Działdowo
| Działdowo | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Warmia-Masuria | ||
| Powiat : | Działdowo | ||
| Area : | 11.13 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 53 ° 14 ' N , 20 ° 11' E | ||
| Height : | 157 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 21,279 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Postal code : | 13-200 to 13-201 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 23 | ||
| License plate : | NDZ | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | Brodnica - Nidzica | ||
| Rail route : | Nasielsk – Iława | ||
| Działdowo – Nidzica | |||
| Next international airport : | Danzig | ||
| Gmina | |||
| Gminatype: | Borough | ||
| Surface: | 11.13 km² | ||
| Residents: | 21,279 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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| Population density : | 1912 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Community number ( GUS ): | 2803011 | ||
| Administration (as of 2012) | |||
| Mayor : | Grzegorz Mrowiński | ||
| Address: | ul.Zamkowa 12 13-200 Działdowo |
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| Website : | www.dzialdowo.pl | ||
Działdowo [ d͡ʑau̯ˈdɔvɔ ] (German Soldau ) is a city in the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .
Geographical location
The city is located in the uplands of the former East Prussia on the north bank of the Działdówka (Soldau) river , 157 meters above sea level, about 23 kilometers southwest of Nidzica (Neidenburg) and 73 kilometers south-southwest of Olsztyn (Allenstein) .
history
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The village Soldau emerged in the wake of the Teutonic Order carried out settlement of the west of the Vistula and peaceful landscape Sassen in the early 14th century. Far to the south of the then primeval forest-like Sassen, near the border to the Polish-ruled Mazovia , the order built Soldau Castle in 1306, according to unconfirmed sources . A settlement was established outside the castle, the first inhabitants of which were descendants of the first Central German generation of immigrants from the Order. Given its proximity to the border, the development of the settlement was hesitant; so in 1344 the intention of the Osterode Commandery to raise Soldau to the city failed . It was not until 1349 that the Commander-in-Chief Günther von Honstein succeeded in granting the settlement the formal festivals of the order and thus the town charter. The city now bore the name Soldau like the river flowing past it. According to the scheme typical for the foundation of the order, streets leading to a square market square were laid out and a city fortification with two gates was built.
Due to its border location, Soldau was repeatedly affected by wars in its history. At the beginning of the war between the Order and Poland, Soldau was burned down in 1409 by Lithuanians allied with Poland. A year later, troops under the Polish king Jagiello occupied the city after the victory at Tannenberg . During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), the residents drove the castle's garrisons away and handed the castle over to the Polish troops. When the order tried to recapture the castle in 1455, the city was destroyed again. During the Polish-Swedish War, the Swedish King Karl Gustav set up his headquarters in Soldau in 1656. The following year, Tatar hordes invaded the city during their raid on the south of the country.
The religious order was converted into the secular Duchy of Prussia in 1525 . The order's commanderies had been replaced by so-called circles, and Soldau came under the administration of the Oberland district with Saalfeld as its center. Soldau received the status of one of the twelve main offices to which several municipalities were subordinate. With the Prussian administrative reform of 1752 the Oberländische Kreis was dissolved and the main office in Soldau was subordinated to the newly formed Neidenburg district .
At the beginning of the 18th century, the former order castle was in ruins. Only the castle chapel was still preserved; King Friedrich I of Prussia had given it to the Protestant community for use. In 1737 and 1748 Soldau was destroyed by major fires. During Napoleon's war against Prussia, Soldau was captured by the troops of French Marshal Ney on December 26, 1806 after a fierce battle . In the second half of the 19th century, Soldau became the intersection of the newly built traffic routes. The railway lines Danzig - Warsaw and Thorn - Ortelsburg as well as the roads to Thorn and Neidenburg, later classified as imperial roads, crossed here. This made the city an important trading center for grain and cattle. A Catholic church was completed on August 17, 1862. At the beginning of the 20th century Soldau had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a synagogue and a district court. From 1885 to 1910 the number of inhabitants grew from 3,122 to 4,728.
Immediately after the outbreak of World War I , on August 6, 1914, a battle broke out west of Soldau between the German border guards and a Russian cavalry division . With only three dead and 18 wounded, the border guards were able to take out a Russian brigade and push the rest of the Russian division back beyond the border. In the course of the war, however, Soldau suffered severe damage, which later had to be repaired with the help of the Charlottenburg War Aid Association .
Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty of 1919, Soldau was ceded to Poland on January 10, 1920 together with 32 other communities in the Neidenburg district . The so-called “Soldauer Ländchen” did not take part in the referendums in East and West Prussia , as the Danzig – Warsaw railway line became part of the Polish Corridor for geostrategic reasons . During the Polish-Soviet War Soldau was briefly occupied by the Red Army in August 1920 , which announced the return of the entire Polish Corridor to Germany and was enthusiastically welcomed by the German part of the population.
As a result of the attack on Poland and the subsequent occupation in 1939, the area around Soldau came back to the Reich. On October 26, 1939, the communities formerly belonging to the Neidenburg district, including Soldau, were initially merged as an independent East Prussian district of Soldau . With effect from April 24, 1940, the union with the Neidenburg district took place.
During the Second World War , the Gestapo maintained a so-called labor education camp here from 1941 to 1945 , after the Soldau transit camp for Polish prisoners of war and civilian internees had already existed in October 1939 . In 1940, 1,558 mentally ill patients from East Prussian and Polish hospitals were murdered in this camp by the Lange Sonderkommando using a gas truck . 301 victims came from the Kortau Provincial Sanatorium , 250–300 from Polish psychiatric hospitals . According to Polish sources, 13,000 of the total of 30,000 inmates were killed, including the two Polish bishops Antoni Julian Nowowiejski and Leon Wetmański .
In January 1945 the Red Army met the German southern front of the Wehrmacht in East Prussia and occupied Soldau on January 20th. The city was significantly destroyed in the fighting. In the summer of 1945 Soldau was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, along with the southern half of East Prussia and all of West Prussia . Then the immigration of Polish migrants began. Had not fled far as German citizens, they were in the aftermath of Soldau sold .
Population development until 1945
| year | Residents | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1782 | 2,000 | with the garrison (staff and two squadrons of a hussar regiment ) |
| 1802 | 1,679 | |
| 1810 | 1,354 | |
| 1816 | 1,449 | of which 1,352 Protestants and 97 Catholics (no Jews) |
| 1821 | 1,812 | |
| 1831 | 1,815 | mostly Poland |
| 1852 | 2.114 | |
| 1858 | 2.141 | 1,811 Protestants, 233 Catholics and 97 Jews |
| 1875 | 2,809 | |
| 1880 | 3,062 | |
| 1885 | 3.122 | |
| 1905 | 2,048 | with the garrison (an infantry battalion No. 59), mostly Evangelicals |
| 1910 | 4,728 | |
| 1931 | 5,103 |
traffic
The nearest neighboring town Nidzica (Neidenburg) can be reached via a subordinate country road.
At Działdowo station, the Działdowo – Olsztyn railway and the Działdowo – Chojnice railway line, which has been closed here, branch off from the Warszawa – Gdańsk railway line .
Daughters and sons of the city
- Friedrich Wilhelm von Dunker (1791–1868), Prussian lieutenant general
- Ernst Reinhold Schmidt (1819–1901), teacher, spokesman for emigrated Germans in Pennsylvania
- Karl Eugen Heinrich (1835–1908), director of the Königin-Luise-Schule (Königsberg)
- Kuno Dewitz (1897–1960), German major general
- Bernard Antochewicz (1931–1997), poet and translator
- Arnulf Conradi (* 1944), German publisher
- Egon F. Freiheit (* 1944), German author and media consultant
Rural community
The city is the seat of the rural community Działdowo with 9836 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019). However, it does not belong to this.
literature
- Daniel Heinrich Arnoldt : Brief messages from all preachers who have admitted to the Lutheran churches in East Prussia since the Reformation . Königsberg 1777, pp. 472-475.
- Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 27, No. 1.
- August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 461, no. 75.
- Uwe Neumärker: Soldau. In: Der Ort des Terrors , Volume 9, 2009, pp. 612–621.
Web links
- City of Soldau (Rolf Jahke, 2005)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ Historical view from 1729: Rex Sueciae Missum from Imperatore Turcico Legatum Hanassa Mustapha Aga. Audit Soldoviæ An. 1656 . ( Digitized version )
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 18. Leipzig / Vienna 1909, pp. 576-577.
- ↑ Andreas Kossert: Masuria - East Prussia's forgotten south . Ed .: Pantheon Verlag. 2006, ISBN 978-3-570-55006-9 , pp. 283 .
- ^ NY Times, August 16, 1920
- ↑ Magdalena Sacha: Kortau and Kortowo "purgatory" and campus - the narration of non-memory and non-place in an area ( English , PDF) In: Przegląd Zachodni, II 2017 . Instytut Zachodni . December 29, 2017.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 27, No. 1.
- ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell, Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T-Z. Halle 1823, pp. 386–387, item 686.
- ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia. A manual for primary school teachers in the province of Prussia, as well as for all friends of the fatherland . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 461, no. 75.
- ^ Kraatz: Topographical-statistical manual of the Prussian state . Berlin 1856, p. 585.
- ↑ Adolf Schlott : Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Königsberg . Hartung, Königsberg 1861, p. 179, paragraph 198.
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Neidenburg district (Polish Nidzica). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).