Herrnhut
coat of arms | Germany map | |
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Coordinates: 51 ° 1 ′ N , 14 ° 45 ′ E |
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Basic data | ||
State : | Saxony | |
County : | Goerlitz | |
Height : | 344 m above sea level NHN | |
Area : | 74.13 km 2 | |
Residents: | 5837 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
Population density : | 79 inhabitants per km 2 | |
Postcodes : | 02747 (Berthelsdorf, Großhennersdorf, Herrnhut, Rennersdorf, Strahwalde) | |
Area code : | 035873 | |
License plate : | GR, LÖB, NOL, NY, WSW, ZI | |
Community key : | 14 6 26 180 | |
LOCODE : | DE HH4 | |
City structure: | Core city, 12 districts | |
City administration address : |
Löbauer Strasse 18 02747 Herrnhut |
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Website : | ||
Mayor : | Willem Riecke (HL Herrnhuter List) | |
Location of the city of Herrnhut in the district of Görlitz | ||
Herrnhut ( Ochranov in Czech ) is a country town in the Saxon district of Görlitz in Upper Lusatia . Centrally located between the cities of Löbau and Zittau , it is known as the founding place of the Moravian Brethren , for the production of the Moravian stars and international missionary work.
In 2016, Herrnhut was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
history
The establishment of Herrnhut on the "Hut (s) berg" near Bautzen is thanks to the generosity and personal commitment of Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf . In 1722 he had granted Czech brothers , religious refugees from Moravia , admission to his estate in Berthelsdorf .
But the story of Herrnhut begins much earlier. In 1457 one of the first Protestant churches in Bohemia, the Unitas Fratrum or Brothers Unity, was built . The “Bohemian Brothers” cited the reformer Jan Hus , who was burned as a heretic in Constance in 1415 . Only the statements of the Bible should apply to their community. As a result of the Counter Reformation , they came as religious refugees to the estate of Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf in Upper Lusatia at the beginning of the 18th century . He granted them asylum. In accordance with their pronounced religiosity, they placed their community under the "care of the Lord Jesus" and called their colony Herrnhut, as it is called in the first documentary mention, a letter from the estate manager Heitz, and in Christian David's prayer for the cultivation of the place ( Psalm 84.4 LUT ).
The charisma of this new working and living community reached people from other churches in a very short time. This is due not least to the special gifts of Count Zinzendorf, who further developed his theology , which was shaped by Pietism . After his death in 1760 he bequeathed the castle and the estate to the brothers.
Due to immigration, Herrnhut became an administrative municipality in the 18th century. It gained independence in 1895 and received city rights in 1929.
On May 9, 1945 - one day after the end of the war in Europe - a large part of the buildings in Herrnhut fell victim to the arson by Soviet soldiers .
In 1994 the neighboring municipality of Ruppersdorf / OL was incorporated with its districts of Schwan and Ninive. On January 1, 2010, the over-indebted community of Strahwalde followed with its district of Friedensthal, and on January 1, 2011, the neighboring community of Großhennersdorf with its districts of Euldorf, Heuscheune, Neundorf auf dem Eigen and Schönbrunn. On January 1, 2013, the municipality of Berthelsdorf followed with the Rennersdorf / OL district
Population development
year | 1834 | 1871 | 1890 | 1910 | 1925 | 1939 | 1946 | 1950 | 1964 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2012 | 2013 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
Residents | 899 | 1092 | 1139 | 1364 | 1664 | 1627 | 2024 | 2025 | 1808 | 1754 | 2842 | 4963 | 6336 | 6335 | 6097 | 6033 | 5981 |
After the Saxon state recession in 1777, Herrnhut had 76 houses.
The population rose to over 1000 in the middle of the 19th century and reached the 2000 mark in the years after the Second World War . Since the 1950s, there has been a population decline that could only be compensated by the incorporation.
religion
Herrnhut is the headquarters of the Moravian Brethren Church (Evangelical Brothers Unity), which is represented as a church under the name Moravian Church in 30 countries and still carries out missionary work today. The Roman Catholic Church is represented in Herrnhut with the St. Bonifatius Church, consecrated in 1956 . Furthermore, the Christian Center Herrnhut has existed since 1999, an evangelical free church with a charismatic character . There are Evangelical Lutheran parishes in the districts of Ruppersdorf, Großhennersdorf, Berthelsdorf and Strahwalde. In addition, there has been a youth center with a mission in the Ruppersdorf district since 2004 .
politics
City council
The city council consists of 16 councils. The local elections on May 26, 2019 led to the following result with a voter turnout of 64.5% (+ 9.2% compared to 2014):
Party / list | Share of votes | +/-% p | Seats | +/- |
HL Herrnhuter List | 46.3% | - 3.6 | 9 | - 1 |
CDU | 21.2% | - 3.7 | 4th | - 1 |
AfD | 16.0% | + 16.0 | 1 | + 1 |
Citizens Movement | 8.9% | - 0.8 | 1 | - 1 |
The left | 5.5% | - 1.2 | 1 | ± 0 |
SPD | 2.1% | - 0.5 | 0 | - |
coat of arms
Blazon : "In silver a blue unicorn , on ita three-arched blue round tower with a circumferential roof balustrade and a central flat-cone-roofed top with an arrow-shaped silver- black wind vane within a central (heraldic) open surrounding wall ." | |
Founding of the coat of arms: The Moravian coat of arms in this form has existed since 1980. In 1929, the place received a new coat of arms with the altar-like observation tower on the Hutberg as a striking landmark of the city. The older coat of arms: "In silver on a green single mountain, a blue round tower with a central entrance , three-arched outer wall, roof balustrade and a central, flat-cone-roofed attachment with a golden tower ball and cross ". The tower core could be seen behind the arch openings , while the more modern coat of arms shows the silver shield background in the arches.
In the 19th century there was a completely different coat of arms: "Argent, a anvil on growing wood stump in natural colors and perspective view , horizontally placed a black mittens and a black hammer . With auwärtsgekehrten stems in natural colors" The coat of arms was consistent with the Waldensian movement in Connection. |
Community partnerships
There are partnerships between Herrnhut and the municipalities of Bad Boll in Baden-Württemberg , Suchdol nad Odrou in the Czech Republic and Karlstetten in Lower Austria .
geography
City structure
With the incorporation of the municipalities of Ruppersdorf, Strahwalde, Großhennersdorf and Berthelsdorf, the city of Herrnhut now has twelve districts in addition to the core town:
- Herrnhut (original city)
- Nineveh
- Ruppersdorf
- swan
- Friedensthal
- Strahwalde
- Euldorf
- Großhennersdorf
- Hay barn
- Neundorf on the property
- Schönbrunn
- Berthelsdorf
- Rennersdorf
Economy and Transport
Companies
- Herrnhuter Sterne, manufactory-like presentation for the production of the world-famous Moravian Star
- Abraham Dürninger & Co. GmbH , textile company, carpentry and grocery store
- Gustav Winter, printing and publishing company
- Herrnhuter Diakonie, Foundation of the Evangelical Brothers Unity, Moravian Brothers Congregation
- Comenius bookstore, book and music store, stationery , cultural events, publisher
education
- Evangelical Zinzendorf schools in Herrnhut , grammar school and high school with grades 5 to 12.
- Herrnhut Academy for Political and Cultural Education
traffic
For a long time, federal highway 178 ran directly through the city center. Due to the high traffic load, also due to the accession of the Czech Republic to the European Union , a road construction project for a new route of the B 178 is in planning, large parts of which have already been completed, which connects Herrnhut between Löbau and Zittau to relieve traffic. The through road leading through the town center (Löbauer Str. / Zinzendorfplatz / Zittauer Str.), Now the K 8610 , still has a high volume of traffic.
Passenger traffic on the Zittau – Herrnhut – Löbau line was discontinued in 1998, and freight traffic was discontinued in 2002.
Until 1945, the Herrnhut station was the starting point for a narrow-gauge railway to Bernstadt , which was then dismantled as a reparation payment for the Soviet Union.
Culture and sights
- Herrnhut Castle, built 1725–1727 by Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf , rebuilt in 1748 and 1781
- Vogtshof from 1730, expanded like a castle in 1746, seat of the Evangelical Brothers Unity, European Continental Province , with the conference room on the first floor, in which the slogans of the Moravian Brethren are drawn every year
- Church hall (large hall) of the Brethren from 1756, Baroque (destroyed 1945, rebuilt 1951–1953)
- University archive with library and reading room, occasionally lectures and symposia
- Guild house with sales exhibitions of the Moravian artists' guild
- Churchyard of the Moravian Church on Hutberg with the graves of the family Zinzendorf
- Sculpture path between Herrnhut and Großhennersdorf
Museums
- Museum of Ethnology, Herrnhut
- Moravian Local History Museum
Buildings
- the Vogtshof, Zittauer Str. 20
- the widow's house, Zinzendorfplatz No. 6-7
- baroque town houses, for example the "Holländerhaus", August-Bebel-Str. 5
- the Zinzendorfplatz with its buildings
- the university archive , Zittauer Straße 24
- Building of the local history museum, Comeniusstr. 6th
- Gardens of the town houses
- Dürninger-Garten, corner of August-Bebel-Strasse and Goethestrasse
- Forest swimming pool in Herrnhut
- Moated castle in the Ruppersdorf district
- the arbor, originally a wooden pavilion built in 1725 above the Gottesackers on the Hutberg (landmark of the city), a tower building in 1790, completely new building in 1908, repairs in 2001 and 2013
Personalities
- Christian David (1692–1751), founder of Herrnhut and missionary of the Moravian Brethren
- Niklaus von Wattenwyl (1695–1783), Swiss banker and pietist
- Friedrich von Wattenwyl (1700–1777), Bishop of the Moravian Brethren
- Erdmuthe Dorothea von Zinzendorf (1700–1756), pietist and hymn poet
- Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1700–1760), Lutheran-Pietist self-taught theologian, poet, founder and bishop of the Moravian Brethren
- Heinrich Giller (1701–1764), Swiss businessman and member of the Moravian Brethren
- August Gottlieb Spangenberg (1704–1792), second founder of the Evangelical Brethren Union
- Abraham Dürninger (1706–1773), businessman, deacon and brother of Moravian
- Jonathan Briant (1726–1810), founder of the Danish Brethren Christiansfeld
- Gustaf Dalman (1855–1941), theologian and Palestine researcher. His grave is in the cemetery of the Moravian Brethren in Herrnhut
- Otto Uttendörfer (1870–1954), theologian and ornithologist, achieved merits through systematic studies of the diet of European birds of prey and owls
- David Gill (* 1966), Head of the Office of the Federal President under Joachim Gauck with the rank of State Secretary
Sons and daughters of the place
- Renatus von Zinzendorf (1727–1752), hymn poet
- Christian Friedrich Quandt (1766–1806), doctor and writer
- Ernst Christian August von Gersdorff (1781–1852), Minister of State of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenachs, diplomat and participant in the Congress of Vienna
- Heinrich August von Gersdorff (1793–1870), lawyer and homeopath
- Heinrich August Jäschke (1817–1883), missionary, linguist and orientalist
- Adolf Heinrich Lier (1826–1882), landscape painter
- Hugo Theodor Christoph (1831-1894), entomologist
- Martin Eugen Beck (1833–1903), paramentist
- Oskar von Dolega-Kozierowski (1850–1928), Prussian district administrator and district president
- Theo Schmuz-Baudiß (1859–1942), painter, ceramist and porcelain designer; artistic director of the Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin
- Herbert Fischer (1914–2006), Ambassador of the GDR to India
- Martin Clemens (* 1939), Saxon politician (CDU) and former member of the Saxon state parliament
- Lutz Wicke (1943–2017), environmental economist, university lecturer and State Secretary
- Volkmar Wirth (* 1943), botanist, former director of the state museum for natural history in Karlsruhe
- Lothar Schöne (* 1949), journalist and writer
Others
Herrnhut is also known for the Moravian Stars , which have been produced for 150 years and are now a popular Christmas decoration.
Moravian paste paper , a colored paper that was produced in the Brethren, was widely used . Initially it was a by-product of textile production, whereby the colors used for the cloth (mainly indigo blue - woad was grown in Lusatia -, red and olive) were used for single-colored paste paper . The paper was unique due to its monochrome color and the geometric patterns applied to it, which were created with different tools (combs, sticks).
An apple variety that is widespread in Germany today, the Schöne von Herrnhut, comes from Herrnhut .
literature
- Herrnhut and the new Evangelical Brethren Church presented historically. In memory of June 17, 1722 or the centenary celebration of the cultivation of this community place. Johann Gottfried Seyfert, Zittau 1822 ( digitized version ).
- Between Löbau and Herrnhut (= values of the German homeland . Volume 56). 1st edition. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-7400-0935-7 .
- Guido Burkhardt: Guide through Herrnhut and its surroundings. Dürninger, Herrnhut 1897 ( digitized version ).
- Wilfried Ehbrecht , Peter Johanek , Jürgen Lafrenz (Eds.): German Historical City Atlas. No. 3: Herrnhut & Herrnhuter settlements. Institute for Comparative Urban History, Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-87023-275-7 .
- Cornelius Gurlitt : Herrnhut. In: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony. 34. Issue: Official Authority Löbau . CC Meinhold, Dresden 1910, p. 176.
- Kurt Hager: Herrnhut. In: Messages from the Saxon Homeland Security Association . Volume XXV, issue 1–4 / 1936, Dresden 1936, pp. 61–81.
- Lucia Henke: Commerce is changing. 120 years of the Comenius bookstore in Herrnhut. 1898-2018 . Comenius-Buchhandlung, Herrnhut 2018, ISBN 978-3-945933-10-7 .
- Enno Kayser: Garden houses in Herrnhut - gems in the green. CopY-Blitz-Dokument-Management, Halle 2010, ISBN 978-3-939468-12-7 .
- G. Korschelt: Addendum to the history of Herrnhut. W. Pahl'sche Buchhandlung, Zittau 1859, OCLC 23110207 ( digitized version ).
- Falk Lorenz: Fields of Reflection. Gottesacker Herrnhut and an axis in the landscape. Herrhut Gardens. In: Ernst Panse (ed.): Park guide through Upper Lusatia. Lusatia Verlag, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-929091-56-9 , pp. 203-210.
- Dietrich Meyer : Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren 1700–2000 (= Small Series V & R. Bd. 4019). Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000, ISBN 3-525-34019-2 .
- Frank Seeliger: "One beats us and the other brings us religion ...". An ethnohistorical study of foreign experiences in the second half of the 19th century in the Tibetan Buddhist West Himalayan region of Lahoul from the perspective of Moravian missionaries. Herrnhuter Verlag, Herrnhut 2003, ISBN 3-931956-17-2 (Zugl .: Ulm, Univ., Diss., 2002).
- Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism. The Moravian Brethren in the GDR (= Critical Studies in History . Volume 186 ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-525-37007-0 , p. 345 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search). (Also: Dissertation, University of Cologne, 2008).
- Herrnhut . In: August Schumann : Complete State, Post and Newspaper Lexicon of Saxony. 4th volume. Schumann, Zwickau 1817, pp. 24-38.
Web links
- Website of the city of Herrnhut
- Herrnhut. Old Moravian postcards. (No longer available online.) In: alt-herrnhut.de. Fischer's bookstore, archived from the original on November 10, 2016 .
- Franz Kadell : Reformation places in Central Germany: Herrnhut. From a small place out into the big wide world. (No longer available online.) In: mdr.de. MDR , archived from the original on September 30, 2016 (series “Reformation 2017 - Places”; on the history of the place and the Evangelical Brothers Unity).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Population of the Free State of Saxony by municipalities on December 31, 2019 ( help on this ).
- ↑ Cf. the city portrait in the CPCE project site on Herrnhut: Reformation City Herrnhut. Germany. A common (d) e of the world. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on October 4, 2017. - For the significance of Herrnhut in the history of the Reformation, see the sections on local history and religion .
- ^ Max Döllner : History of the development of the city of Neustadt an der Aisch up to 1933. Ph. C. W. Schmidt, Neustadt a. d. Aisch 1950, OCLC 42823280 ; New edition to mark the 150th anniversary of the Ph. C. W. Schmidt publishing house, Neustadt an der Aisch 1828–1978. Ibid 1978, ISBN 3-87707-013-2 , p. 356, note 25.
- ↑ Recent history. In: herrnhut.de, accessed on August 14, 2018.
- ↑ StBA: Changes in the municipalities of Germany, 2010. In: destatis.de, accessed on August 14, 2018.
- ↑ a b Herrnhut in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony .
- ^ City of Herrnhut: State Statistical Office of the Free State of Saxony - Results of the city council election in Herrnhut 2019 , accessed on February 17, 2020
- ↑ Herrnhut. Heraldry of the World - German coat of arms (municipality coat of arms / district coat of arms). In: ngw.nl/heraldrywiki, accessed November 9, 2016.
- ↑ Herrnhut. Heraldry of the World - German coat of arms (municipality coat of arms / district coat of arms). In: ngw.nl/heraldrywiki, accessed November 9, 2016.
- ↑ Herrnhut Academy. In: akademie-herrnhut.de, accessed on October 4, 2017.
- ↑ The balcony on the website of the Evangelical Brothers Church in Herrnhut, accessed on November 9, 2016.
- ↑ Erdmute D. Frank: Discovering Herrnhut, four city tours in Herrnhut. Comenius-Buchhandlung, Herrnhut 2016, ISBN 978-3-945933-02-2 , p. 40.