Rawicz

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Rawicz
Rawicz coat of arms
Rawicz (Poland)
Rawicz
Rawicz
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Greater Poland
Powiat : Rawicz
Area : 7.81  km²
Geographic location : 51 ° 37 '  N , 16 ° 51'  E Coordinates: 51 ° 36 '34 "  N , 16 ° 51' 27"  E
Residents : 20,225
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 63-900
Telephone code : (+48) 65
License plate : PRE
Economy and Transport
Street : Poznan - Wroclaw
Rail route : Wroclaw – Poznan
Next international airport : Poznań-Ławica
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Surface: 133.64 km²
Residents: 30,339
(June 30, 2019)
Population density : 227 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 3022053
Administration (as of 2014)
Mayor : Grzegorz cubic
Address: ul. J. Piłsudskiego 21
63-900 Rawicz
Website : www.rawicz.pl



Rawicz ['ravʲiʧ] ? / i (German Rawitsch ) is a district town with 21,200 inhabitants and the capital of the town and country municipality of the same name in the powiat Rawicki of the Polish Voivodeship of Greater Poland . Since the incorporation in 1973, the previously independent city of Sarnowa ( Sarne in German ) has also been part of the urban area . Audio file / audio sample

history

Rawitsch south of the city of Poznan and east of the city of Glogau on a map of the province of Poznan from 1905 (areas marked in yellow indicate areas with a predominantly Polish- speaking population at the time ).

City arms

The coat of arms given to the city by King Władysław IV. Wasa in 1638 shows a black bear in gold walking to the right on a green meadow . The coat of arms (see below) comes from the Polish noble family coat of arms Rawicz (also: Rawa ) of the city's founder Przyjemski: in gold a black bear with a white, red or blue dressed maiden on her back, who walks to the right on a green meadow.

The Rawitsche clan

Rawicz's coat of arms

The Rawitsche were a Mazovian knight tribe, which probably goes back to the powerful Czech family of the Wrchowez , which was exterminated around the year 1108 by the Bohemian Duke Svatopluk (see: Schweinhausburg ). A member of the family named Goworek fled to Poland, where he was met by Bolesław III. Wrymouth was awarded goods in the country of Sendomir and in Mazovia . The original seat of the Rawitsche in Poland was the city of Rawa Mazowiecka , which, like Rawitsch, got its name from the family coat of arms. Goworek's grandson, who was also called Goworek, was the castellan of Cracow and tutor of Duke Leszek I the White . In the 13th century the family was divided into two lines: the Warschowitze , who descended from Warsz , castellan of Krakow and alleged founder of Warsaw , and the Grotowitze , who also held high state offices. Both lines were supporters of King Władysław I. Ellenlang in his fight with Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. The Rawitsche came to their greatest power in the second half of the 14th and 15th centuries: many of them were castellans, one became bishop of Cracow. In the 15th century the Rawitsche also appear in Greater Poland and Kujawia .

First Polish Republic (until 1793)

Adam Rawicz-Przyjemski, city founder

In 1638 the landlord Adam Olbracht Przyjemski , castellan of Gniezno and Kalisch , received permission from King Władysław IV. Wasa to found the town, named after the Rawicz family coat of arms , on the site of his village Sierakowo (first mentioned in 1310). The Wroclaw architect Flandrin was commissioned by Przyjemski to design a symmetrical city map. The city was then about 15 km from the Silesian border, on the important trade route from Poznan to Wroclaw. The proximity of the border was of great importance for the development of the city, because Rawitsch became a place of refuge for those of different faiths who fled Bohemia and Silesia from religious oppression by the Habsburgs . Many of them were skilled artisans and merchants. The first Jews were recorded in Rawitsch as early as 1639 . In 1640 the cloth makers' guild was registered in the city. In 1649 the Jews were expelled. The Rawitsch rifle club , which still exists today, was founded in 1642. During the Swedish invasion of Karl X. Gustav in 1655 , the wooden town burned down, but was soon rebuilt in brick form. The Jews who returned around 1660 were expelled again in 1674 - they returned in 1698.

A great fire destroyed the rebuilt city in 1701. In the Great Northern War Rawitsch was 1704-1705 by the troops of Karl XII. occupied by Sweden. The king himself stayed in the city for a few months. Until 1733 the city was then held alternately by the Russians and Saxons. From 1710 to 1711 the plague raged in Rawitsch, with 60% of the inhabitants died. In 1719 the Rawitsch Jews received a charter regulating their rights and taxes. There were twelve Jewish families in the city. In 1728 they built a small house of prayer . In 1739 there were already 35 Jewish families in Rawitsch, and in 1755 the first rabbi , Menachem Mendel Gradenwitz , was employed. The new town hall was built from 1753 to 1756. Farmer Wittke (Friedericistraße), farmer Hoffmann (Sierakowo) and many others drove to building materials without pay. In 1783 it was the first building in Poland to have a lightning rod . From 1760 the city became prosperous through the expansion of the cloth weaving mill. There were in the city in 1107 in guilds organized champions who represented 83 different professions. At that time Rawitsch had 74 windmills , two breweries, three dye works and a schnapps distillery. The first synagogue was built in 1783.

The first Prussian and Napoleonic periods (1793-1815)

As a result of the Second Partition of Poland, Rawitsch came to Prussia. On October 17, 1793, the city was visited by King Friedrich Wilhelm II . Two big fires devastated the city in 1794 and 1801, which at that time was the second largest city in the province after Poznan. In 1797 there were 198 Jewish families in the city, mostly merchants, tailors, craftsmen and cattle dealers. As a result of the Tilsit Peace in 1807, the city became part of the Duchy of Warsaw . Cloth production grew and the city was rebuilt. Rawitsch was the headquarters of part of the Grande Armée Napoléon Bonaparte in 1812 under the command of his brother Jérôme Bonaparte . In accordance with the resolutions of the Congress of Vienna , the city returned to Prussia in 1815 and became part of the Province of Posen .

Second Prussian Period (1815-1918)

The Prussian authorities built the Rawitsch prison in 1827. Around 1830 the Germans (especially Silesians ) made up the majority of the city's population. In addition to the mostly Protestant Germans, Jews also made up a significant proportion of the city's population, at 15–20 percent. After 1831, due to the Russian protective tariffs, the Rawitsch cloth making industry lost its importance. Many weavers moved to Congress Poland , especially to Zgierz and Łódź . From 1843 to 1845 cloth production flourished for the last time thanks to orders from the Prussian army. After that, the city got a predominantly agricultural character, with a few touches of small industry, a tobacco and cigar factory, which was founded around 1840 and was famous for its good goods. After Posen, Rawitsch was the second town in the province to have a gas works . As a result of the Prussian administrative reform of 1886, the city became the seat of the Rawitsch district formed from the southern half of the Kröben district with 48,000 inhabitants and the largest population density in the province of Posen. Around 1890 the place became an important industrial center of the province: It owned tobacco goods, machinery, furniture, scales, brush, paper factories, breweries and sawmills. The new synagogue was built in 1889 (destroyed around 1941). The first water pipes were laid in 1891, and in 1911 the city got a sewer system . The Liegnitz-Rawitscher railway company had its seat in the city. From 1900 the Jews emigrated to the interior of the German Reich , so that in 1905 there are only 363 Jews with about 9000 inhabitants.

In the Second Polish Republic (1920–1939)

The fighting between the Wielkopolska rebels against Prussian rule and German Freikorps , which intervened from Lower Silesia, lasted the longest in the Rawitscher Land from 1918 to 1920. The Rawitsch district finally became part of Poland on January 17, 1920. In August 1921, seven people were killed in the crackdown on violent protests in Rawicz against low wages. From 1921, many Germans and Jews left the city. In 1928 there were still 35 Jews in Rawitsch. The city was still multinational and multi-religious, all Christian denominations were represented here. In the period from 1920 onwards there were strong German sports clubs that organized excursions (also in small border traffic) and also held the test for the German sports badge. The structure of the town's economy changed around 1925. Due to the agricultural and forestry character of the region, an important food industry developed in Rawitsch: sugar factories, large schnapps and liqueur distilleries, the Scholz sausage factories , whose products are famous all over Poland first corrugated cardboard factory in Poland. Furthermore, there was a further development of the school system in the city. In 1925 the Rawitscher Kadettenanstalt was founded, and the city also had a teachers' college and two high schools. In 1927 the new building of the cadet institute was inaugurated (today: hospital). After Pilsudski - May Coup of May 1926, the old Prussian prison to one of the worst prisons was in Poland, where mainly political opponents were imprisoned. From 1933 to 1938 the communist Bolesław Bierut , after 1945 Polish President under the protection of Stalin , served a prison sentence here that saved him from the Stalinist purges. About 14 days before the German troops marched in, the conscripts (including the Germans) were drafted into the Polish army (mobilization). These Germans later fell into German captivity. On September 1, 1939, a company of the Wehrmacht took the city, deposed the Polish authorities and a provisional German administration, but had to withdraw after two days and did not return until September 5.

In World War II

From 1940 the Poles who had moved to Rawitsch in the interwar period were driven out again and replaced by German settlers from Volhynia and the Baltic States . On January 22, 1945, the attack by a Red Army tank unit surprised the German troops, who then withdrew from the city. Before that, on January 20, many Germans had left Rawitsch for Delitzsch in Saxony . The trek was put together at the station. It was around −20 ° C. A number of Germans who were Polish citizens in the interwar period stayed behind and were expelled to Germany in June / July 1945.

post war period

Until 1946 the city was ruled by the headquarters of the Soviet Army. 15,000 Soviet soldiers were stationed in Rawitsch. From 1946 to 1956, around 19,000 political prisoners, opponents of the regime and soldiers from the anti-communist Home Army were imprisoned in the Rawitsch prison ; 142 people were murdered there by the communist secret service Urząd Bezpieczeństwa . As a result of the nationalization of industry and the collectivization of agriculture, the yields of these economic sectors fell. From 1970 the economy recovered partly through reforms. New businesses emerged and many housing estates ( prefabricated buildings ) were built. All this was financed under Edward Gierek from money borrowed in Western Europe. In 1973 the neighboring town of Sarnowa ( Sarne ) with about 2500 inhabitants was incorporated. Due to the Polish administrative reform of 1975, the place lost its rank as a district seat and became a municipality in the newly formed Leszno Voivodeship . In 1999 the Powiat Rawicki was restored.

The municipality of Rawicz has been partnered with the German Hanseatic city of Attendorn since June 1, 2019 .

Population development

year Residents Remarks
End of 18th century 7.136 873 houses, 2 churches, 1 monastery, 37 mills, 948 Jews,> 10% Catholics, mainly cloth industry
1816 7,456 1,200 of them Jews
1819 7,377 1 Lutheran church, 1 Franciscan monastery, 1 synagogue, 1,049 houses, almost 1,200 Jews. "Cloth weaving is very important here".
1837 8,316
1843 9,315
1858 10,062
1861 10,408 including 652 military population
1885 12,919 of which 8,212 Protestants, 3,616 Catholics and 1,077 Jews in 909 residential buildings (1,187 active military personnel)
1905 11,403 7,778 Protestants, 3,140 Catholics and 428 Jews (1,157 Poles, 2 Czechs)

Attractions

Old town hall of Rawitsch

Sarnowa district (German Sarne ) (until 1973 independent town)

  • St. Andreas parish church, baroque , built in 1718, tower built in 1769;
  • Former town hall, classicism , built in 1837.

School system

Rawitsch has three upper secondary schools, one technical upper secondary school and five primary schools.

Sports

sports clubs
  • RKS Kolejarz Rawicz
  • Rawickie Stowarzyszenie Cyklistów BIKE
  • KP Rawia Rawicz
  • RKKS Rawia Rawicz
  • Korona Rawbud Rawicz
  • RKS Pavart - cycling
  • UPKS Wodnik Rawicz - Swimming
  • UKS Olimp Rawicz
  • MUKS Kadet Rawicz - Athletics

economy

The metal industry is important with the companies Gazomet, the iron foundry, DBP Ltd., Ferrpol KTM, the Rawag wagon works; as well as the Polmech machine factory in the Sarne district. 717 larger and around 1500 one-man companies are registered in the city.

traffic

Rawitsch is on the railway line (course book route 330) from Poznan to Wroclaw . There are daily direct train connections to Gdansk , Gdynia , Szczecin , Kolberg , Allenstein , Przemyśl and Krakow . Trains to Białystok , Rzeszów , Schreiberhau , Stolpmünde , Swinoujscie and Suwalken do not run daily . The Liegnitz-Rawitscher railway is no longer in operation.

Bus routes operate u. a. to Hirschberg and Krotoschin . Rawitsch is located on the country road ( Droga krajowa 5 ) halfway between Poznan and Wroclaw, which is crossed here by DK 36 (Lubin-Ostrowo).

sons and daughters of the town

Rawicz municipality

The urban and rural community of Rawitsch comprises 26 localities of predominantly village character, in which 7,939 people live (3,899 men, 4,040 women).

Surname German name
(1815-1920)		 German name
(1939-1945)
Dąbrówka Dombrowka Konarzewo
1906–1920 Eichenbronn 		Eichenbronn
Dębno Polskie Dams Dams
Folwark Vorwerke Vorwerke
Izbice Izbice Parlors
Kąty Lindenhof Lindenhof
Konarzewo Konarzewo Zerbonis Rest
Krasnolipka Krasnolipka Linden trees
Krystynki Christian Christian
Łąkta Lonkta Wiesenfurt
Łaszczyn Laszczyn Gutfeld
Masłowo Pig Pig
Rawicz Rawicz
1887–1920 Rawitsch 		Rawitsch
Sarnówka Sarnowko Sarnchen
Sierakowo Wilhelmsgrund Wilhelmsgrund
Sikorzyn Sikorzyn
1906–1920 Wiesenbach 		Wiesenbach
Słupia Kapitulna Slupia 1939–1943 Langenfeld
1943–1945 Langenzeile
Stvolno Stvolno Stolau
Szymanowo Szymanowo
1906–1920 Friedrichsweiler 		Friedrichsweiler
Ugoda Ugoda pagan
Warszewo Weidenhof Weidenhof
Wydawy Wydawy Outer field
Załęcze Königsdorf Königsdorf
Zawady Zawady Weidhofen
Zielona Wieś Gründorf Gründorf
Żołędnica Zolendnice Eichelhof
Żylice Zylice
1906-1920 slots 		Slots

literature

Web links

Commons : Rawicz  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Pamięć o manifestantach ( Memento of the original from September 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gazeta-rawicka.pl archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. in Gazeta Rawicka newspaper (online), publication date unknown (in Polish, accessed September 9, 2013)
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Heinrich Wuttke : City book of the country of Posen. Codex diplomaticus: General history of the cities in the region of Poznan. Historical news from 149 individual cities . Leipzig 1864, pp. 423-424.
  4. ^ FW Heidemann: Manual of the post-geography of the royal. Prussian states in connection with a post-charter of K. Preuss. Monarchy, which includes the course of ordinary driving and extra items . Weimar 1819, p. 110 .
  5. ^ Community encyclopedia for the Kingdom of Prussia. Based on materials from the census of December 1, 1885 and other official sources. Booklet V. Poznan Province . Berlin 1888, p. 122-123 .
  6. ^ Community encyclopedia for the Kingdom of Prussia. Based on materials from the census of December 1, 1905 and other official sources. Booklet V. Poznan Province . Berlin 1908, p. 132-133 .