Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland

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The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland ( Polish Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny w Polsce ) was a regional Protestant religious community in the north-west of the Second Polish Republic between the First and Second World War, with its central governing body in Poznań . It was an evangelical uniate church in the tradition of the old Prussian regional church , which arose from 1817 through the administrative union of Protestant parishes of different denominations ( Augsburg [predominantly], Helvetic and partly Uniate denomination). The Uniate Evangelical Church comprised Protestant parishes from the earlier Prussian church provinces of Posen and West Prussia and from the Soldau parish of the church province of East Prussia, as well as a few parishes in Lower Silesia that had come to lie on Polish territory as a result of the re-establishment of Poland by the Versailles Peace Treaty in 1920. Until the border changes on April 1, 1938, all parishes were located in the two voivodeships of Pomerania (1938–1939: Greater Pomerania) and Posen (Greater Poland) . After that, individual parishes were also located in the Warsaw Voivodeship .

Origin and status

The parishes of the Uniate Evangelical Church had belonged to the Evangelical Regional Church of the older provinces of Prussia until 1920 , which was subdivided into church provinces . The Ecclesiastical Province of Poznan successfully opposed a state-run attempt to incorporate the formerly Old Prussian Protestant parishes into the Warsaw Consistory of the Evangelical Church of Augsburg Confession (AB) of the former Russian Poland , under General Superintendent Juliusz Bursche .

When the Polish government finally banned cross-border Protestant church fellowship on July 1, 1920, the Poznan provincial church leadership dissolved its unity with the Old Prussian regional church and fought for recognition as an independent church by the Republic of Poland. The ecclesiastical province of Poznan - without the parishes in the north and west of the former province of Poznan that remained with Germany - became independent as the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland . Paul Blau , who had been General Superintendent of Posen since 1910 , became head of the new church with the same title and function.

The ecclesiastical province of West Prussia extended over three states after the border was drawn in 1920: Free City of Danzig , Germany and Poland. The Protestant parishes in the area of ​​the Free City of Danzig, where the West Prussian Consistory in Danzig also had its seat, were newly formed as the State Synodal Association of the Free City of Danzig . It remained the church province of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union , as the Old Prussian regional church was called since 1922. The Protestant parishes in the West Prussian administrative district that remained with Germany joined the church province of East Prussia on March 9, 1921. The Protestant parishes in the south-west of West Prussia, which remained with Germany, formed the new old Prussian church province Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia in 1922, together with those in the remainder of the church province of Posen, which were elected in 1923.

The Protestant parishes in the part of the church province West Prussia that had become Polish had thus lost their center; because outside Danzig and the Vistula Delta , Protestants in Pomerania mostly lived in the diaspora . Blau won the Pomeranian Protestant parishes as well as the Protestant parishes in the former East Prussian district of Soldau, which had previously belonged to the church province of East Prussia, as well as the Protestant parishes in Lower Silesian places ceded to Poland, to join the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland in 1923.

The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland thus included all Old Prussian Evangelical Church communities in Poland, except for the 17 Evangelical Church communities in Eastern Upper Silesia , which was ceded in 1922 and which founded the Uniate Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia (Ewangelicki Kościół Unijny na polskim Górnym Śląsku) in 1923 . In the Geneva Agreement on Upper Silesia , the German government had agreed with the Polish government that Upper Silesian Protestant parishes could continue to cultivate cross-border church fellowship.

The United Evangelical Church in Poland was ultimately an independent church alongside other Protestant churches in Poland and a corporation under public law. The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland was unable to achieve the desired status of remaining in its own territory without competition from churches of the same denomination as territorially organized regional churches in Germany or Switzerland. The continued desire to reunite with the Old Prussian Church irritated the Polish government.

The Uniate Evangelical Church perceived interventions in the church order by the Polish Ministry for the formerly Prussian partition area as excessive. On July 3, 1920, the ministry reorganized the rights of the synod, which had previously decided in its emergency constitution for the uniate evangelical church in Poland internal church regulations for the application of the Polish currency law, which the ministry viewed as a synodal overstepping of competences and took the whole Discard emergency constitution. By decree of March 6, 1928, the President of Poland issued a new electoral order and reorganization of the church organs and convened an extraordinary synod. Despite the separation from the Old Prussian Church and the several changes (1923, 1928, 1929, 1938) of the church regulations for the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland , the Polish government did not approve any of the drafts.

Community and church life

The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland was an outspoken diaspora church. As a rule, its members were German until 1920, only a small part of whom regarded themselves ethnically as Poles or considered themselves to be part of the Kashubian ethnic group - ethnic Poles , who were predominantly Catholic, formed in the province of Posen and in Pomerania (alongside ) the majority of the population in many places. Most of the church members were Germans until the fall of the monarchy, who before and after 1918 felt they belonged to the German-speaking culture as a minority.

In the Polish ceded territories, the Versailles Peace Treaty left all Germans, regardless of whether they spoke German, Kashubian or Polish, the choice of becoming Poles or of obtaining their previous German citizenship . German-speaking Germans in the ceded areas who became Poles were part of the ethnic German minority in Poland after the border changes . Anyone who remained a German citizen and continued to reside within the new Poland was then subject to the Polish Aliens Act as a foreign German and could also be expelled from the country in accordance with its provisions. He did not enjoy free residence like the minority of Polish citizens of German descent.

Community and church life was initially hampered by the strong emigration and, in some cases , expulsion of many optants , including many church members, who had lost their positions in administration, education or associations because they did not speak enough Polish or because new organizations approached with new Polish-speaking people took the place of the old ones. In 1932 the church had 302,000 souls, then 293,346 in 1934 and 160,000 in 1939.

Poznan, ul. Wierzbięcice 45, former theological seminary, touched on the St. Matthew's Church, 1907 by Oskar Hossfeld

The Polish authorities gave Poles with German speakers who wanted to study theology at a German university difficult passports. Therefore, in 1921, Blau founded the Theological Seminary of the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland . In the academic year 1930/1931 42 students attended the seminar. The seminary was led by a board of directors consisting of a superintendent, the synod president, a synod with legal qualifications, and a dean elected by the professors. Adolf Schneider was dean until his death, then from 1931 to 1940 the consistorial councilor Richard Hildt.

Candidates for ecclesiastical offices often had theological degrees from German universities. The Faculty of Protestant Theology of the University of Warsaw , whose faculty consisted of members of the Evangelical Church AB in Poland, was generally not used by students of the Uniate Evangelical Church as an educational facility.

The German Evangelical Hymnbook (DEG) served as the hymnbook , which was later briefly known as the uniform hymnbook . When it was reissued in the late 1920s, it was introduced in the Uniate Evangelical Church as well as in some North, West and East German regional churches, each supplemented by regional song appendices. The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland and the old Prussian church provinces Grenzmark Posen-West Prussia, the State Synodal Association of the Free City of Danzig and East Prussia created the appendix for songs no. 343–472 and the addition of regional ecclesiastical folk songs no. 473–536.

Relationship to other Protestant churches

Since there was freedom of movement between Poland and the Free City of Danzig, the Uniate Evangelical Church cooperated in some matters, e.g. B. the theological training, with the regional synodal association of the Free City of Danzig under the Danzig general superintendent Paul Kalweit .

The traditionally difficult relationships between the Uniate and the neighboring, mostly German-speaking Old Lutherans , remained largely unchanged , since 1920 reorganized into the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Western Poland (Kościół Ewangelicko-Luterski w Polsce Zachodniej), to which those parishes of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia belong who came to Poland from 1918/1919.

The relationship with the Evangelical Church AB in Poland under General Superintendent Bursche, who had welcomed the attempted integration of the Protestant parishes in Greater Poland and Pomerania, remained tense.

Immigrant Polish-speaking Lutherans from parts of Poland that previously belonged to Russia and Austria founded individual Lutheran parishes in Bromberg (Christ the Savior parish), Dirschau , Gdynia , Graudenz , Posen (1924 to 1939 headed by Pastor Gustav Manitius ) and Thorn , which became Protestant Church AB in Poland and were friends with the mostly German-speaking Old Lutherans who granted them hospitality rights in their churches. In Bydgoszcz, the Polish authorities handed over the Protestant Uniate Christ Church to the new Polish-speaking Evangelical Lutheran parish, which led to resentment in the Uniate Evangelical Church.

In contrast, relations with the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg and Helvetic Confessions in Lesser Poland (Kościoł Ewangelicki Augsburskiego i Helweckiego Wyznania w Małopolsce) under Superintendent Theodor Zöckler and with the Uniate Evangelical Church in Polish Upper Silesia flourished.

organization structure

The basic organizational units of the church were the 405 parishes (as of 1927), which were divided into 30 dioceses in 1920 and 27 in 1937 . The spiritual direction of the dioceses was each with a superintendent .

The highest organ of the church was the synod . In 1920 the parishes elected the synodals, eight synodals sent the consistory and one the faculty for Protestant theology of the Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau .

The spiritual head of the church was the general superintendent , whose title and function remained unchanged from the time of the old Prussian provincial church leadership. Since the Polish government reserved the right to confirm newly elected officials in church leaderships and the United Evangelical Church feared that the government would not confirm an elected official, the synod agreed with the elderly blue that he would not resign.

The consistory , which had existed since 1815 at ulica Młyńska 11a in Poznań , acted as the executive branch of the new church. The press organ of the church was the Poznan Evangelical Church Gazette .

Dioceses

After the ecclesiastical province of Posen became independent as the Uniate Evangelical Church, the structure was fundamentally revised. Instead of the church districts that had been introduced in East Prussia as part of the Prussian standardization of the nomenclature, the Uniate Evangelical Church set up dioceses . A diocese is an organizational unit in Lutheran churches that traditionally describes the administrative district of a superintendent in East Prussia. The borders of the new dioceses were redrawn, as changes in the German borders in the east had cut many church districts and the emigration of church members made fewer but larger spatial units necessary. The dioceses below correspond to the status of 1937.

diocese Seat of the parishes «number of members, as of 1937» (previously part of ...)
Bojanowo-Krotoszyn /
Bojanowo-Krotoschin with 19 parishes		 Bojanowo "1,300" (Kikr. Bojanowo); Dobrzyca : Evangelical Church «1.150» (Kikr. Krotoschin); Gostyń / Gostyn «500» (Kikr. Bojanowo); Jutrosin / Jutroschin "1.001" (Kikr. Bojanowo); Kobylin "930" (Kikr. Krotoschin); Koźmin / Koschmin «500» (Kikr. Krotoschin); Koźminiec / German Koschmin "570" (Kikr. Schrimm); Krobia / Kröben “200” (Kikr. Bojanowo); Krotoszyn / Krotoschin «1.137» (Kikr. Krotoschin); Miejska Górka / Görchen «443» (Kikr. Bojanowo); Pakosławiec (Powiat Rawicki) "340" (Kikr. Bojanowo); Poniec / Punitz: Petri community “1,000” (Kikr. Bojanowo); Piaski / Sandberg "320" (Kikr. Bojanowo); Pogorzela "340" (Kikr. Krotoschin); Rawicz / Rawitsch: Trinity Church «1,600» (Kikr. Bojanowo); Sarnowa / Sarne «82» (Kikr. Bojanowo); Trzebosz / Triebusch "220" (Kikr. Guhrau-Herrnstadt, Kipro Silesia ); Zalesie Wielkie "170" (Kikr. Krotoschin); Zduny "950" (Kikr. Krotoschin)
Bydgoszcz /
Bromberg I with 13 municipalities		 Bydgoszcz / Bromberg «6.189» (Kikr. Bromberg); Czyżkówko / Jägerhof (to Bydgoszcz) «220» (Kikr. Bromberg); Fordon (to Bydgoszcz) «850» (Kikr. Bromberg); Lucim / Lutschmin "?" (Kikr. Bromberg); Małe Bartodzieje (to Bydgoszcz) / Klein Bartelsee «576» (Kikr. Bromberg); Okole / Schleusenau (to Bydgoszcz) «490» (Kikr. Bromberg); Osielsko / Osielsk «637» (Kikr. Bromberg); Otorowo (Gmina Solec) / Otteraue with Łęgnowo (to Bydgoszcz) / Langenau «800» (Kikr. Bromberg); Sienno (Gmina Dobrcz) "900" (Kikr. Bromberg); Solec / Schulitz “1,000” (Kikr. Bromberg); Szretery / Schröttersdorf (to Bydgoszcz) «338» (Kikr. Bromberg); Szwederowo / Schwedenhöhe, Schwederowo (to Bydgoszcz) «450» (Kikr. Bromberg); Wilczak / Prinzenthal (to Bydgoszcz) "440" (Kikr. Bromberg); Włóki "700" (Kikr. Bromberg)
Bydgoszcz /
Bromberg II with 13 municipalities		 Brzoza (Powiat Bydgoski) / Hop Garden «660» (Kikr. Bromberg); Ciele / Cielle “1.212” (Kikr. Bromberg); Gogolin "994" (Kikr. Bromberg); Koronowo / Polish Krone / Crone an der Brahe «1.012» (Kikr. Bromberg); Kruszyn / Kruschdorf «450» (Kikr. Bromberg); Łabiszyn / Labischin «900» (Kikr. Schubin); Łochowo (Kujawien) / Lochowo «745» (Kikr. Bromberg); Łukowiec (Kujawien) / Bachwitz "600" (Kikr. Bromberg); Mąkowarsko / Mönkenwerth «510» (Kikr. Bromberg); Rynarzewo (Kuyavian) / Rynarschewo «1,050» (Kikr. Schubin); Sicienko / Wilhelmsort "469" (Kikr. Bromberg); Sitowiec (Gmina Kronowo) / Schanzendorf «?» (Kikr. Bromberg); Szubin / Schubin "1.455" (Kikr. Schubin); Wtelno "467" (Kikr. Bromberg)
Chełmno /
Culm with 14 parishes		 Chełmno / Culm «1,680» (Dioc. Culm); Grudziądz / Graudenz "330" (Dioc. Culm); Kokocko / Kokotzko «1,192» (Dioc. Culm); Łasin / Lessen «1,100» (Dioc. Culm); Lisewo / Lissewo "400" (Dioc. Culm); Lisnowo / Groß Leistenau «1,800» (Dioc. Culm); Mokre Niewałd (Gmina Grudziądz) / Mockrau «1.240» (Dioc. Culm); Piaski / Piasken with Rudnik / Rudnick «1.010» (Dioc. Culm); Płutowo / Plutowo with Trzebczyk / Trebis «580» (Dioc. Culm); Radzyń / Rehden “1.480” (Dioc. Culm); Robakowo / Rebkau (Gmina Stolno) «1,700» (Dioc. Culm); Wielkie Łunawy / Groß Lunau «1,700» (Dioc. Culm)
Chojnice /
Konitz with 19 parishes		 Bagienica / Bagnitz «508» (Dioc. Konitz); Borowy Młyn (Powiat Bytowski) / Heidemühl "127" (Dioc. Schlochau); Chojnice / Konitz «1.130» (Dioc. Konitz); Czersk «230» (Dioc. Konitz); Iwiec / Iwitz «510» (Dioc. Konitz); Kamień / Kamin "570" (Dioc. Flatow); Kęsowo / Kensau «515» (Dioc. Konitz); Kosobudy (Pomeranian) / Kossabude «40» (Dioc. Konitz?); Mokre / Mockrau (Powiat Chojnicki) «750» (Dioc. Konitz); Obodowo Sośno / Obendorf and Soßnau «1.121» (Dioc. Flatow); Rytel / Rittel "117" (Dioc. Konitz); Sępólno / Zempelburg «2,577» (Dioc. Flatow); Śliwice / Groß Schliewitz «150» (Dioc. Konitz); Sypniewo / Sittnow (Sitno) «911» (Dioc. Flatow); Tuchola / Tuchel "515" (Dioc. Konitz); Więcbork Pęperzyn / Vandsburg Pempersin «3,400» (Dioc. Flatow); Włodzibórz «648» (Dioc.?)
Czarnków /
Czarnikau with 8 municipalities		 Czarnków / Czarnikau «1,100» (Kikr. Czarnikau); Dziembowo "171" (Kikr. Colmar); Gębice / Gembitz «1.280» (Kikr. Czarnikau); Huta (Gmina Czarnków) / Althütte «419» (Kikr. Czarnikau); Romanowo Dolne and Górne / Romanshof «1.165» (Kikr. Czarnikau); Stajkowo (Gmina Lubasz) / Staykowo «410» (Kikr. Czarnikau); Ujście / Usch «682» (Kikr. Colmar); Węglewo (Gmina Ujście) / Kahlstädt «378» (Kikr. Colmar)
Działdowo /
Soldau with 21 parishes (parishes of the church district Soldau were added in 1923 by the church province of East Prussia and returned to them in 1940)		 Białuty / Bialutten «54» (Kikr. Soldau); Brodnica / Strasburg "900" (Kikr. Soldau); Burkat / Borchersdorf “1.218” (Kikr. Soldau); Działdowo / Soldau “2.738” (Kikr. Soldau); Górzno / Gorzno «210» (Dioc. Strasburg); Gralewo / Grallau with Płośnica / Heinrichsdorf «1,000» (Kikr. Soldau); Gryźliny / Grischlin (Gmina Nowe Miasto) «448» (Dioc. Strasburg); Grzybno (Gmina Bobrowo) / Griewenhof «450» (Dioc. Strasburg); Kawki (Gmina Bobrowo) / Hermannsruhe "969" (Dioc. Strasburg); Konojady (Gmina Jabłonowo) / Konojad «850» (Dioc. Strasburg); Koszelewy / Groß Koschlau "373" (Kikr. Soldau); Łąkorz / Lonkorsz «310» (Dioc. Strasburg); Lidzbark / Lautenburg with Langendorf and Brzyńsk / Brinsk Colony «425» (Dioc. Strasburg); Lubawa / Löbau "354" (Dioc. Strasburg); Narzym / Wildenau “1.270” (Kikr. Soldau); Nowe Miasto / Neumark "462" (Dioc. Strasburg); Szafarnia / Forsthausen (Gmina Kurzętnik) «200» (Dioc. Strasburg); Szczupliny / Sczuplienen «180» (Kikr. Soldau); Uzdowo / Usdau «468» (Kikr. Soldau)
Gniezno /
Gnesen with 17 parishes		 Czerniejewo / Schwarzenau "510" (Kikr. Gnesen); Gniezno / Gnesen, ul. Chrobrego «1.605» (Kikr. Gnesen); Gołaszewo (Greater Poland) / Gross Golle «588» (Kikr. Gnesen); Janówiec / Janowitz «375» (Kikr. Schubin); Jaroszewo (Gmina Żnin) / Jaroschewo «249» (Kikr. Gnesen); Kiszkowo / Welnau «1.080» (Kikr. Gnesen); Kłecko / Kletzko “1.225” (Kikr. Gnesen); Laskowo / Laßkirche «819» (Kikr. Schubin); Lednogóra «450» (Kikr. Gnesen); Łubowo / Libau «681» (Kikr. Gnesen); Powidz «135» (Kikr. Gnesen); Rejowiec (Greater Poland) / Revier “400” (Kikr. Gnesen); Rogowo «1.090» (Kikr. Gnesen); Skoki / Schocken “800” (Kikr. Gnesen); Strzałkowo / Stralkowo «430» (Kikr. Gnesen); Świniary (Greater Poland) / Swiniary (Bismarcksfelde) «733» (Kikr. Gnesen); Witkowo «930» (Kikr. Gnesen)
Inowrocław /
Inowrazlaw with 15 parishes		 Chełmce / Chelmce (Gmina Kruszwica) «140» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Dąbrowa Biskupia / Louisenfelde «948» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Dąbrowo Wielkie (Kujawien-Pomerania) / Elsendorf «950» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Gąski (Gmina Gniewkowo) / Gonsk «660» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Gniewkowo / Argenau "480" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Inowrocław / Inowrazlaw «900» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Kruszwica / Kruschwitz «380» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Mątwy nad Notecią / Montwy (to Inowrocław) «see there» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Murzynko / Klein Morin "268" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Pakość / Pakosch "350" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Radojewice "475" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Rojewice / Grünkirch “2,200” (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Rojewo "675" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Wielka Nowa Wieś / Groß Neudorf “2,600” (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Złotniki Kujawskie / Zlottnik "325" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw)
Kartuzy /
Karthaus with 10 communities		 Hopowo / Hoppendorf «1,296» (Dioc. Karthaus); Kartuzy / Karthaus: Luther Church "487" (Dioc. Karthaus); Mirachowo / Mirchau «230» (Dioc. Karthaus); Przyjaźń / Rheinfeld «338» (Dioc. Karthaus); Sulmin "96" (Dioc. Karthaus); Szymbark (Kaschubei) / Schönberg with Grabowo / Alt Grabau «2.208» (Dioc. Karthaus); Sierakowice / Sierakowitz «370» (Dioc. Karthaus); Stężyca / Stendsitz: Gustav-Adolf-Kirche “130” (Dioc. Karthaus); Sulęczyno / Sullenschin "190" (Dioc. Karthaus)
Leszno /
Lissa with 14 parishes		 Kościan / costs «245» (Kikr. Lissa); Kotusz / Kotusch «597» (Kikr. Lissa); Krzemieniewo / Feuerstein «507» (Kikr. Lissa); Leszno / Lissa: cross church «820» (Kikr. Lissa); Lubiń / Lubin «265» (Kikr. Lissa); Miązkowo (Gmina Osieczna) «271» (Kikr. Lissa); Osieczna (Greater Poland) / Stork's Nest «595» (Kikr. Lissa); Racot / Racoten «110» (Kikr. Lissa); Rydzyna / Reisen «1.735» (Kikr. Lissa); Śmigiel / Schmiegel «637» (Kikr. Lissa); Stare Bojanowo / Alt Boyen "481" (Kikr. Lissa); Wilkowice (Gmina Lipno, Greater Poland) «361» (Kikr. Lissa); Włoszakowice / Luschwitz «135» (Kikr. Fraustadt); Zaborowo (Gmina Wierzbinek) «92» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw)
Łobżenica /
Lobsens with 26 parishes		 Białośliwie / Weißenhöhe «680» (Kikr. Lobsens); Brodna / Brodden “912” (Kikr. Colmar); Brzostowo / Brostowo with Miasteczko / Friedheim «710» (Kikr. Lobsens); Dębionek / Debionek «600» (Kikr. Lobsens); Dziegciarnia / Saxaren "239" (Kikr. Lobsens); Dzwierszno Małe / Klein Dreidorf «311» (Kikr. Lobsens); Grabówno / Grabau «560» (Kikr. Lobsens); Lipia Góra (Gmina Szamocin) / Lindenwerder "750" (Kikr. Lobsens); Łobżenica / Lobsens «1.240» (Kikr. Lobsens); Miasteczko / Friedheim "332" (Kikr. Lobsens); Mrocza / Mrotschen “1,200” (Kikr. Lobsens); Nakło nad Notecią / Nakel «1.734» (Kikr. Lobsens); Osiek (Gmina Kościan) «1.091» (Kikr. Lobsens); Raczyn (Gmina Samoczin) "850" (Kikr. Lobsens); Radzicz (Gmina Nakło) «520» (Kikr. Lobsens); Rościmin / Roscimin "330" (Kikr. Lobsens); Runowo Kraińskie / Runowo «520» (Kikr. Lobsens); Sadki / Sadke "390" (Kikr. Lobsens); Szamocin / Samotschin "1.720" (Kikr. Lobsens); Tłukomy / Tlukom, Groß Elsingen "544" (Kikr. Lobsens); Tonin / Groß Tonin "265" (Dioc. Flatow); Wąwelno / Lindenwald «560» (Kikr. Lobsens); Witrogoszcz / Güntergost «498» (Kikr. Lobsens); Wyrzysk / Wirsitz «520» (Kikr. Lobsens); Wysoka / Wissek "1.200" (Kikr. Lobsens)
Międzychód-Szamotuły /
Birnbaum-Samter with 19 parishes		 Chrzypsko Wielkie / Seeberg "103" (Kikr. Birnbaum); Duszniki / Duschnik "577" (Kikr. Samter); Lewiczynek / Lewitz-Hauland “905” (Kikr. Posen I); Lwówek / Neustadt near Pinne «2.100» (Kikr. Birnbaum); Międzychód / pear tree «1.260» (Kikr. Pear tree); Miłostowo / Milostowo (Gmina Kwilcz) "440" (Kikr. Birnbaum); Nojewo / Neuthal "480" (Kikr. Samter); Obrzycko / Obersitzko "150" (Kikr. Samter); Piotrowo (Gmina Obrzycko) / Peterawe "350" (Kikr. Samter); Pniewy / tiller «1.460» (Kikr. Samter); Radusz / Radusch «496» (Kikr. Birnbaum); Rokietnica "346" (Kikr. Samter); Sieraków / Zirke «1.120» (Kikr. Birnbaum); Szamotuły / Samter «1.020» (Kikr. Samter); Tarnowo (Gmina Kostrzyn) / sloes "375" (Kikr. Posen I); Wartosław / Neubrück «344» (Kikr. Samter); Wronki / Wronke with Rzecin «785» (Kikr. Samter)
Mogilno with 12 parishes Dąbrowa (Gmina Mogilno) / Kaisersfelde «940» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Jastrzębowo / Rosenau «438» (Kikr. Gnesen); Jeziora Wielkie / Groß See "288" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Józefowo (Gmina Mogilno) / Josephowo «630» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Kołodziejewo / Altraden «400» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Kwieciszewo / Kwiecischewo, Blütenau «950» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Mogilno "540" (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Orchowo «1.020» (Kikr. Gnesen); Strzelno / Strelno «879» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw); Szydłówiec (Gmina Orchowo) / Schidlowitz «419» (Kikr. Gnesen); Trzemeszno / Tremessen «940» (Kikr. Gnesen); Wszedzień (Gmina Mogilno) / Wszedzin, Schetzingen «473» (Kikr. Inowrazlaw)
Oborniki-Chodzież /
Obornik-Colmar with 16 parishes		 Budziszewko "655" (Kikr. Obornik); Budzyń / Budsin «1.050» (Kikr. Colmar); Bukowiec (Gmina Budzyń) / Gramsdorf “1.300” (Kikr. Colmar); Chodzież / Colmar in Poznan «1.650» (Kikr. Colmar); Ludomy / Luden "387" (Kikr. Obornik?); Murowana Goślina / Murowana Goslin “1.470” (Kikr. Obornik); Oborniki / Obornik «1,200» (Kikr. Obornik); Połajewo / Polajewo «856» (Kikr. Obornik); Rogoźno / Rogasen with Runowo (Gmina Węgrowiec) / Kaisersaue «1.801» (Kikr. Obornik); Ryczywół / Ritschenwalde «460» (Kikr. Obornik) ?; Sokołowo / Jankendorf «760» (Kikr. Colmar); Stróżewice / Strosewo Hauland «450» (Kikr. Colmar); Stróżewo (Gmina Chodzież) / Strosewo "600" (Kikr. Colmar); Tarnówko (Gmina Połajewo) «477» (Kikr. Obornik); Zacharzyn / Zachasberg "735" (Kikr. Colmar)
Ostrzeszów /
Schildberg with 21 parishes		 Bralin "130" (Kikr. Groß Wartenberg, Kipro Schlesien); Chojnik (Gmina Sośnie) / honey «2,700» (Kikr. Schildberg); Czarnylas "884" (Kikr. Schildberg); Drobaszki (Gmina Kępno) «324» (Kikr. Schildberg); Grabów / Grabow «950» (Kikr. Schildberg); Kępno / Kempen «889» (Kikr. Schildberg); Kobyla Góra / Kobylagora «740» (Kikr. Schildberg); Laski (Gmina Trzcinica) "330" (Kikr. Schildberg); Latowice (Gmina Sieroszewice) / Latowitz "354" (Kikr. Schildberg); Nowe Skalmierzyce / Neu Skalmierschütz «52» (Kikr. Schildberg); Odolanów / Adelnau «1.958» (Kikr. Schildberg); Opatów / Opatow «68» (Kikr. Schildberg); Ostrów Wielkopolski / Ostrowo «493» (Kikr. Schildberg); Ostrzeszów / Schildberg «2.050» (Kikr. Schildberg); Pisarzewice (Gmina Kobyla Góra) / Schreibersdorf “830” (Kikr. Schildberg); Podzamcze (to Wieruszów) «114» (Kikr. Schildberg); Raszków (Powiat Ostrowski) / Raschkow «693» (Kikr. Schildberg); Rychtal / Reichthal "101" (Kikr. Bernstadt-Namslau); Sośnie / Sosnie “1.944” (Kikr. Schildberg); Strzyżew / Strzyzew (Gmina Sieroszewice) «602» (Kikr. Schildberg); Sulmierzyce / Sulmirschütz "170" (Kikr. Schildberg)
Poznań I /
Posen I with 23 parishes		 Bnin "1.004" (Kikr. Posen I); Czempiń / Czempin «280» (Kikr. Posen I); Dominowo "216" (Kikr. Posen I); Jerzykowo / Jersitz «400» (Kikr. Posen I); Kostrzyn / Kostschin "864" (Kikr. Posen I); Krosno (Gmina Mosina) / Altkirch «860» (Kikr. Posen I); Morasko / Nordheim (to Poznań) «293» (Kikr. Posen I); Nekielka / Nekla-Hauland: Church «494» (Kikr. Posen I); Pobiedziska / Pudewitz "700" (Kikr. Posen I); Podwęgierki / Wilhelmsau: Church «820» (Kikr. Posen I); Poznań / Posen Cross Church (ul. Grobla 1) «1.100» (Kikr. Posen I); Poznań / Posen: St. Pauli Church , ul. Fredry «800» (eximited); Poznań / Posen ul. Spokojna 13 «652» (Kikr. Posen I); Poznań / Posen ul. Szamarzewskiego 3 «700» (Kikr. Posen I); Poznań / Posen Wierzbięcice 45 «914» (Kikr. Posen I); Środa / Schroda «167» (Kikr. Posen I); Starołęka (in Poznań) «160» (Kikr. Posen I); Stęszew / Stenschewo «248» (Kikr. Posen I); Swarzędz / Schwersenz «774» (Kikr. Posen I); Września / Wreschen «615» (Kikr. Posen I); Żabikowo (to Luboń) / Zabikowo "207" (Kikr. Posen I); Żabno (Greater Poland) / Zabno «289» (Kikr. Posen I); Zakrzewo (Powiat Poznański) «229» (Kikr. Posen I)
Poznań II /
Posen II with 7 municipalities		 Lasocice / Laßwitz, Lassewitz "500" (Kikr. Posen II); Leszno / Lissa: Ref. St. John's Church "278" (Kikr. Posen II); Orzeszkowo "240" (Kikr. Posen II); Poznań: Ref. Petrikirche, ul. Św. Józefa 2 «154» (Kikr. Posen II); Tabor Wielki / Groß Friedrichs-Tabor "711" (Kikr. Posen II); Toruń / Thorn: Ref. Parish «14» (Ref. Church District of East and West Prussia); Waszkowo / Waschke: Ref. Jacobigemeinde "52" (Kikr. Posen II)
Śrem /
Schrimm with 13 parishes		 Borek "551" (Kikr. Schrimm); Dolsk / Dolzig "260" (Kikr. Schrimm); Jarocin / Jarotschin "460" (Kikr. Schrimm); Książ / Xions «450» (Kikr. Schrimm); Łowęcice (Greater Poland) / Lowencice «346» (Kikr. Schrimm); Miłosław / Miloslaw "330" (Kikr. Schrimm); Nowe Miasto nad Wartą / Neustadt an der Warthe "270" (Kikr. Schrimm); Pleszew / Pleschen “700” (Kikr. Schrimm); Sierszew / Breitenfeld "310" (Kikr. Schrimm); Sobótka (Gmina Ostrów Wielkopolski) / Sobotka "254" (Kikr. Schrimm); Śrem / Schrimm «225» (Kikr. Schrimm); Zaniemyśl / Santomischel «450» (Kikr. Schrimm); Żerków / Zerkow «28» (Kikr. Schrimm)
Świecie /
Schwetz with 14 municipalities		 Bukowiec / Bukowitz «1,200» (Dioc. Schwetz); Grupa (Powiat Świecki) / Group «1.300» (Diöz. Schwetz); Gruczno / Grutschno (Powiat Świecki) "950" (Dioc. Schwetz); Jeżewo / Jeschewo «632» (Dioc. Schwetz); Lniano / Lianno «620» (Dioc. Schwetz); Lubiewo «401» (Dioc. Schwetz); Nowe / Neuchâtel ad Weichsel «1.586» (Dioc. Schwetz); Osie / Osche "620" (Dioc. Schwetz); Przewodnik / Bülowsheide «173» (Dioc. Schwetz); Serock (Gmina Pruszcz) / Schirotzken "1.229" (Dioc. Schwetz); Smętowo / Schmentau «270» (Dioc. Schwetz); Świecie / Schwetz «2.050» (Dioc. Schwetz); Wałdowo (Gmina Pruszcz) / Waldau near Prust «1,000» (Dioc. Schwetz); Warlubie / Warlubia «545» (Dioc. Schwetz)
Tczew-Starogard /
Dirschau-Preußisch Stargard with 19 communities		 Borzechowo / Bordzichow «652» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Gniew / Mewe «520» (Dioc. Marienwerder); Huta / Hut «82» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Kościerzyna / Berent «440» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Krąg (Gmina Starogard) / Krangen «453» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Lipusz / Lippusch «20» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Nowe Polaszki / Neu Paleschken «847» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Nowy Barkoczyn / Neubarkoschin «1.020» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Nowy Wiec / Neufietz, Neu Fietz "?" (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Płociczno (Gmina Kaliska) / Grünthal «104» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Pogódki / Pogutken «500» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Rudno (Powiat Tczewski) / Rauden "432" (Dioc. Marienwerder); Skarszewy / Schöneck "1.770" (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Skórcz / Skurz «472» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Starogard / Prussian Stargard “1.410” (Dioc. Stargard-Berent); Swarożyn / Swaroschin «300» (Dioc. Danziger Höhe); Tczew / Dirschau «1,400» (Diocese of Danziger Höhe); Turze (Gmina Tchew) / Groß Turse «650» (Dioc. Danziger Höhe); Wielki Podleś / Poldersee «225» (Dioc. Stargard-Berent)
Toruń /
Thorn with 18 parishes		 Chełmża / Culmsee «737» (Dioc. Thorn); Górsk / Gurske «1,200» (Dioc. Thorn); Gostkowo (Powiat Toruński) "190" (Dioc. Thorn); Grabowiec (Powiat Toruński) / Grabowitz «790» (Dioc. Thorn); Grębocin (Powiat Toruński) / Gramtschen with Lubicz / Leibitsch and Rogowo (Gmina Lubicz) / Groß Rogau «604» (Dioc. Thorn); Lulkowo / Lulkau "160" (Dioc. Thorn); Ostromecko / Ostrometzko «714» (Dioc. Thorn); Otłoczyn / Ottlotschin "80" (Dioc. Thorn); Podgórz / Podgorz (from 1938 to Thorn) “600” (Dioc. Thorn); Rudak with Stawki / Stewken (from 1938 to Thorn) «250» (Dioc. Thorn); Rzęczkowo / Rentschkau «724» (Dioc. Thorn); Toruń / Thorn old town «1.050» (Dioc. Thorn); Toruń / Thorn-Neustadt: Trinity Church "350" (Dioc. Thorn); Toruń / Thorn: St. George's Church "750" (Dioc. Thorn); Zelgno / Seglein "308" (Dioc. Thorn); Zławieś Wielka / Groß Bösendorf «900» (Dioc. Thorn)
Wąbrzeźno /
Briesen with 9 municipalities		 Dębowa Łąka / Dembowalonka, Wittenburg «893» (Dioc. Briesen); Golub / Gollub "200" (Dioc. Briesen); Jabłonowo / Jablonowo, Goßlershausen "420" (Dioc. Briesen); Kowalewo / Schönsee «1.400» (Dioc. Briesen); Książki / Hohenkirch "1.730" (Dioc. Briesen); Ostrowite (Powiat Golubsko-Dobrzyński) / Osterbitz "260" (Dioc. Briesen); Ryńsk / Rheinsberg "270" (Dioc. Briesen); Wąbrzeźno / Briesen «1,700» (Dioc. Briesen); Wieldządz / Villisass «1.400» (Dioc. Briesen)
Wągrowiec /
Wongrowitz with 15 municipalities		 Barcin / Bartschin “1.400” (Kikr. Schubin); Ciężkowo / Cienszkowo «850» (Kikr. Schubin); Dziewierzewo / Lindenbrück "700" (Kikr. Schubin); Gołańcz / Gollantsch «710» (Kikr. Colmar); Jabłówko (Kuyavian-Pomeranian) «610» (Kikr. Colmar); Kcynia / Exin "1,400" (Kikr. Schubin); Kowalewko (Gmina Kcynia) "872" (Kikr. Schubin); Łękno (Gmina Zaniemyśl) / Seeburg «850» (Kikr. Schrimm); Margonin "1.100" (Kikr. Colmar); Mirkowice (Greater Poland) / Greater Mirkowitz «640» (Kikr. Schubin); Podlesie Wysokie / Hohenwalden "770" (Kikr. Schubin); Sipiory / Neukirchen "806" (Kikr. Schubin); Wągrowiec / Wongrowitz «1,500» (Kikr. Schubin); Żerniki / Zerniki «?» (Kikr. Schubin); Żnin / Znin «480» (Kikr. Schubin); Zrazim / Herrnkirch «950» (Kikr. Schubin)
Wejherowo /
Neustadt with 10 communities		 Bolszewo / Bohlschau "351" (Dioc. Dirschau); Hel / Hela St. Peter and Paul "440" (Dioc. Neustadt); Karczemki (Pomeranian) / Friedenau “339” (Dioc. Neustadt); Krokowa / Krockow: luth.-ref. Simultaneum Kreuzkirche "1.407" (Dioc. Neustadt); Leśniewo (Pomerellen) / Lessnau «225» (Dioc. Neustadt); Mały Kack / Klein Katz "300" (Dioc. Neustadt); Puck / Putzig «456» (Dioc. Neustadt); Rumia / Rahmel "250" (Dioc. Neustadt); Smażyno / Smasin «230» (Dioc. Neustadt); Wejherowo / Neustadt «544» (Dioc. Neustadt)
Wieleń /
Filehne with 4 municipalities		 Kwiejce / Altsorge "357" (Kikr. Filehne); Piłka (Gmina Drawsko) / Schneidemühlchen «156» (Kikr. Filehne); Wieleń / Filehne «293» (Kikr. Filehne); Rosko / Roske "321" (Kikr. Filehne)
Wolsztyn-Nowy Tomyśl /
Wollstein-Neutomischel with 18 parishes		 Boruja Kościelna / Boruy with hammer «2,200» (Kikr. Wollstein); Buk (Greater Poland) «443» (Kikr. Wollstein); Grodzisk / Grätz «912» (Kikr. Wollstein); Jabłonna / template «1,200» (Kikr. Wollstein); Jastrzębsko / Friedenhorst «1.150» (Kikr. Karge); Kąkolewo / Konkolewo-Hauland «1.045» (Kikr. Wollstein); Kaszczor / Old Monastery «450» (Kikr. Wollstein); Kopanica (Powiat Wolsztyński) / Kopnitz "300" (Kikr. Karge); Kuślin / Kuschlin «1,100» (Kikr. Wollstein); Miedzichowo «1.531» (Kikr. Karge); Nowy Tomyśl / Neutomischel "3.722" (Kikr. Karge); Opalenica / Opalenitza: Evangelical Church "482" (Kikr. Wollstein); Rakoniewice / Rakwitz «1.630» (Kikr. Wollstein); Rostarzewo / Rostarschewo "1.300" (Kikr. Wollstein); Sątopy / Sontop «911» (Kikr. Karge); Tuchorza (Gmina Siedlec) "845" (Kikr. Wollstein?); Wolsztyn / Wollstein "2.112" (Kikr. Wollstein); Zbąszyń / Bentschen «1.617» (Kikr. Karge)

Public officials

General Superintendent

President of the Synod

Until 1920 the church legislative was called Provincial Synod , from 1921 State Synod .

Poznan, ul.Młyńska 11a, built in 1894, consistory from 1910 to 1945

Consistorial President

  • 1900-1920: Curt Balan
  • 1920–1941: vacancy
  • 1941–1945: Erich Nehring

Destruction, degradation and destruction from the beginning of the war

The expectation of the Uniate Evangelical Church, after the German conquest of Greater Poland and Pomerania, to be reincorporated as an ecclesiastical province of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union, was only partially fulfilled. The consistory wrote in September 1939: “The miracle has happened! Your dreams have come true, your hopes have been fulfilled, your prayers have been answered by God. In the Fiihrer he sent you the liberator from twenty years of Polish rule and in the brave men of the German armed forces the saviors of terrible distress. "

After Poland's defeat, the parishes were in two very differently constituted Nazi districts. Pomeranian came to the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia . All parishes of the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland located in this Gau were spun off and united with the evangelical parishes of the Gdansk Regional Synodal Association and those in the West Prussian administrative region to form the Danzig-West Prussia church area of ​​the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union. The former East Prussian parishes of the Uniate Evangelical Church became part of the Church Province of East Prussia again. Unlike church provinces, the church area of ​​Danzig-West Prussia lacked any synodal participation.

The Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland now only comprised parishes in the Reichsgau Wartheland and was named Evangelical Church in Wartheland . In this NS model district there was no German civil administration that had been adopted before 1933, and German regulations, corrupted and degenerate as they were, only applied insofar as Reich Governor Arthur Greiser expressly permitted them. The Warthegau should be a legally free area. The religious communities in the Warthegau did not experience any considerations that churches in the Altreich could occasionally claim for themselves.

On July 10, 1940, government councilor Wilhelm Dudzus orally announced Greiser's 13 points on the separation of church and state to church representatives from the Warthegau . Among other things, it said: “1. There are no longer any churches in the national sense, but only religious church societies in the sense of associations. 2. The management is not in the hands of authorities, but of association boards. 3. For this reason there are no longer any laws, ordinances or edicts in this area. 4. There are no longer any relationships with groups outside the Gau, nor are there any legal, financial or official ties to the Reich Church. 5. Members can only be of legal age through a written declaration of membership. So you are not born into it, but only have to declare your membership when you are of legal age. There are no national, popular or territorial churches. Anyone who moves from the Altreich to the Warthegau must first be re-registered in writing. ”On September 13, the points were then published in writing.

The racist regime in the Warthegau stipulated that all institutions, including the religious communities, were separated according to the Nazi racial ideas. That means, Polish-speaking members of the Uniate Evangelical Church left. Recently naturalized as Germans, Baltic Germans, Bessarabian, Bukovinian, Galician, Volhynian or elsewhere, mostly Lutheran immigrants were added . New and old members together numbered about 147,000 people, to whom came about 188,000 German-speaking Protestant Poles in parishes of the Evangelical Church AB in the Łódź area , which were affiliated. They formed their own consistorial district Łódź. In 1944, the parishes were divided into 19 dioceses.

When Church Minister Hanns Kerrl tried in October 1940 to extend his authority and control to the churches in the Warthegau, Greiser firmly rejected him. In autumn 1941 the Uniate Evangelical Church was demoted to a private law association.

All church property (charitable institutions, cemeteries, dormitories, club houses etc.) was expropriated, only the immediate places of prayer were allowed to be kept by the Evangelical Church in Wartheland . All pastors were subjected to strict occupation supervision.

With the withdrawal of the defeated Wehrmacht, many German-speaking Protestant Poles fled Wielkopolska and Pomerania, many perished as a result of flight and expulsion, and others were driven out by the Polish post-war regime, whereby many parishes perished. After the end of the Second World War, the remaining parishes of the Uniate Evangelical Church were incorporated into the latter in accordance with the Polish law of July 4, 1947 amending the decree of the President of the Republic of November 25, 1936 on the relationship between the state and the Evangelical-Augsburg Church. The Polish government transferred many of the orphaned Protestant church buildings to the Roman Catholic Church.

bibliography

  • Heinz Gefaeller: Changes in canon law as a result of the Versailles Treaty. Rothschild, Berlin 1930 (Public Law, Tax Policy and Public Finance, Vol. 1; also dissertation University of Königsberg, 1930).
  • Stefan Grelewski: Wyznania protestanckie i sekty religijne w Polsce współczesnej (=  Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Vol. 19). Diecezjalny Zakład Graficzno-Drukarski, Sandomierz 1937.
  • Olgierd Kiec, The Protestant Churches in the Poznań Voivodeship 1918–1939 [= Kościoły ewangelickie w Wielkopolsce wobec kwestii narodowościowej w latach 1918-1939, Warszawa: Upowszechnianie Nauki Oświata, 1995, ISBN 83-85618-21 ; German], Siegfried Schmidt (ex.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, (= sources and studies, German Historical Institute Warsaw / Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie ; Vol. 8), ISBN 3-447-04030-0 ).
  • Alfred Kleindienst , Oskar Wagner : Protestantism in the Republic of Poland 1918/19 to 1939 in the field of tension between nationality politics and state church law, church and national contrasts (=  Marburg East Research, Vol. 42). J.-G.-Herder-Institut, Marburg an der Lahn 1985, ISBN 3-87969-179-7 .
  • Konrad Müller : State borders and Protestant church borders: All-German state unity and Protestant church unity according to German law (=  Jus ecclesiasticum, Bd. 35). Edited by Axel von Campenhausen . Mohr, Tübingen 1988, ISBN 3-16-645329-6 (also dissertation University of Göttingen, 1948).
  • Ludolf Müller : The United Evangelical Church in Posen-West Prussia under the Polish tyranny (=  The Evangelical Diaspora, Supplements, No. 10). Central Board of the Gustav Adolf Foundation, Leipzig 1925.
  • Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in the Warthegau 1939-1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74.
  • Directory of parishes, parishes and clergy in the area of ​​the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland. Office of the Evangelical Consistory, Poznan 1927.
  • Directory of parishes, parishes and clergy in the area of ​​the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland. Office of the Evangelical Consistory, Poznan 1934.
  • Albert Werner (revised by Johannes Steffani): History of the evangelical parishes in the province of Posen. 2nd Edition. Edited by the Royal Consistory of the Province of Poznan. Ebbecke, Lissa in Poznan 1904.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Michał Pietrzak: Prawo wyznaniowe. 5th edition. LexisNexis, Warsaw 2013, ISBN 978-83-7806-982-9 , p. 157.
  2. ↑ Olgierd Kiec: Kościoły ewangelickie w Wielkopolsce wobec kwestii narodowościowej w latach 1918–1939. Upowszechnianie Nauki Oświata, Warsaw 1995, ISBN 83-85618-21-X (German The Protestant Churches in the Poznań Voivodeship 1918–1939 (=  sources and studies, German Historical Institute Warsaw / Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie , vol. 8) by Siegfried Schmidt, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 3-447-04030-0 , p. 85).
  3. ^ Richard Blanke: Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 1993, ISBN 0-8131-1803-4 , p. 79seq.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hugo Rasmus: Blau, Paul . In: Ostdeutsche Biografie (Kulturportal West-Ost), accessed on November 24, 2018.
  5. ^ Wilhelm Hüffmeier : The Evangelical Church of the Union. A brief historical orientation. In: "... according to the great purposes of Christianity" - The Evangelical Church of the Union 1817 to 1992. A handout for the communities. Edited by Wilhelm Hüffmeier, published by the church chancellery of the Evangelical Church of the Union. Luther-Verlag, Bielefeld 1992, ISBN 3-7858-0346-X , pp. 13–28, here p. 22.
  6. ↑ a b Konrad Müller: State and Protestant Church Boundaries: All-German State Unity and Protestant Church Unity under German Law (=  Jus ecclesiasticum, vol. 35). Edited by Axel von Campenhausen. Mohr, Tübingen 1988, ISBN 3-16-645329-6 , p. 96 (also dissertation University of Göttingen, 1948).
  7. ↑ Heinz Gefaeller: Canon law changes as a result of the Versailles Treaty. Rothschild, Berlin 1930, p. 73 ( Public Law, Tax Policy and Public Finance, Vol. 1; also dissertation University of Königsberg, 1930).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Handbook of the German Protestant Churches 1918 to 1949: Organs - Offices - Associations - Persons (=  work on contemporary church history, series A, sources, vol. 20). Edited by Heinz Boberach, Carsten Nicolaisen and Ruth Pabst. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, Vol. 2 Landes- und Provinzialkirchen , p. 430.
  9. ^ Eduard Kneifel: History of the Evangelical-Augsburg Church in Poland. Self-published, Niedermarschacht 1964, p. 17.
  10. ↑ Cf. “Poland”, in: The Great Brockhaus: Handbook of Knowledge in twenty volumes. Completely reworked. 15th edition. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1928–1935, Vol. 14: Osu – Por, pp. 687–702, here p. 695.
  11. ↑ Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, pp. 297, 306.
  12. ↑ Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, p. 296seqq.
  13. ↑ Cf. Dziennik Urzędowy Ministerstwa byłej Dzielnicy Pruskiej (Official Gazette of the Ministry for the formerly Prussian Partition Area ), No. 35, July 15, 1920.
  14. ↑ Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, p. 295.
  15. ↑ Cf. Dziennik Ustaw No. 30 (1928), poz. 278 , accessed November 24, 2018.
  16. ^ Richard Blanke: Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 1993, ISBN 0-8131-1803-4 , p. 79.
  17. ↑ General Superintendent Blau had always remained German and trusted that he would not be expelled from the country as a theologian who was respected by the Lutheran World Federation. After he wanted to travel home from Germany to Posen from a cure in the summer of 1939, the Polish government refused him entry. He only returned there after the German conquest of Poznan. Compare Hugo Rasmus: Blau, Paul . In: Ostdeutsche Biografie (Kulturportal West-Ost), accessed on November 24, 2018.
  18. ↑ a b Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, p. 299.
  19. ↑ See Adolf Schneider: Collected Essays (= Yearbook of the Theological Seminary of the Uniate Evangelical Church in Poland; Vol. 1). Edited by Gottfried Greulich and Ernst Kienitz. Poznan 1929.
  20. ↑ a b Handbook of the German Protestant Churches 1918 to 1949: Organs - Offices - Associations - People (=  work on contemporary church history, series A, sources, vol. 20). Edited by Heinz Boberach, Carsten Nicolaisen and Ruth Pabst. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-647-55794-6 , Vol. 2 Landes- und Provinzialkirchen , p. 432.
  21. ↑ Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, p. 294.
  22. ↑ Jakub Sawicki: Studia nad położeniem prawnym mniejszości religijnych w państwie polskim. Wydawnictwo Kasy im. Mianowskiego Instytut Popierania Nauki, Warsaw 1937, p. 292.
  23. ↑ Olgierd Kiec, The Protestant Churches in the Poznań Voivodeship 1918–1939 [= Kościoły ewangelickie w Wielkopolsce wobec kwestii narodowościowej w latach 1918-1939, Warszawa: Upowszechnianie Nauki Oświata, 1995, ISBN 83-85618-21-X618-21 ; dt.], Siegfried Schmidt (ex.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, (= sources and studies, German Historical Institute Warsaw / Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie; vol. 8), p. 38seq. ISBN 3-447-04030-0 .
  24. ↑ Olgierd Kiec, The Protestant Churches in the Poznań Voivodeship 1918–1939 [= Kościoły ewangelickie w Wielkopolsce wobec kwestii narodowościowej w latach 1918-1939, Warszawa: Upowszechnianie Nauki Oświata, 1995, ISBN 83-85618-21-X618-21 ; German], Siegfried Schmidt (ex.), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, (= sources and studies, German Historical Institute Warsaw / Niemiecki Instytut Historyczny w Warszawie; Vol. 8), p. 37. ISBN 3-447-04030- 0 .
  25. ↑ a b Stefan Grelewski: Wyznania protestanckie i sekty religijne w Polsce współczesnej (=  Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Vol. 19). Diecezjalny Zakład Graficzno-Drukarski, Sandomierz 1937, p. 283.
  26. ↑ Stefan Grelewski: Wyznania protestanckie i sekty religijne w Polsce współczesnej (=  Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Vol. 19). Diecezjalny Zakład Graficzno-Drukarski, Sandomierz 1937, pp. 327–333.
  27. ↑ a b Stefan Grelewski: Wyznania protestanckie i sekty religijne w Polsce współczesnej (=  Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Vol. 19). Diecezjalny Zakład Graficzno-Drukarski, Sandomierz 1937, p. 314.
  28. ↑ Stefan Grelewski: Wyznania protestanckie i sekty religijne w Polsce współczesnej (=  Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, Vol. 19). Diecezjalny Zakład Graficzno-Drukarski, Sandomierz 1937, p. 326.
  29. ↑ Handbook of the German Protestant Churches 1918 to 1949: Organs - Offices - Associations - People (=  work on contemporary church history, series A, sources, vol. 20). Edited by Heinz Boberach, Carsten Nicolaisen and Ruth Pabst. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-647-55794-6 , Vol. 2 Landes- und Provinzialkirchen , p. 431.
  30. ^ Siegfried Hermle, Jörg Thierfelder (Ed.): Challenged - Documents on the history of the Evangelical Church in the time of National Socialism. Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-7668-4063-9 , p. 572.
  31. ↑ Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in the Warthegau 1939-1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , Vol. 7 (1959), Issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 51seq.
  32. ↑ Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in the Warthegau 1939-1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 53.
  33. ^ A b Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in Warthegau 1939–1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 54.
  34. ↑ Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in the Warthegau 1939-1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 62.
  35. ^ A b Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in Warthegau 1939–1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 61.
  36. ↑ Barbara Krüger, Peter Noss: The structures in the Evangelical Church 1933-1945. In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, Claus Wagener (eds.): Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945. 42 city stories (=  studies on church and Judaism, vol. 18). Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 , pp. 149–171, here p. 167.
  37. ↑ Bernhard Stasiewski: The Church Policy of the National Socialists in the Warthegau 1939-1945. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , vol. 7 (1959), issue 1, pp. 46–74, here p. 74.
  38. ↑ Claus Wagener: National Socialist Church Policy and Protestant Churches after 1933. In: Olaf Kühl-Freudenstein, Peter Noss, Claus Wagener (eds.): Kirchenkampf in Berlin 1932–1945. 42 city stories (=  studies on church and Judaism, vol. 18). Institut Kirche und Judentum, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-923095-61-9 , pp. 76–96, here p. 95.
  39. ↑ Gunnar Heinsohn : How does the Holocaust differ from the other genocides in Hitler's Germany? Lecture given on April 22, 1999 in front of the German-Israeli Society, Berlin, in the Fasanenstrasse parish hall of the Berlin Jewish Community, p. 3.
  40. ↑ Cf. Dziennik Ustaw No. 52 (1947), poz. 272 , accessed November 24, 2018.