European-Continental Province of the Brotherhood

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European Continental Province (EFBU)
Europese Continentale Provincie
European Continental Province
AgnusDeiWindow.jpg
church Ev. Brethren Church (EBU)
Country Albania , Denmark ,
Germany , Estonia ,
Latvia , Netherlands ,
Sweden and Switzerland
Seat Bad Boll , Herrnhut and Zeist
Inventory period since 1857
surface 1,071,907 km² (2013)
Districts none
1946–1992: two
Member communities 24 (2012)
Law firms and missions 13 (2012)
Residents 127,390,365 (2012)
Common members 30,000 (2011)
Share of community members
in the population		 0.02354% (2011)
website http://www.ebu.de/

The European-Continental Province of the Brothers Union ( Dutch Europese Continentale Provincie van de Broedergemeente ; English European Continental Province of the Moravian Church ) is one of the 19 church provinces of the Moravian-Bohemian Evangelical Brethren Church (EBU, also Brothers Unity, Latin Unitas Fratrum ). There are also six mission provinces.

The name of the European Continental Province comes from the fact that it includes parishes and other forms of community in eight different European countries ( Albania , Denmark , Germany , Estonia , Latvia , the Netherlands , Sweden and Switzerland ) with a good 30,000 members. Other provinces in Europe are the British and Czech Province of the Brethren .

Structure, tasks and organs

The European Continental Province comprises 24 fraternal parishes, 16 of them in Germany, seven in the Netherlands and one in Denmark, as well as 13 other forms of community, such as societies and missions , of which five are in Switzerland, three in Germany, two in Sweden, and the missions in Albania, Estonia and Latvia, which are not subdivided but are active throughout the country. Societies are groups of community members who, in cooperation with congregations of other church communities, often with double membership, maintain faith and fraternal tradition. In addition, the province maintains six mission organizations , the Brāļu draudzes misja in Latvia, the Brødremenighedens Danske Mission , the Föreningen Evangeliska Brödrakyrkans Vänner in Sweden, the Moravian Mission Aid , the Mission21 in Switzerland and the Zeister Zendingsgenootschap in the Netherlands.

The Provinciaal Bestuur (back) in the Broederhuis in Zeist

Parishes and other forms of community elect delegates for the Synod of the European Continental Province , which meets every two years and is the highest legislative organ of the province. The synod elects its synodal board and committees for specific tasks. The intersynodal finance committee, made up of volunteers, manages the finances of the ecclesiastical province. The synod also elects representatives for the unity synod (general synod until 1957) of the universal church, which meets every seven years. The provincial synod elects a provincial church leadership for the European continental province for six years each, the unity directorate , which is divided into five departments, with its departments divided into the three places Bad Boll (Unitätshaus), Herrnhut (Vogtshof) and Zeist ( Dutch Provinciaal Bestuur ; ie Provincial Administration). The directorate oversees the mission agencies, the supra-church services and institutions, as well as church congregations and other forms of communion. Representatives of the management are involved in the governing bodies of affiliated but independent foundations.

Shaped by Pietism , the province and its member communities are involved in their area, like the Brethren around the world, in pastoral care, in education, in helping the poor, caring for the elderly and the sick. The province's supraregional services include the drawing of the Moravian Slogans and their publication, youth work , sister work, the maintenance of church music , public relations work , fundraising and the representation of the fraternal community.

The non-independent institutions include schools in Königsfeld in the Black Forest , Tossens and Zeist , six kindergartens, the Herrnhut conference and recreation center and the Sonnenschein arming center in Ebersdorf . The Diakonissenhaus Emmaus Foundation in Niesky , the Herrnhuter Diakonie Foundation (care for the elderly, assistance for the handicapped, education as well as hospice and palliative work at four locations in Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt), the Zinzendorf Gymnasium in Herrnhut are legally and statutorily independent, but linked to the Brethren as well as six companies, including Abraham Dürninger GmbH & Co. , a textile printing company, and Herrnhuter Sterne GmbH.

Memberships

The province cultivates intensive ecumenical relations and a. through their membership in the Conference of European Churches , the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe (Leuenberg Church Community ), the World Council of Churches , and the Evangelical Alliance . The province is also a guest member of the Association of Evangelical Free Churches .

history

The General Synod, the supreme legislative and representative body of the entire Brethren, set up the Unity Directorate as church leadership in 1764 . In 1769 the university directorate was reorganized as the university elders' conference (UAC). In the period between two successive general synods, the UAC formed the leadership and supervision of the worldwide Brethren.

The Moraven, strengthened personally through successful missions and positive birth development, demanded greater self-determination for the Brethren in North America and Moravian centralism, which was perceived as less dominant. In 1818 the Moraven did not get through to the General Synod with their request. But the new Unity Constitution of 1857 took their wishes into account by dividing the universal Church into ecclesiastical provinces, the British, North American North and North American South provinces were re-established, and the Brethren in Europe (excluding Britain) now formed the European-Continental Province. Each province was legally and financially independent. While a conference of elders provincial (PAC) was set up for each of the first three provinces, the UAC of the universal church also acted as the provincial leadership for the European-Continental Province.

The Vogtshof in Herrnhut, since 1913 the seat of the European-Continental University Directorate

The General Synod dissolved the UAC in its previous form in 1899 and replaced it with the Unity Directorate. Since then, the management of the European continental province has been with the university administration in Herrnhut in Saxony. The leadership of the whole church lies with the Unity Board. In 1924 the Brethren joined the German Evangelical Church Federation (DEKB) as an associate member .

The Great Depression from the end of the 1920s forced the European Continental Province to make savings, which included several flat-rate cuts in salaries until 1932. The number of synodals was also reduced. In 1932 the fraternities united to form the Association of Brethren for the purpose of mutual support .

During the Nazi era, many members of the community conformed to and loyal to the dictatorial regime, and many were also National Socialists. With the transfer of the German Evangelical Church Federation to the German Evangelical Church (DEK) in 1933, the association of the Brethren was transferred to it; their representatives took part in the national synods of the DEK in 1933 and 1934. But in October 1933, at the eighth Young Theologians' Conference of the Brethren, young fraternal theologians rejected the claim to totality of National Socialism and Hitler and claimed the central leadership function for Jesus of Nazareth. The Unity Direction, on the other hand, welcomed the takeover of power by the Nazis and praised the great support for the NSDAP in local fraternal communities such as Gnadenfrei and Kleinwelka . The university management tried to avoid being completely appropriated by the state and Nazi ideology, but without ever daring to openly conflict. In August 1934 young community members vowed free of mercy to live true National Socialism in the community of brothers. Gerhard Veil from Gnadenfrei intended to found a German Brethren Church based on the example of the German Christians , but the Unity Directorate rejected this as sectarianism. In 1934, the Brethren subordinated their missionary activities to the Swiss Missionary Aid , as the government rationing of foreign currency imposed in Germany in 1931 ( Reich Flight Tax ) was increasingly used by the Nazis to blackmail churches into compliance by granting or denying foreign currency foreign exchange.

The church hall in Gnadenfeld, around 1930

At the Provincial Synod in 1935, the Brethren made a clear commitment to both parts of the Bible ( Old and New Testament ), which German Christians rejected as Jewish. At the provincial synod in 1937, the synodals decided that the Brethren should not interfere in the church struggle, but should only show internal participation for the church groups that want to adhere to the entire biblical confession. The congregations in Breslau and Neuwied maintained close contact with local representatives of the Silesian and Rhenish Confessing Church . At the Theological Seminary in Herrnhut, the arrival of candidates from the Confessing Church of the Old Prussian Church Province of Silesia was recorded with satisfaction .

While the community helper Erwin Schloss , who had Jewish ancestors, was transferred to Bern in 1935 in order to comply with the Aryan paragraph , the Unity Directorate in Herrnhut refused to answer the many requests to use its international connections to unite Christians who were persecuted as non-Aryans and Jews who were persecuted Help escape from Germany. In contrast to other denominational schools, the NS school inspectorate saw no reason to transfer the brotherly schools into state hands for a long time; the brotherly educators, mostly party members, were considered reliable by the NSDAP. Even the fact that the Nazi school authorities banned religious education in the brotherhood schools in 1940 was accepted by the university administration. On October 1, 1944, the Nazi state took over the fraternal schools after all.

The provincial church leadership remained in Herrnhut until shortly before the Soviet conquest on May 8, 1945, which was accompanied by considerable destruction. The chairman of the board, Bishop Samuel Baudert, and the board member Kurt Marx fled west and on July 7, 1945 they reached Bad Boll, a local church in Württemberg, where they found refuge.

Brüderische Notkirche 1948 in Wilhelmstrasse 136 (Berlin- Kreuzberg ), on the left the community house destroyed in 1944, the destroyed church hall on the right (not in the picture).

The brethren in Silesia east of the Lusatian Neisse went under because the members of the community there, around a third of all German brothers, had fled and were prevented from returning or were expelled. Brethren in Bohemia, in Dauba , Gablonz an der Neisse , Herzogwald and Roßbach , also perished with the expatriation and expulsion of the German-speaking Czechoslovaks. 23 church halls, eight school buildings and many companies of the consortium of the brotherly trade were destroyed, the brotherly banking house CF Goerlitz expropriated SMAD in 1945.

Still in May 1945 met Moraven in the service of the US Army when taking the local congregation Ebersdorf the west aspiring bishop Baudert, the first messages to the North American Provincial Directorates in over these soldiers Bethlehem (Northern Province) and Winston-Salem sent (Southern Province). Common members of Swiss citizenship in Herrnhut took on courier services, German citizens were subject to strict travel restrictions. In autumn 1945, the first gifts of love from Moraven reached West German community members, even before the first CARE packages, which arrived in August 1946. From 1947 Moraven sent donations of money to Herrnhut via the Prague Brethren.

In the east, Johannes Vogt , Walter Baudert and Erwin Förster headed the university management. In Bad Boll, Bishop Samuel Baudert and Marx initially provisionally set up a line for the Brethren in Denmark, the western zones of Germany , the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. At the inaugural meeting of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Amsterdam in 1948, five brothers, three from Germany, one from Czechoslovakia and one from North America took part. The following year, the European Continental Province joined the World Council of Churches . In 1949, based on the membership in the DEKB, she became an associated member of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), with a seat in the synod, but without voting rights.

When it became clear that Herrnhut would be permanently behind the Iron Curtain , the European Continental Province was divided into two areas, the East and West districts. Districts are common geographical breakdowns in North American provinces. From 1946 both districts each had their own synods and directorates with headquarters in Herrnhut and Bad Boll.

The university found it difficult to deal with the involvement of the Brethren in National Socialist adaptation and crimes. The British and North American provinces protested to the occupying powers the innocence of the German fraternity. Czech-speaking community members who had been allowed to stay in Czechoslovakia and who had previously been victims of German occupiers themselves, turned in 1947 at the Soviet commandantura in Herrnhut for the brothers in the Soviet zone . The fact that the fraternities in Denmark and the Netherlands rejected an unconditional reconciliation with the German fraternity members outraged many German friars and the unity management. Under the chairmanship of Bishop Baudert, she intervened with the Zeist Brethren, until they withdrew the decision to expel those of their brothers who had been members of the Dutch National Socialist Movement .

At the first unity conference after the war in Geneva in 1947, the fraternities in Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland pushed for organizational separation from the German brothers. The conference chairman Clarence H. Shawe was able to prevent the open rupture by setting up an independent financial center as a compromise so that the financial contributions from these countries would no longer be directed to the university management in Bad Boll. The brotherly bishop Hermann Georg Steinberg , who had led the Volkssturm in Herrnhut and had not tried to intervene when the Wehrmacht was still defending in Herrnhut in the last days of the war, took over the chairmanship of the Unity Directorate West until the 1950s.

Church hall in Neugnadenfeld

In 1948, 5226 community members lived in the Soviet zone and 4289 in the western zones, of which 2269 were refugees and displaced persons. In 1949 a new local congregation , Neugnadenfeld , was founded in Emsland , which was also joined by many Protestants from the Diaspora an Warthe und Netze, who had previously belonged to the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland .

The East District was later called Herrnhut District . and initially comprised nine, from 1961 ten fraternities in the GDR and East Berlin , where after the building of the wall a new congregation had been founded for the community members in the Soviet sector who had been cut off from the community facilities in the American sector. While the Brethren in the Soviet Zone was able to stabilize relatively well until 1948, the action against the small church community intensified in later years.

Former church hall in Nowa Sól, now gym

Weakened overall by the destruction of most of the communities in Silesia and state harassment, the relationship between Moraven and continental European brothers, especially those in Saxony and Upper Lusatia in Lower Silesia , changed decisively. With the extensive elimination of the economic foundations of the bourgeois milieu in the GDR, accompanied by the emigration of many community members to the west who had been deprived of their existence or their expectations of the future until the Wall was built in 1961, the structure of the membership in the GDR changed, the petty-bourgeois element finally predominated . The displacement of the Brethren in the GDR from their traditional domains, such as the education sector, forced the search for new fields of activity. Like the other religious communities in the GDR, the Brethren in the GDR had to accept that they would limit themselves to a few areas of work that were left unchanged, such as B. the care of the elderly and the disabled. The latter started in 1976.

International contacts and connections between the globally active parts of the Brethren as well as the mission abroad were made considerably more difficult by the travel restrictions of the GDR. Free exchange was no longer possible. The theological seminary in Herrnhut was not reopened after 1945, theologians were trained at regional church institutes. As a result, the Brethren congregation assimilated itself to the regional churches and in some cases lost its specifically fraternal piety; the double membership in a regional church, which is permissible for congregation members, made some congregation members stranded in the diaspora lose their ties. This was a development that was also noticeable in the West. In contrast, community members in the West were able to redevelop their international connections and missionary activities through freedom of travel and the free movement of capital (from 1958).

The once powerful headquarters in Herrnhut was weakened, had lost importance and was dependent on help from the former periphery. The Moraven assisted in a variety of ways to support the fraternity in Europe. The cooperation between Bad Boll and Herrnhut was characterized by tension, as there was an increasing lack of understanding in the West for the political and economic constraints that the Brethren in the East was confronted with.

In official GDR dossiers, which were drawn up on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the old brother unity in Herrnhut in 1957, the unity management there was considered to be loyal to the GDR government leadership. In the same year the remaining fraternities in Czechoslovakia were spun off from the European Continental Province and have since formed the Czech Province .

In fact, the independence of the districts was great, as the political situation dictated. In this respect, this form of organization resembled its later counterparts z. B. in the also separate religious communities of the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg (East and West regions from 1967 to 1991) and the Evangelical Church of the Union (East and West regions from 1972 to 1992). In 1969, the Herrnhut district became associated with the Federation of Evangelical Churches in the GDR , and left the EKD, just as the Evangelical regional churches in the East had before .

Despite this factual separation, the two districts of the European-Continental Province held fast to the ideal of unity (Unitas). Both districts continued to follow the same hymn books and the same order of office. All changes in these areas were made only after the decisions of both district synods were aligned.

In the 1980s, a far-reaching revision of the office regulations was due. The proposed changes were prepared and discussed at both district synods, but such an important change should be decided by a joint provincial synod. Since the GDR hardly allowed its citizens to leave the country, the desire arose to meet in Herrnhut, which the GDR leadership finally allowed. The western synodals traveled together to Herrnhut and were not bothered by GDR border personnel when they crossed the border. The synodals were even allowed to bring a photocopier to the GDR, where otherwise reproduction technology in the hands of non-governmental bodies was unwelcome, in order to be able to reproduce drafts and changes to be discussed for the synodals. The first European-Continental Provincial Synod after 1937 met for one week in March 1986 in Herrnhut.

The synod's recognition of the suffering of the Jews during the Nazi regime in the 1980s remained vague, naming neither Ross nor Reiter. It was forgotten that the university management had rejected requests for help for Jews and Christians persecuted as non-Aryans. In a different direction, historically forgotten was the confession of guilt by the Herrnhut District Synod towards the SED , according to which the Brethren failed in the face of the hardship of the workers in the 19th century, allegedly different from the socialists of that time, with which the Brethren smoothly their active engagement in the diakonia for the poor and The weak denied.

In 1992 the subdivision of the European Continental Province into districts was abolished again. Today the provincial management operates from Bad Boll, Herrnhut and Zeist. Important institutions of the Brethren are based in Herrnhut ( university archive , ethnological museum and collections).

Provincial leadership

Since the overall leadership and the provincial leadership have been clearly separated, the head of the province is called the chairman of the university directorate.

Parishes and societies in the province

Church hall in Christiansfeld

In Albania

In Albania the Brethren is organized nationwide as a unit.

  • Lutheran Moravian Church of Albania

In Denmark

In Germany

The church hall built in 1962 in Kirchgasse in Rixdorf, Neukölln district of Berlin

Parishes

In Hamburg, the Brethren has been a partner of the Lutheran Heilandskirche since 2004.

Former parishes and societies

Law firms

The Herrnhut Brethren were a role model when the three pietistic "Brethren Churches" were founded in Württemberg . In contrast to Königsfeld, however, the brother communities of Korntal and Wilhelmsdorf did not belong to the brother union. The founding document of King Frederick I of Württemberg is dated August 12, 1806.

In Estonia

Church hall in Hageri

In Estonia the Brethren is organized nationwide as Eesti Evangeelne Vennastekogudus. Church halls exist in the locations mentioned below.

In Latvia

In Latvia the Brethren is organized nationwide as a unit under the name Brāļu draudzes misja ("Mission of the Brethren").

In the Netherlands

Church hall in Haarlem
Church hall in Zeist
  • Amsterdam : Evangelical Broedergemeente Amsterdam-Stad en Flevoland
  • Amsterdam: Evangelical Brodergemeente Amsterdam-Zuidoost
  • The Hague : Evangelical Broedergemeente Haaglanden eo
  • Haarlem : Evangelical Broedergemeente Noord Holland
  • Rotterdam : Evangelical Broedergemeente Rotterdam
  • Utrecht : Evangelical Broedergemeente Utrecht
  • Zeist : Evangelical Broedergemeente Zeist

In Sweden

  • Gothenburg : Evangeliska Brödraförsamlingen Gothenburg
  • Stockholm : Evangeliska Brödraförsamlingen Stockholm

In Switzerland

In Switzerland, the fraternities function as societies of the respective cantonal reformed regional churches.

  • Basel : Moravian law firm Basel
  • Bern : Moravian law firm Bern
  • Peseux : Église morave en Suisse romande
  • Menziken : Moravian law firm Menziken
  • Zurich : Moravian law firm, Zurich

schools

  • Amsterdam: primary school
  • Herrnhut: Zinzendorf high school
  • Königsfeld in the Black Forest: Zinzendorf schools
  • Tossens: Zinzendorf School
  • Zeist: secondary school

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i N.N., Structure of the European-Continental Unity Province (as of 2012)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , to: Evangelical Brothers Unity - Moravian Brothers Congregation: Brothers Unity , accessed on February 14, 2014.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.ebu.de  
  2. ↑ Population figures according to statistics of the countries concerned 2011–2013.
  3. ↑ The term community member in the parlance of the Brethren refers to a member of this church. Cf. Hedwig Richter : Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-37007-0 , p. 32.
  4. ↑ Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History (5 vols.). Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1992–2007, Vol. 4 The countries since 1918 (2003) (= publication of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg), ISBN 3-608-91468-4 , p. 888.
  5. ↑ The term fraternal describes in the parlance of the fraternity the belonging to or a peculiarity of their religious community. Cf. Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-37007-0 , p. 26.
  6. ↑ a b c d N.N., Evangelische Brüder-Unität - Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine: Organization , on: Evangelische Brüder-Unität - Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine: Brüder-Unität , accessed on 14 February 2014.
  7. ↑ a b Dietrich Meyer : Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brothers Congregation: 1700–2000 , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-525-01390-8 , p. 154.
  8. ↑ Herrnhuter Diakonie: Herrnhuter Diakonie: herrnhuter-diakonie.de. Retrieved February 14, 2017 .
  9. ↑ a b c d Hedwig Richter: Pietism in socialism: The Moravian Brethren in the GDR. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-37007-0 , p. 13.
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Organs of the worldwide Unitas Fratrum: Unity Elder Conference, 1764–1899 ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , on: University archive moravian archives , accessed on February 10, 2014.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.archiv.ebu.de
  11. ↑ In the parish of the Brethren, the term Morave denotes a member in North America, where the slang and predominant name for the members of the Brethren is Moravian (Brethren) . Accordingly, the whole church is known there as the Moravian Church. Cf. Hedwig Richter : Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 22.
  12. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 22.
  13. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 38.
  14. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 39.
  15. ↑ Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 167 (digitized version)
  16. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 43.
  17. ↑ a b c d Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren Community: 1700–2000. P. 139.
  18. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. Pp. 48, 53.
  19. ^ A b c d e f Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 142.
  20. ↑ Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 142seq.
  21. ↑ In the parlance of the Brethren, the term local congregation denotes a place that is founded and / or exclusively inhabited by its members or was originally. Cf. Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 13.
  22. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 55.
  23. ↑ Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 146.
  24. ↑ a b Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 145.
  25. ↑ The term community helper denotes a pastor in the brotherhood. Cf. Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 73.
  26. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 52.
  27. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 54.
  28. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 60.
  29. ↑ a b c Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brothers Congregation: 1700–2000. P. 149.
  30. ↑ Breslau (1880–1945), Gnadenberg near Bunzlau (1743–1947), Gnadenfeld (1787–1945), Gnadenfrei (1743–1945), Hausdorf (1873–1945) and Neusalz an der Oder (1744–1946). See Marek J. Battek: Settlement of the Unity Brothers in Silesia and their traces. Typescript: Wroclaw University of Technology, 2012, p. 2. PDF , accessed on February 14, 2014.
  31. ^ Marek J. Battek: Settlement of the Unity Brothers in Silesia and their traces. Typescript: Wroclaw University of Technology, 2012, p. 2. PDF , accessed on February 14, 2014.
  32. ↑ a b Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brethren Community in the GDR. P. 63.
  33. ↑ a b Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brethren Community in the GDR. P. 93.
  34. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 95.
  35. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 97.
  36. ↑ a b Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 152.
  37. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Moravian East / West Synod Meets in the Midst of the Cold War, 1986. In: Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, Pa. (Ed.): This Month in Moravian History, Issue 63 (April 2011) ( PDF file ).
  38. ↑ Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 138.
  39. ↑ a b c Hedwig Richter: Pietism in socialism: The Moravian Brethren in the GDR. P. 67.
  40. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 82f.
  41. ↑ a b Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brethren Community in the GDR. P. 83.
  42. ↑ a b c Hedwig Richter: Pietism in socialism: The Moravian Brethren in the GDR. P. 87.
  43. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 86.
  44. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 81.
  45. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 23.
  46. ↑ Community members were required to exercise manual or commercial professions in order not to be too restricted to one place, but to be able to take the pilgrimage at any time. Cf. Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 36.
  47. ↑ The number of community members in the East District fell by 35% from 5200 in 1948 to 3300 in the year after the Wall was built, while the population in the East as a whole decreased by 8%. Cf. Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 68.
  48. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 14.
  49. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 17.
  50. ↑ Dietrich Meyer: Zinzendorf and the Moravian Brethren: 1700–2000. P. 151.
  51. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 23.
  52. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 14.
  53. ↑ Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brotherhood in the GDR. P. 89.
  54. ↑ a b Hedwig Richter: Pietism in Socialism: The Moravian Brethren Community in the GDR. P. 88.
  55. ↑ Moravian Brethren in Switzerland

Web links

Commons : European-Continental Province of the Brethren  - collection of images, videos and audio files