelberg disputation . The Protestant faith soon spread in Heidelberg. Elector Friedrich III. (1515–1576) turned to Calvinism and in 1563 had one of the most important confessions of the Reformed Church, the “ Heidelberg Catechism ”, created.
Herborn Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Hermann city (Sibiu) Romania (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path.)
Herrnhut Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Idstein Germany By resolution of a synod in Idstein on August 5, 1817, a union between Lutherans and Reformed people came about in the Duchy of Nassau, and thus for the first time in a large-scale state . This was the first time since Luther's time that a solution was found in the sacrament dispute.
Ilanz Switzerland In addition to Davos and Chur, the Reformation “Städtli” Ilanz was the meeting place for the general federal assembly of the Three Leagues . In January 1526 the Ilanz Religious Discussion took place, which promoted the Reformation so that Graubünden became a confessionally mixed state. In the Ilanz articles of June 25, 1526, the rights of the parishes vis-à-vis the Chur bishop were decisively strengthened. The Bündner Synod founded in 1537 by the reformer Johannes Comander (around 1484–1557) is one of the oldest synods in Protestantism .
Jena Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Kampen Netherlands (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Kežmarok (cheese marrow) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Klagenfurt Austria The city of Klagenfurt, which was destroyed by fire in 1514, was donated to the Carinthian estates in 1518 due to a lack of funds for reconstruction by the sovereign Emperor Maximilian I. They joined the Protestant faith in the 16th century and, as a result of the Augsburg Religious Peace of 1555, introduced the Reformation confession in the city. The strength of the estates led Archduke Charles II Franz to tolerate religious freedom in Inner Austria .
Constancy Germany The Council of Constance (1414–1418) condemned the teachings of the Bohemian reformer Jan Hus (approx. 1369–1415) and had him burned at the stake. Martin Luther appealed to Jan Hus when he campaigned for the renewal of the church 100 years later. Constance was one of the evangelical estates that handed over the protest to the Reichstag in Speyer in 1529 , and together with the cities of Strasbourg, Lindau and Memmingen submitted their own Upper German evangelical confession, the " Confessio Tetrapolitana ", to the Reichstag in Augsburg in 1530 .
Košice ( Kosice ) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Kremnica ( Kremnica ) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Levoča (Leutschau) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
La Rochelle France The port city on the Atlantic joined the Reformation in 1559 and was one of the strongholds of the Huguenot Church . At the National Synod of 1571, the basic creed of the French Calvinists, the Confessio Gallicana of 1559, was supplemented, which is why it is also called Confession de La Rochelle . In 1627 the city became a military base for the Huguenots from the French King Louis XIII. forced to give up by a hunger blockade.
Lausanne Switzerland In Lausanne, the Académie de Lausanne, the first Protestant university in the French-speaking area, was established in 1537 after the Protestant Bern had conquered Vaud and appointed the reformer Pierre Viret (1511–1571). In a dispute , he put together with Guillaume Farel (1489–1565), Johann Calvin (1509–1564) and Pierre Caroli (1480–1545) the introduction of the Reformation in the city.
Leipzig Germany In 1519 Martin Luther , Andreas Karlstadt and Philipp Melanchthon met with the Catholic theologian Johannes Eck at the invitation of the university in Pleißenburg for a discussion that went down in history as the Leipzig disputation .
Lemgo Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Ljubljana (Ljubljana) Slovenia In the cathedral of St. Nicholas to Ljubljana, the capital of the Duchy of Krain , preached the early 1530s Primus Truber in Windish (Slovenian) language and the Reformation followed. After his excommunication in 1547 by the Ljubljana bishop Textor, he had to leave the country, whereupon he wrote the catechism in Rothenburg ob der Tauber in 1550 in the Windisch language . He later translated the New Testament into Slovenian.
Locarno Switzerland (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Lyon France (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Marburg Germany With today bears his name Marburg University founded Philip of Hesse , who had introduced the Reformation in his country county in the year 1527, the first Protestant university in the world. In 1529 he invited Martin Luther , Ulrich Zwingli and a number of other reformers to the Marburg Religious Discussion in his castle so that they could settle their quarrel about the Lord's Supper . Even if the unification of the Reformation forces he had hoped for did not succeed, the Marburg Articles are today regarded as the first joint document of Protestantism.
Memmingen Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Minden Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Mühlhausen / Thuringia Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Nantes France (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Neuchâtel NE (Neuchâtel) Switzerland The reformer Guillaume Farel (1489–1565), a French religious refugee, preached the Reformation from 1530. Initially only heard by a few, its following grew strongly and the city joined the Reformation against the resistance of the Counts of Neuchâtel. Numerous Catholic cultural assets were destroyed in an iconoclasm .
Nuremberg Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path.)
Orthez France (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Pau France (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Prešov (Eperies) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Puconci (Putzendorf / Battyánd) Slovenia (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Rašica ( Velike Lašče / Großlaschitz) Slovenia Rašica is the birthplace of Primož Trubars (1508–1586), Protestant preacher and founder of the Slovenian literature as well as the Evangelical Church in Slovenia .
regensburg Germany After a religious conversation with Philipp Melanchthon , Johannes Calvin , Martin Bucer and Johann Pistorius as Protestant participants in 1541, after great resistance, the Reformation was officially introduced in autumn 1542. The radiance of the city in the Danube region led to an early regional center of the Reformation.
Riga Latvia (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Rust Austria (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Sabinov (Zeben) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Sárvár (Kotenburg) Hungary Sárvár (Dt. Kotenburg), also called the "Hungarian Wittenberg", was the center of the Trans-Danubian Reformation under the influential Hungarian magnate and palatine Tamás Nádasdy . The Hungarian translation of the New Testament by János Sylvester was first printed here in 1541. The city is also the place of activity of the most important Hungarian reformer, Mátyás Bíró Dévai .
Schaffhausen Switzerland (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Schmalkalden Germany In the city, which has belonged to the Protestant Landgraviate of Hesse since 1526, the Schmalkaldische Bund was founded in 1530 at the instigation of Landgrave Philipp the Magnanimous , a defense alliance of Protestant territories against the recatholicization pursued by Emperor Charles V. For the Bundestag 1537 Martin Luther wrote the Schmalkaldic Articles , which later became one of the confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church .
Schwabach Germany Five years before the Reformation was officially introduced in the Markgraftum Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1528 , the citizens of the wealthy city had opened up to the Reformation. In 1529 a conference of the reformers from Electoral Saxony and the Franconian and Upper German area took place here, for which Martin Luther wrote the Schwabach articles to determine the position . They became one of the most important models for the Confessio Augustana of 1530, the basic confession of Lutheranism.
Schwäbisch Hall Germany The preacher Johannes Brenz (1499–1570), appointed by the city council in 1525 , gradually introduced the Reformation over the next 26 years. The Reformer was after his flight because of the defeat of Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War in 1548 with the organization of the Reformation in the Protestant duchy Württemberg entrusted.
black Austria (See CPCE project site.)
Sopron (Ödenburg) Hungary (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Speyer Germany There were arguments in the city on two diets (1527 and 1529) about the tolerance of the Protestant faith. When the toleration was to be revoked at the second Reichstag, six evangelical princes and the representatives of 14 free cities refused to give up their faith against the Catholic majority in the Reichstag ( Protestation zu Speyer ) and thus laid the foundation for religious freedom - initially reserved for the sovereigns .
Spišská Nová Ves (Zipser Neudorf) Slovakia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
St Andrews United Kingdom ( Scotland ) (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
St. Gallen Switzerland In St. Gallen there were power struggles for a long time between the Reformation and Catholic forces, which led to the construction of an arbitration wall in the city in 1566 to separate the followers of the denominations. This wall existed until 1818 and separated the Catholic from the Protestant district. In contrast to other cities, the Reformation began with lay people, the merchant Joachim von Watt (1484–1551) and the saddler Johannes Kessler (around 1502–1574), who had, however, studied theology, unwittingly also Luther in his disguise as “Junker Jörg “Had met and had argued with him.
St. Polten Austria (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Steyr Austria In Steyr, the second largest city in Austria in the 16th century, the reform movement of the Waldensians had already met with great approval in the Middle Ages . Against the will of the bishop, the city fathers repeatedly called evangelical preachers, including the Anabaptist leader Hans Hut . The Evangelical City School had a great impact. The suppression of Protestantism in the city, which was almost completely Protestant in 1600, led to the emigration of many residents and thus to the economic decline of the city.
Strasbourg France Strasbourg came into contact with the Reformation early on through the sermons of Matthew Zell . The reformer Martin Bucer finally brought about the transition of the city to the Protestant faith. In 1530 the city and three other cities presented the Protestant creed Confessio Tetrapolitana for the Reichstag in Augsburg .
Tallinn (Reval) Estonia Under the name Reval, the port city, which was shaped by German merchants, was an important station in the Baltic Sea trade . Sympathy for the Reformation showed up early; Martin Luther's letter to his followers in Livonia in 1523 was also addressed to Reval. In 1524 the city council took the side of the evangelical preachers and restricted Catholic worship. With the annexation to Sweden in 1561, the Lutheran orientation consolidated. In the 200 years in which Estonia belonged to the Russian Empire , Lutheranism was an important element of national identity.
Tartu (Dorpat) Estonia (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Torgau Germany Torgau was the political center of the Reformation with Hartenfels Castle. Martin Luther inaugurated the palace chapel in 1544 as the first Protestant church to be built. Torgau was also the first stop for the nun Katharina von Bora , who later became Martin Luther's wife, on her escape from the Nimbschen monastery. In Torgau, together with Philipp Melanchthon , Justus Jonas and Johannes Bugenhagen, in the rectory of the Torgau Superintendent, Luther wrote the Torgau Articles as the basis for the Confessio Augustana .
Torre Pellice Italy (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Tübingen Germany The University of Tübingen played a decisive role in the development of humanism and the Protestant educational tradition. Philipp Melanchthon came from her school and in the second half of the 16th century she had the most important theological faculty. The Lutheran Agreement , which led to the unification of the divided Lutheran camps, was based on the sermons of Jakob Andreae in the collegiate church .
Turku (Åbo) Finland The Reformation in Finland goes back to a decision to introduce it at the Swedish Diet of Västerås in 1527. Turku had been Finland's Reformation center since 1523 and was home to the reformers Petrus Särkilahti and Mikael Agricola (approx. 1510–1557), who in 1554 became the city's first Lutheran bishop after studying in Wittenberg.
Ulm Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Venice (Venezia) Italy (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Villach Austria Villach is an early center of the Reformation in Austria, especially due to Georg Krainer , the son of the village who studied in Wittenberg . Because of counter-reformation measures, the evangelical believers had to secretly live their faith for six generations. Rock carvings in the Eggerloch testify to secret services during this time.
Waidhofen a. d. Ybbs Austria (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Wertheim Germany (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Vienna Austria The capital of Austria embodied, on the one hand, as an imperial residence city, a Catholic antithesis to the Reformation, but on the other hand, it was inclined to study for the later reformers Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) and Joachim von Watt (1484–1551). Already in 1522 took place in St. Stephen's Cathedral by Paul Speratus (1484-1551), a Protestant sermon instead, followed by his excommunication . Other fellow believers were executed, but the Reformation found more and more supporters among the local nobility. At the end of the 16th century, three quarters of the Viennese population were Protestant.
Wittenberg Germany Lutherstadt Wittenberg is known as the cradle of the Reformation. Luther, who was appointed professor at Wittenberg University in 1512, triggered the Reformation with his criticism of the church's indulgences and penitential practice on the eve of All Saints Day in 1517.
Woerden Netherlands (See the city ​​portrait on the CPCE project site.)
Wolfsburg Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
Worms Germany At the Diet in Worms in 1521, Martin Luther had to answer to Emperor Charles V for his teaching and persistently refused to revoke it, supported by the princely patrons. The city adopted Protestant doctrine quickly after the Reichstag itself and became a center of Reformation printing in the 1520s.
Wuppertal Germany In Wuppertal, during the Nazi era, representatives of the confessing church held the Barmen Confession Synod in the former city of Barmen , which tried to fend off the Nazi conquest of the Evangelical Church. The commitment to the Reformation principles contrary to the state claim was reflected in the 1935 Barmer Declaration . Today it is one of the foundations of the creed of numerous Protestant regional churches. But even in the previous decades, numerous theologians in the valley of the Wupper grappled with the position of the Protestant Church on state and social conditions. The Elberfeld Bible , which originated in the then independent city of Elberfeld in the 19th century, is an important German translation of the Bible.
Zurich Switzerland Through the work of Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) as a folk priest at Zurich's Grossmünster from 1519, Zurich became the cradle of the reformed wing of the Reformation. From 1522 Zwingli convinced the city council through theological disputes, which took over the Reformation in 1525. The biblical interpretation of the Hebrew and Greek original text through daily meetings of scholars in the Grossmünster, the so-called “prophecy”, led to a different exegesis than in the Wittenberg school. The Zurich Bible was created . Zwingli's successor Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575) reached an agreement in the religious dispute between the followers of Zwingli and Calvin and established the common doctrinal basis of the Reformed churches with the Helvetian confessions of 1536 and 1566 .
Zwickau Germany (See the city ​​portrait in CPCE project site and the city ​​portrait in the project site for the European Station Path .)
city country Reason

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Reformation Cities of Europe. In: reformation-cities.org. Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe CPCE, accessed on October 23, 2017 .
  2. ↑ To Banská Bystrica: Reformation city Banská Bystrica. Slovakia. Confession in the mountains. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  3. ^ To Banská Štiavnica: Reformation town Banská Štiavnica. Slovakia. Gold and silver. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  4. ↑ Bardejov. In: r2017.org, accessed October 23, 2017.
  5. ^ On Basel: Reformation history from the 15th to the 21st century: CPCE General Assembly Basel 2018. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Reformationsstadt Basel. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  6. ↑ On Berlin: Make 2 out of 1. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on September 1, 2017.
  7. ↑ Reformation City Berlin. In: r2017.org, accessed March 9, 2017.
  8. ^ To Bern: Pastors, politicians, merchants and artists as driving forces. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on September 14, 2016.
  9. ↑ Bern. Reformation city of Bern. In: r2017.org, accessed on September 14, 2016.
  10. ↑ To Bernburg a. d. Saale: Where even the prince can fit through the narrow gate. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Bernburg. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  11. ^ To Brașov (Kronstadt): A solid castle. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on October 23, 2017.
  12. ^ On Braunschweig: Reformation of the Citizens. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  13. ↑ To Bremen: Close the cathedral, the Reformation is coming! In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on October 21, 2016.
  14. ↑ Bremen. In: r2017.org, accessed on September 14, 2016.
  15. ^ Reformation City Wrocław / Breslau. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Wroclaw. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  16. ↑ To Bretten: Melanchthon's home. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Bretten. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  17. ↑ To Celle: Steps of the Princes into a New Era. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed March 9, 2017.
  18. ↑ a b Cieszyn, the city of the Reformation. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Cieszyn. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  19. ↑ To Chur: A special interplay of religion and politics - until today. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Chur. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  20. ^ Reformation city of Coburg. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Coburg. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  21. ^ Reformation city Crailsheim. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Crailsheim. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  22. ↑ On Debrecen: Reformed - also thanks to the Ottomans. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Debrecen as “Calvinist Rome”. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  23. ^ To Detmold: Unity in reconciled diversity. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  24. ↑ Lemgo. Detmold / Lemgo - Free together. In: r2017.org, accessed on September 14, 2016.
  25. ↑ To Eisenach: Where Luther translated the Bible. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 10, 2017.
    Eisenach. Luther from the Wartburg into the world. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  26. ↑ On Lutherstadt Eisleben: “That is why I am”. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on November 22, 2016.
  27. ↑ To Emden: Traces of the Reformation are present. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Emden. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  28. ↑ To Erfurt: The birthplace of the Reformation. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 10, 2017.
  29. ^ To Franeker: Peaceful Frisians. In: reformation-cities.org/cities, accessed on October 23, 2017 (on Franeker's Reformation history).
  30. ↑ To Geneva: "Send us wood - we will send you arrows". In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Genève. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  31. ↑ Gennep - a safe haven for everyone. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
  32. ^ To Graz: to emigrate or become a Catholic. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Graz. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  33. ↑ On Greifswald: "You are honorable". In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 9, 2016.
  34. ^ To Guardia Piemontese: Where Occitan is still spoken today. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  35. ^ To Haderslev: Haderslev - the "Wittenberg of the North". In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on 11 March 2017th
  36. ^ To Heidelberg: Where the Reformed Walled themselves in. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 11, 2017.
    Heidelberg. In: r2017.org, accessed on September 1, 2017th
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  67. ^ To Neuchâtel NE (Neuchâtel): Reformation city Neuchâtel. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  68. ^ To Nuremberg: Loyalty to the emperor and confession of faith. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
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  72. ^ To Prešov: Reformation town Prešov. Slovakia. Heidelberg of the East. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on June 3, 2019.
  73. ^ To Puconci: The public among the secret Protestants. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
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  86. ^ To Schwaz: Reformation city Schwaz. Austria. Miners, Anabaptists and Hutterites. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
  87. ↑ On Sopron: In the shadow of Vienna. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  90. ^ To Spišská Nová Ves: Reformation town Spišská Nová Ves. Slovakia. Spiš denomination. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on June 3, 2019.
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  94. ↑ On Steyr: Waldenser, Barfüßer, Anabaptist ... In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  96. ↑ On Tallinn: Juhan Kreem, Tallinn City Archives: Where the wide horizon stays, even when the sea freezes over. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  103. ↑ To Venice: Invisible Church. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on October 23, 2017.
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  105. ^ To Villach: Reformation city Villach. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  106. ↑ To Waidhofen a. d. Ybbs: Evangelical despite the Catholic landlord. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 10, 2017.
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  108. ^ To Vienna: A metropolis as a city of the Reformation. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  111. ↑ On Wolfsburg: Wolfsburg - young and tolerant from ages. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
  112. ↑ Wolfsburg. “Co-creator man. Rediscover work ”. In: r2017.org, accessed on September 14, 2016.
  113. ^ To Worms: Reformation City Worms. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
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  114. ↑ To Wuppertal: The Reformation and its impact history until today. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 13, 2017.
    Wuppertal. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
  115. ^ On Zurich: Rice walking, sausage eating, prophecy in the "mother city of the Reformed churches". In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on March 12, 2017.
    Reformation city of Europe and the world: Zurich Reformation in brief. In: r2017.org, accessed September 1, 2017.
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