Międzychód

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Międzychód
Międzychód coat of arms
Międzychód (Poland)
Międzychód
Międzychód
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Greater Poland
Powiat : Międzychód
Area : 6.98  km²
Geographic location : 52 ° 36 ′  N , 15 ° 54 ′  E Coordinates: 52 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  N , 15 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 10,574
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Postal code : 64-400
Telephone code : (+48) 95
License plate : PMI
Economy and Transport
Next international airport : Poznań-Ławica
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Surface: 307.24 km²
Residents: 18,389
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 60 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 3014033
Administration (as of 2012)
Mayor : Roman Wincenty Musiał
Address: ul. Piłsudskiego 2
64-400 Międzychód
Website : www.miedzychod.pl



Międzychód [ ɱ̃ɛ̃ˈd͡zɪxut ], German  pear tree , is the district town of the Powiat Międzychodzki district in the Polish Voivodeship of Greater Poland . It is considered the "cradle of the German department store ".

Geography and nature

The city of Międzychód is located in the western part of Greater Poland, 85 km west of Poznań , between the Warta and the Küchensee in the so-called Land of 100 Lakes . Due to the surrounding landscape, the city is known in the region as a holiday and recreation center. The Sierakowski Landscape Protection Park extends in the vicinity . The nature reserves Dolina Kamionki (Kamionka Valley), Kolno Międzychodzkie and the Netze jungle also border the city.

City structure

City structure around 1910

Today's urban area of ​​Międzychód is made up of three former towns that were independent until 1907:

  • Międzychód (pear tree) between the Warta in the north, Jezioro miejskie (Kitchen Lake) in the south, the moat in the west, which flows from the lake into the Warta and the moat in the east, which is now drained
  • Wielowieś (large village) to the left of the ditch and Jezioro miejskie (kitchen lake)
  • Lipowiec (Lindenstadt) , the manor district within Großdorf with a castle and manor

After 1945, the city was expanded to the east and west and the village of Wielowieś (Großdorf) was completely rebuilt behind the southern city limits.

local community

The following smaller villages belong to the urban and rural municipality ( gmina miejsko-wiejska ) Międzychód:

Gothic brick church of Mary giving birth in Kamionna
Surname German name
(1815-1919 / 20)		 German name
(1939-1945)
Bielsko Bielsko Bielen
Dormowo Dormowo Dornhagen
Drzewce Driewcen Forest drift
Dzięcielin Vorwerk Steinshof Stone courtyard
Gorzycko Old Görtzig Old Görzig
Gorzyń Gorzyn 1939–1943 Willich
1943–1945 Willichsee
Grailewo Grolewo Grabendorf
Głażewo Glozewo Glasberg
Jenatkowo Henriettenhof Henriettenhof
Kaliska Kaliske Vorwerk ?
Kamionna Would come Would come
Kaplin Capline ?
Kolno Kulm 1939–1943 Kulm
1943–1945 Kulmer Mühle
Krzyżkówko Krzyzkowko
1907–20 cross weir 		Cross weir
Lewice Lewitz Radlitzdorf
Łowyń Lioness 1939–1943 Taldorf
1943–1945 Waldtaldorf
Mierzyn New merine Neuhorst
Mierzynek Old Merine Althorst
Międzychód pear tree pear tree
Mnichy Great Munich 1939–1943 Groß Münche
1943–1945 Großmünche
Mniszki Little Munich 1939–1943 Klein Münche
1943–1945 Kleinmünche
Mokrzec Mokritz Steinhübel
Muchocin Muchocin Kalckreuth
Muchocinek Muchocin Hauland ?
Piłka Schneidemühl Hauland Schneidemühl Hauland
Popowo Popowo Seetal
Procedure Middle inside Middle inside
Puszcza Heather Heather
Radgoszcz Radegosch Hammer mill
Radusz Radush Waldrode
Sarzyce ? ?
Skrzydlewo Skrzydlewo
1907-1920 Zollerndorf 		Zollerndorf
Sowia Góra Eulenberg Eulenberg
Tuczępy Tutschempe 1939–1943 unrest area.
1943–1945 unrest area
Wielowieś Large village Large village
Zamyślin Krebbelmühl Krebbelmühl
Zatom Nowy New Zattum New ferry village
Zatom Stary Old Zattum Old ferry village
Zielona Chojna Green fir Green fir
Żmijowiec New stone New stone
Zwierzyniec Thiergarten Zoo

history

Birnbaum an der Warthe, southwest of the city of Schneidemühl and northwest of the city of Posen , on a map of the province of Posen from 1905 (areas marked in yellow indicate areas with a predominantly Polish- speaking population at the time ).
Fishing fountain on the Stary Rynek

The first written mention of the settlement of Mézichod comes from the year 1378. It received city ​​rights until 1400. During this time, Międzychód was right on the border with the East German settlement and therefore in a mixed linguistic area. Around 1400 a German is known to be the city ​​bailiff . A circumstance that suggests that German settlers had already gained respect and high positions in the place back then. The city had the Polish city name Międzychód , which is derived from the Polish words między (between) and chód (way), but also the German city name Birnbaum , which refers to the large pear tree that led to the establishment of the settlement. Exactly where this pear tree once stood is now reminiscent of a fishing fountain .

From the earliest times Międzychód was an urban manor with a landlord at the head, who bore the title " Starost of Międzychód" and administered his rule from the manor district Lindenstadt in the middle of the suburb Großdorf. The first starosts Międzychód known today were Józef Łukaszewicz and Andrzej Nianczkowski , the latter left the city to Tomasz Krzyżanowski in 1505 . Both were dukes of Glogau .

Międzychód owned by the Ostroróg family from 1550–1597

Count's coat of arms of the Ostroróg

Stanisław Ostroróg , the castellan of Międzyrzecz , bought Międzychód around 1550. Together with his brother Jakub Ostroróg (heir Międzychóds) he was the leader of the Lutheran Reformation in Greater Poland. The city became predominantly Protestant so surprisingly early on because many German and Polish city dwellers followed his brother's conversion.

In addition to many Polish nobles, however, Jan Ostroróg , the younger heir, returned to Catholicism after the Counter-Reformation and received the manorial rule Międzychód in 1591 as a result of his conversion . Since 1566 King Zygmunt III Wasa only entrusted Catholics with offices of political importance. Jan Ostroróg fought the Protestants of his city with all means, which led to the fact that the Poles all returned to Catholicism, most of the Germans left the city and some of them went over to the Catholic, Polish camp. In 1597 Jan Ostroróg , who lived mostly in Ruthenia, sold the town of Międzychód (with Muchocin and Gorzyn) to the German noble von Unruh family . At that time, there were hardly any Germans left in the city.

Owned by the von Unruh family from 1597–1790

Coat of arms of the Unruh family

The Protestant Christoph von Unruh († 1620) from Silesia bought the city from the Polish noblemen in 1597, but was also accepted into the Polish aristocracy as Christopherus von Unrug by improving the coat of arms of King Zygmunt III Wasa . The town remained in the possession of his family for 200 years and owes its prosperity to it.

Gravestone Christoph von Unruh in the former Ev. Birnbaum-Lindenstadt Church

During the Thirty Years' War , the aristocratic family ensured a new mass immigration of German Protestants (especially Silesian weavers ), who, thanks to the system of manorial rule in Międzychód, experienced protection of their religion and promotion of their economic interests. The number of German immigrants grew so rapidly that the rather rural Polish population was pushed out of the city and into the suburbs of Großdorf, Muchocin, Bielsko and Kolno due to rising rents.

A flourishing industry developed in the city, especially among weavers , whose cloths were sold far to Congress Poland and abroad, even to Russia and China .

The hereditary lord Christoph von Unruh had a new, contemporary castle (1760) and a Protestant wooden church built for his Protestant German townspeople in the Międzychód estate district of Lindenstadt . In memory of the builder, they walled his tombstone into the vestibule of the new stone-built Evangelical Church in 1840 after the wooden church was destroyed, which is still there today.

Severe city fires in 1692 and 1763 almost completely destroyed the city.

In 1790 the Międzychód family had to sell. The new owner was Mr. von Mielęcki , the husband of the widow of the late Starosten von Międzychód Bogusław von Unruh .

Under royal Prussian rule 1793–1920

District office building, approx. 1830–1945
(today: seat of the Międzychód city administration)

With the II partition of Poland in 1793 , the city of Międzychód came under royal Prussian rule and, as Birnbaum, became the district town of the Birnbaum district in South Prussia . From 1797 the Poles in the Birnbaum district were an ethnic minority in the Kingdom of Prussia without their own land. They hardly had any civil rights.

With the help of Napoleon Bonaparte , Międzychód became part of a Polish state again in the Duchy of Warsaw from 1806 , but fell back to Prussia in 1815 as a result of the Holy Alliance at the Congress of Vienna . A district office was set up in the city for the Birnbaum district and an architecturally valuable building was built in Lindenstadt around 1840. In 1816 Międzychód became a royal Prussian domain , which meant the end of the centuries-old system of manorial rule . The Unruh'sche Schloss lost its importance and became neglected. In 1818 the city was assigned to the province of Poznan . In 1833 it received its special town order.

For 100 years the city was officially called Birnbaum and during this time it became the cradle of the German department store.

Former painting shop Zygmunt Szafrański with historical advertising
former department store Fam. Weise, later B.Biniaś (Dom handlowy)

Under royal Prussian rule, the city saw its entry into the industrial revolution . If the partitions of Poland had led to the loss of the entire sales areas of the 188 cloth makers / weavers Birnbaums in one fell swoop, two breweries , a distillery , several brickworks , windmills , two dairies , a grain mill , a sawmill , the Birnbaum tobacco industry and the inland port were created . The Birnbaumer Railway was built in 1888 on behalf of the Prussian Eastern Railway . The city's first gas works were started in 1898. The first large industrial factories in Birnbaum around 1900 were agricultural factories : the Pomona canning factory for processing farm crops and the Mecentra factory for repairing agricultural machinery . However, most of the crafts and all businesses in the city were in German hands. Some had Polish owners, including u. a. Andrzej Majcherek, Antoni Sobkowski and the master painter Zygmunt Szafrański. The majority of Poles continued to work as wage laborers for wealthy German craftsmen and merchants.

The city ​​was spared from the battles of the Wielkopolska Uprising of 1918-1919 not far from the city limits. As a result of the Treaty of Versailles , Birnbaum became part of the Second Polish Republic as Międzychód on January 17, 1920 .

Between the world wars 1920–1939

As part of a new Polish state, Międzychód lost most of the German and Jewish residents. They sold their workshops and businesses to Poland and emigrated to Germany . The following inflation of the 1920s and the pine owl in the surrounding forests marked the beginning of the decline of all of its industry for the city. Man tied great hopes on the recovery - and healing - Tourism and raised Międzychód thanks to the beautiful surroundings and the peculiar microclimate to modernize the bathhouse officially for health resort .

On September 3, 1939, the Germans entered the city and was solved by the invasion of Poland, the Second World War from.

After the end of the Second World War

The city was liberated by the Red Army on January 27, 1945 , and Międzychód became part of the People's Republic of Poland . Unless they had already fled, the Germans were driven out of the city . For the first time in history there were exclusively Polish citizens in the city.

In 1975 the city lost its county seat status , which was only restored to it in 1999, in the Third Polish Republic . Since then, Międzychód has been part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship .

Demographics

Population development until 1921
year population Remarks
1797 1444 including 1084 Christians and 360 Jews, without the administrative seat of Lindenstadt with 368 Christians
1800 1592 in 258 houses, 348 Jews
1803 1739
1816 1996 of which 1275 Protestants, 241 Catholics, 480 Jews
1821 2092
1826 2200 in 229 houses, 650 Jews
1837 2637 over a quarter of Jews
1843 2937 in 263 houses
1858 3240
1861 3285
1867 3379 on December 3rd
1871 3208 German residents, including 2000 Protestants, 550 Catholics and 650 Jews; According to other information, 3207 inhabitants (on December 1), of which 2028 Protestants, 582 Catholics, eleven other Christians, 586 Jews
1875 3077
1880 3153
1890 3276 2031 Protestants, 881 Catholics, 268 Jews
1900 2954 mostly Evangelicals with a large village and Lindenstadt 4881 inhabitants
1905 5126 after the incorporation of Großdorf and Lindenstadt, of which 3218 were Protestants, 1739 Catholics, 118 Jews
1910 5274 on December 1st
Number of inhabitants after the Second World War
year Residents Remarks
2009 10,915
2012 18,634

politics

mayor

The 45th Mayor of Międzychód is Roman Wincenty MUSIAŁ (since 2002).
His predecessors in office were:

Surname Surname
1. Albert BRACHAŁA (1628) 23. Antoni Władisław CZECKALSKI (1920)
2. Johann HECHLER (1667–1668, 1673–1674) 24. Kazimierz TOMASZEWSKI (1921–1924)
3. Johann FIOLKA (1668) 25. Józef MILCZYNSKI (1924–1928)
4. Michael ZÖBE (1677, 1688) 26. Michał SKRZYPCZAK (1928–1939)
5. John APT (1689) 27. Paul FECHNER (1939)
6. Johann Christoph YOUNG (1711, 1714) 28. Gerhard BUCHWALD (1939)
7. Johann ROSE (1712, 1719, 1724, 1727, 1729–1731?) 29. Josef THÜTE (1939–1945)
8. Martin BREMER (1713) 30. Julian KINECKI (1945–1948)
9. Christoph APPELT (1718 ?, 1728–1729, 1731–1738) 31. Kazimierz DROZDOWSKI (1948–1950)
10. Gottfried TEPPER (1724, 1728, 1739-1750) 32. Leon MAMET (1950-1952)
11. Johann STÜRTZEL (1733, 1734–1740, 1749, 1756) 33. Stanisław SOBKOWSKI (1952–1957)
12. Christoph SALOMON (1740, 1744–1751, 1753–1754, 1756–1757) 34. Władisław RYBAK (1958–1961)
13. Gotthilf Martin KINTZEL (1751–1753) 35. Jerzy ŁODYGA (1961–1964)
14. Martin KINTZEL (1760, 1762, 1764) 36. Adam SOBEK (1964–1973)
15. Johann REICH (1762–1764, 1770) 37. Zbigniew LESZCZYNSKI (1973)
16. Gottlob STÜRTZEL (1774–1775) 38. Henryk RZEZNICKI (1974–1975)
17. Paul KINTZEL ( ca.1774 , 1779) 39. Stefan MAMZER (1975–1976)
18. Johann Friedrich WIECZOROWSKI (1811–1843) 40. Roman RATAJCZAK (1976-1986)
19. Friedrich Gustav HAIN (1843-1852) 41. Bolesław NAPIERALSKI (1987–1990)
20. Hermann MACK (1856-1884) 42. Ludwik SZYMKOWIAK (1990)
21. Alfons von KAFFKA (1888–1906) 43. Wojciech KRUS (1990–1994)
22. Hermann GERLACH (1906–1920) 44. Juliusz KOCH (1994–2002)

coat of arms

Międzychód coat of arms
 Blazon : “ In silver a rooted green pear tree with golden fruits (pears), in whose crown a goalless, red castle with three tin towers hovers. "

There is a legend about the creation of the coat of arms :

Polish fishermen have lived by the town lake since ancient times, which today enchants in the cool months with countless birds that winter in this area. Directly on the lake, instead of the Stary Rynek (Old Market), there was a clearing with a huge pear tree in the middle. When the catch was finished, the fishermen used to hang the nets on the pear tree branches. One day they discovered, surprisingly, that strange nets were hung up on the tree as well as on the surrounding trees. They were astonished because they had not noticed another fishing village in the area so far. As soon as after a few days fishermen who lived on the neighboring lake (nowadays jezioro radgoskie) appeared, it became obvious. Both groups of fishermen did not know about each other. As a result of this chance meeting, they decided to move in together and populate the clearing on the city lake. Since then, they have been hanging the nets from the branches together. This is the history of the development of the settlement with the pear tree, which was then included in the coat of arms.

Town twinning

Culture and sights

Events

Buildings

  • The Catholic Parish Church of the Martyrdom of John the Baptist (Kościół Męczeństwa św. Jana Chrzciciela) was founded in 1591 by Jan Ostroróg and redesigned several times.
Development of ul. Rynkowa
  • The Catholic Parish Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Kościół pw. Niepokalanego Serca Maryi) is the former Evangelical town church. Instead of a previous church from the 18th century, the current building was designed in 1829 by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in the arched style and built from 1838–1840. Despite its size, Schinkel's design is based on a normal church . It has the typical wooden barrel vault, a straight choir wall and two-story galleries. The gravestone of the landlord Christoph von Unruh († 1689) is located in the vestibule. Historical gravestones from the 18th century with German inscriptions are embedded in the churchyard wall.
  • The town center has a rural character. In addition to the simple one to two-story houses from the turn of the 18th to the 19th century, which line up along ul. Rynkowa , representative buildings from the turn of the century such as the department store or the former Hotel Schwarzer Adler dominate the cityscape.
  • Muzeum regionalne (regional museum ) with rich ethnographic collections and souvenirs of the city's history
  • Laufpompa (running pump), an artesian deep well from 1912 with sulphurous water
  • Oskar-Tietz-Park with memorial stone

Economy and Infrastructure

Transport links

Rail transport

With the construction of the Rokietnica - Międzyrzecz railway line for the Prussian Eastern Railway , Międzychód was connected to the railway network in 1888 and, thanks to the expansion of further lines to Szamotuły and Zbąszyń, has been an important railway junction with two stations: Międędzychód station and Międzychód station since 1907 -Wschód (pear tree east).

Until the 1990s, however, the routes were not electrified and there was still a lack of money to modernize them. Despite massive protests from townspeople, the entire railway network in and around Międzychód was shut down .

Road traffic

With the expansion of the A2 / E30 autostrada in 2012 , Międzychód offers good connections to the road network. The city can be reached via the new motorway from Frankfurt (Oder) in less than two hours (A2 / E30 exit Trzciel on Droga krajowa 92 , then on to Międzychód on Droga wojewódzka 160 ). From Poznań via Droga krajowa 92 and then via Droga krajowa 24 in 1.25 hours.

The city of Międzychód is located on the European cycle route R1 from Boulogne-sur-Mer to St. Petersburg .

Air traffic

Poznań-Ławica International Airport is only 72 km from Międzychód and can be reached by car in around 1 hour (via Droga krajowa 24 and Droga krajowa 92 ).

Shipping

Międzychód's location on the navigable Warta meant that the inhabitants used the river as a cheap transport route early on. There was already a large-scale timber trade here in the 18th century, which was transported from here to Stettin .

The shipping traffic on the Warta increased over time and influenced the development of the city. In the 19th century, winter quarters for barges and small ships were built here, which over time was converted into the inland port of the city of Międzychód. In addition to wood, barges were also used to transport agricultural products and lignite .

The Warta is still navigable here, but currently only rarely carries ships after the port lost its importance after a sharp decline in orders and had to close in 1951.

Established businesses

  • the upholstered furniture factory CHRISTIANAPOL GmbH
  • the plastics processing companies Sched-Pol GbR , MARBO , Domet and Doso
  • the construction companies PEACH , DOMEX GbR and Piotr Gnoiński
  • the food industry HEINZ AG (Międzychód department)
  • the sawmill Dormowo
  • the shipping companies ABC Czepczyński , Lewidal and Wiktor Leszczyński

Public facilities

  • Międzychodzki Dom Kultury (Międzychodzki House of Culture). Many and varied cultural events, concerts and festivals are organized here. Numerous dance and music clubs are active here.
  • Biblioteka Publiczna (City Public Library). The inventory is over 66,000 books. A language book point is also kept, which is aimed primarily at blind readers. Free foreign language courses for the unemployed also take place here. There is a regional department that collects historical sources and documentation of social life.

Education and Research

School system

The city of Międzychód offers classes according to the educational system in Poland :

  • Szkoła Podstawowa (Primary School):
    • Szkoła Podstawowa No. 1, Międzychód, ul. 17 Stycznia 92
    • Szkoła Podstawowa No. 2, Międzychód, ul.Gorzycka 1
    • Specjalna Szkoła Podstawowa: Międzychód, ul.Gwardii Ludowej 6b (in front of the school complex No. 1)
The general education lyceum "Jarosław Dąbrowski" in Międzychód
(former Birnbaum City High School)
  • Gimnajzjum (compulsory middle school for all pupils in Poland, attended between 13-16 years of age):
    • Gimnazjum No. 1, Międzychód, ul.Iczka 3
    • Gimnazjum No. 2, Międzychód, ul.Gorzycka 1
  • Szkoły średnie (secondary schools):
    • General Education Lyceum "Jarosław Dąbrowski",
      Międzychód, ul. Sikorskiego 27
    • Three technical schools (vocational high schools):
      • School complex No. 1, Międzychód, ul.Gwardii Ludowej 6
      • School complex No. 2, Międzychód, ul.Crobrego 13
      • School complex No. 3, Międzychód, ul.Dworcowa 24
    • Elementary vocational school in the school complex No. 2 (ul. Chrobrego 13)

Leisure and sports facilities

  • Hala Sportowa (sports hall). The city's numerous sports clubs have been using the new sports and concert hall since 2001 , which enables international competitions, professional concerts and dance tournaments.

Personalities

Honorary citizen

sons and daughters of the town

People connected to the city

  • Friedrich Wilhelm Buttel (1796–1869), German architect and court builder of the (Grand) Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , came to Birnbaum after completing his mason training in 1813 and was employed in surveying as a practical surveyor with a royal chief forester named "König"

literature

  • Heinrich Wuttke : City book of the country Posen. Codex diplomaticus: General history of the cities in the region of Poznan. Historical news from 149 individual cities . Leipzig 1864, p. 269.
  • Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city . Photographic review of the first half of the 20th century. With texts in Polish and German. Drukarnia Międzychód Publishing House, 2008, ISBN 978-83-927744-0-2 .
  • Artur Paczesny, Łucjan Sobkowski: Poczet burmistrzów Międzychodu . obejmujący nazwiska 45 ojców miasta pełniących urząd w latach 1628–2007. Drukarnia Międzychód, 2007, ISBN 978-83-925419-8-1 .
  • Torsten Lorenz: From Birnbaum to Międzychód . Civil society and national struggle in Greater Poland until the Second World War. (Frankfurt Studies on the Economic and Social History of East Central Europe, Vol. 10). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-8305-0552-3 .
  • Helga Schultz: The citizens of Birnbaum . In this. (Ed.): East Prussia - West Poland. The breaking of a neighborhood. Berlin Verlag Arno Spitz, Berlin 2001, pp. 17–38. (Frankfurt studies on border region 7)
  • Lothar Snyders: East German agriculture under construction. The reign of Birnbaum in the South Prussian-Napoleonic period. Inaugural dissertation to obtain the doctoral degree of the Phil. Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelmsuniversität zu Münster (Westf), 1997 Inaugural dissertation uni-muenster.de (PDF)
  • Łucjan Sobkowski: Pomona . Obserwator Międzychodzki, 1999.
  • Ryszard Skłodowski: Międzychód w epoce zaborów. (Międzychód in the epoch of partitions). In: Janisław Osięglowski (Ed.): Międzychód . Dzieje - gospodarka - kultura (Międzychód. History - Economy - Culture). Warszawa 1981, pp. 34-55.
  • Georg Christoph von Unruh: Law and Law in Birnbaum until the beginning of the 18th century Birnbaum / Warthe 1980.
  • Wilhelm Barn: Agriculture around pear tree . Birnbaum / Warthe 1980.
  • Stefan Krantz: Association of German Catholics in Poland Local group Birnbaum . Birnbaum / Warthe 1974.
  • Hans Krüger: How it used to be at home . Birnbaum / Warthe 1974.
  • Gerhard Buchwald: The Ev. Birnbaum parish until 1945 . Birnbaum / Warthe 1971.
  • Gustav Ehrich: It was like that back then . Birnbaum / Warthe 1969.
  • Georg Tietz: Hermann Tietz . History of a family and their department stores. German publishing house, Stuttgart 1965.
  • Max Radtke: Three hundred years under God's protection in the light of the Evangelii. Attempt a history of the Ev. Parish of Birnbaum dedicated to his congregation, which has been warmly connected to him through 25 years of work in love, to celebrate its 300th church anniversary . Buchwald, pear tree 1900.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Morgenpost: The cradle of department stores is in Birnbaum
  3. ↑ Website Land of 100 Lakes (POL)
  4. ↑ Sierakowski Landscape Protection Park ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / de.wielkopolska.travel
  5. ^ Website of the Dolina Kamionki Nature Reserve
  6. ↑ Gmina Międzychód: Kolno Międzychodzkie Nature Reserve ( Memento of the original from December 6, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.miedzychod.pl
  7. ↑ Puszcza Notecka nature reserve
  8. ↑ Certificate cod. dipl. No. 1756: “ Domaratus capitaneus regai Poloniae 1378. Dec. 18, in Mézichod; protestatur, Nicolaum castellaneum de Starygród hereditatem Rokitno cum hereditatibus Muchocin et Radegoszcz monasterii de Zemsko propriis commutavisse. ”(German:“ Domaratus, Starost of the Kingdom of Poland December 18, 1378 in Mézichod testifies that Nicholas, the commandant of Starygród, exchanged his inheritance from Rokitno with the inheritance of Muchocin and Radegoszcz, property of the Zemsko monastery. ”)
  9. ↑ Max Radtke: 300 years under God's protection in the light of the Evangelii. Attempt a history of the Ev. Birnbaum community . Birnbaum 1900, p. 1 (Max Radtke was senior pastor and superintendent in Birnbaum).
  10. ↑ Brief historical description of the parochial churches in the province of Poznan Tom. II p. 438/39 (Polish)
  11. ↑ It is said that Jakub Ostroróg, when he once heard over tables that his wife was absent because she was attending the services of the Bohemian brothers in another room in his palace, irritated by his hurried there to force her into the fun Bring back society. When he angrily enters the congregation of the brothers in order to disperse the worshipers, Pastor Georg Israel, who is present, makes him sit down in a friendly and calm manner and listen. Forced by the pious man's steadfast gaze, the count sits down, listens to Czerwenka's sermon and is won over to the cause of the gospel forever. Festschrift for the 300th anniversary of the Ev. Birnbaum community, p. 6, 1900 Birnbaum
  12. ↑ Max Radtke: 300 years under God's protection in the light of the Evangelii . Birnbaum 1900, p. 7.
  13. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie I i miasto - Birnbaumer and their city. P. 49.
  14. ↑ Morgenpost: The cradle of department stores is in Birnbaum.
  15. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 152.
  16. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 49.
  17. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 152.
  18. ^ A b c d e Heinrich Wuttke : City book of the country of Posen. Codex diplomaticus: General history of the cities in the region of Poznan. Historical news from 149 individual cities . Leipzig 1864, pp. 331-332.
  19. ↑ a b c Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 256-263, item 63.
  20. ↑ Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 1, A – F , Halle 1821, p. 119, item 2695 .
  21. ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The state forces of the Prussian monarchy under Friedrich Wilhelm III . Volume 2, part 1, Berlin 1828, p. 92, item 1.
  22. ^ A b Royal Statistical Office: The municipalities and manor districts of the Prussian state and their population. Edited and compiled from the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Part IV: The Province of Posen , Berlin 1874, pp. 84–85, item 1 ( E-Copy, pp. 91-92 ).
  23. ^ Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation . Volume 2, GFO Müller, Berlin 1874, p. 143, item 1 .
  24. ↑ a b c M. Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006)
  25. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 12, Leipzig / Vienna 1905, p. 900 .
  26. ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
  27. ↑ Otto Hupp: The coats of arms and seals of the German cities. 1898
  28. ↑ miedzychod.pl ( Memento of the original from April 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Tell about the creation of the city arms @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.miedzychod.pl
  29. ↑ See Międzychód: kościół Ścięcia św. Jana Chrzciciela
  30. ↑ Cf. Karl Friedrich Schinkel - the architectural work today.
  31. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 135.
  32. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 39.
  33. ↑ Krystyna Szczepańska-Hatzke: Międzychodzianie i ich miasto - Birnbaumer and their city , p. 39.