Zalewo

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Zalewo
Zalewo coat of arms
Zalewo (Poland)
Zalewo
Zalewo
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Iława
Area : 8.22  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 51 ′  N , 19 ° 36 ′  E Coordinates: 53 ° 51 ′ 0 ″  N , 19 ° 36 ′ 0 ″  E
Residents : 2145
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 14-320
Telephone code : (+48) 89
License plate : NILE
Economy and Transport
Street : Ext. 519 : Stary Dzierzgoń– Morąg
Susz –Jerzwałd – Zalewo
Rail route : no rail connection
Next international airport : Gdansk Lech Walesa Airport
Gmina
Gminatype: Urban and rural municipality
Surface: 254.34 km²
Residents: 6785
(Jun. 30, 2019)
Population density : 27 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 2807073
Administration (as of 2015)
Mayor : Marek Żyliński
Address:
ul.Kolejowa 14 14-230 Zalewo
Website : www.zalewo.pl



Zalewo [ zaˈlɛvɔ ] ( German Saalfeld ) is a city in the west of the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship .

location

The city is located in the historic East Prussia region , on the northeastern bank of the 490 hectare Ewing Lake, which is part of the Eylauer Seenplatte , about 20 km west of Mohrungen ( Morąg ). A secondary road leads there, crossing the European route 77 Elbląg - Warsaw . In an easterly direction the road leads to the neighboring town of Dzierzgoń . The municipality includes 45 localities and 26 villages, including Dobrzyki, Mazanki, Boreczno and Urowo. The landscape is dominated by forests and lakes of the Oberland . A few kilometers south of the city lies the Jeziorak Lake (Geserichsee). With a length of 27 km, it is the longest lake in Poland and the starting point of the Oberland Canal .

City panorama with church, seen from the south.

history

City center from a bird's eye view (after the destruction at the end of World War II , 2005)

middle Ages

In 1225, Duke Konrad I (Poland) , who was unable to assert himself against the Prussians , called the Teutonic Order for help and made the land around the Vistula , later the Kulmer Land , available to him. The Teutonic Order threw down the Prussians and pushed the borders of the Order's land further and further east. Thereby castles and cities were built; Christburg was built in 1288.

In 1299 the area on the Ewing lake was released for settlement, the hereditary mayor Jacob received the order from Commander Heinrich Zuckschwert to establish a settlement. He named it Saalfeld after the German immigrants who came from Saalfeld in Thuringia and the surrounding area. In 1305, Komtur Sieghard von Schwarzburg gave the place a hand-held festival , that is, permission to protect the settlement with walls and moats. On December 21, 1320, Commander Luther of Braunschweig issued the second hand festival, which was considered to be the renewal of the first. The last hand festival, issued by the Trappier and Commander Günther von Schwarzburg on April 25, 1334, confirmed all earlier privileges and granted the city full city rights.

Construction of the city began in 1320. First the foundation walls of a fortified church were laid, then the city walls were built. They formed approximately a square of 8.4 hectares with a 90 by 90 meter market in the middle. The approximately 3.5 meter high walls were built from field stones and bricks and provided with towers. The wall had two gates, the Prussian Marker Tor in the west and the Mohrunger Tor in the east. In the west the Ewing lake reached up to the wall, the other three sides were surrounded by a moat.

Under Grand Master Winrich von Kniprode , trade and industry flourished, which peaked in 1395 and lasted until the war with Poland. In the city, which at that time had around 700 inhabitants, there were 20 meat banks , 20 shoe banks and 16 bread banks .

In 1409 there was a war between Poland and the Teutonic Order . After the Battle of Tannenberg , the order's influence declined. During the famine war, Polish troops devastated the Saalfeld area in 1414. The city had barely recovered when the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) broke out between the Prussian Confederation and the Teutonic Order. In 1455, Saalfeld was burned to the ground by the castle garrison of Prussian Marks .

After the Second Peace of Thorne and the associated demarcation, the city was directly on the border with Poland, which represented isolation and had a negative impact on urban development. The plague did not stop at Saalfeld either. Around 1475 new settlers came from Germany and started the reconstruction.

In 1480 a Franciscan monastery was founded in the northeast of the city (Monastery of the Barefooters); it existed until 1527 and was dissolved in the course of the Reformation . Some of the stones from the demolished buildings were used to repair the Preußisch Mark Castle. According to legend, the monastery cellars are said to have been connected to the church underground.

Period of the Duchy / Kingdom of Prussia

In the Treaty of Krakow in 1525 the religious state was converted into the secular Duchy of Prussia . The Grand Master and nunmehrige Duke Albrecht received it as a fief by his uncle, the Polish King Sigismund I. This duchy was in the Samland , Natangischen and Elblag circle divided. Saalfeld was the county seat of the Oberland District until 1752. After the dissolution of the Catholic diocese of Pomesania in 1587, Margrave Georg Friedrich set up the Oberland Evangelical Consistory in Saalfeld , which lasted until 1751. In 1587 a princely school was set up in Saalfeld next to Lyck and Tilsit , which led to the Abitur. This school existed until 1805. In the 16th century, more settlers came, mainly of the Protestant faith, who were persecuted in the Catholic Kingdom of Poland. In addition, poor farmers immigrated who saw no future in the Polish aristocratic republic . At that time the Polish place name Zalewo was created by adapting the name Saalfeld to Polish pronunciation habits and influenced by the Polish word Zalew (standing water). The Polish place names of the residential areas in the area of ​​today's Gmina Zalewo were determined by a name change commission after 1945.

In 1626 the Duchy of Prussia was drawn into the Swedish-Polish War . In 1628/29 the Swedish King Gustav II occupied Adolf Saalfeld. After the peace of Stuhmsdorf (today Sztumska Wieś ) in 1635 peace came briefly in the country. In 1655 Poland was attacked again by the Swedes under Karl X. Gustav , and the troops moved through Saalfeld again. Only after the peace agreement of Oliva in 1660 was calm. The city was ruined, city walls, gates and houses destroyed. The city was barely rebuilt when it fell victim to another major fire in 1688, the town hall and the entire city center were destroyed again. Five years later, the city was rebuilt, but in 1701 the struggles for supremacy in the Baltic Sea region began again. The plague hit the city with the war, it broke out in 1704 and lasted until 1710 - 702 inhabitants died, only seven survived the disease.

The reconstruction of the city was supported by Friedrich Wilhelm I through tax exemptions and state building aid. In 1726 the city had 139 houses and 199 inhabitants again. In 1752 the city lost its rank due to a new district division, from this point on Saalfeld was only one city in the Mohrungen district . During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), Saalfeld was temporarily occupied by the Russians. Another misfortune came in 1767 - 73 residents died of smallpox .

In 1713 Saalfeld became a garrison town. At first there were two squadrons of von Gessler's cavalry regiment , at times also one squadron of Wrangel's No. 1 cuirassier regiment . Then came two squadrons of the Cuirassier Regiment No. 4, later the staff and one squadron of the Dragoon Regiment No. 4 von Rosepusch and one squadron of the Cuirassier Regiment No. 5 (1819-1852). Before 1859 a squadron of remained Lancers -Regiments no. 8 in the city last unit was a battery of field artillery . The main guard was located in the eastern part of the town hall until 1852. The riding arena was laid out on the later Bahnhofsstraße, the stables were in the Prussian marker suburb and the parade ground was on the area of ​​the Ebenau estate (today Półwieś ). In 1866 the garrison was disbanded.

From 1806 Prussia waged war against Napoleonic France. The first French troops entered Saalfeld in January 1807, and there was a battle in February. A French officer prevented the city from being sacked. Saalfeld remained under French occupation for 32 weeks, during which time the French maintained a hospital in the city, and the church served as a flour store. 300 French people and 145 residents died in a typhoid epidemic. On June 6th, Napoleon , coming from Finckenstein Castle (today Kamieniec ), moved into the city and stayed one night with Tax Inspector Glaser (Markt 52). After the defeat in Russia, the remains of the Grande Armée fled through the city.

City map of Saalfeld (1833)

Period from 1813 to 1939

With the self-arming of the province of East Prussia for the liberation struggle against the French, who without orders from King Friedrich Wilhelm III. began in February 1813, Saalfeld's last resources were also used to equip the Landwehr soldiers. In 1816 a Jewish community was founded in Saalfeld. The 46 people in this community built a prayer house in 1838 with the help of the merchants Rosenbach and Laserstein. In 1844 it was expanded into a synagogue . In 1831 the cholera introduced from Poland was rampant ; 66 deaths were the result. The plague returned to the city in 1849 and 1855.

The city's economic situation recovered around 1840. A domain rent office was set up in 1847, it was responsible for the administration of the surrounding state property - 57 villages were assigned to it. This office lasted until 1874. In 1852 the high school and elementary school were merged to form a general city school, and in 1854 a private school for girls was founded. In 1852 the town hall burned down completely and with it part of the city archives. It was not rebuilt. A typhus epidemic occurred in 1868, and 119 citizens died. An orphanage foundation was established for the bereaved and an orphanage was opened in 1870. This was converted into a men's retirement home in 1878, which existed until 1945. In the same year Saalfeld became the seat of a royal district court for the city and 12 parishes, it was subordinate to the regional court in Braunsberg . In 1883 the “Imperial Post” was completed. On the night of October 11-12, 1898, the courthouse on Klosterstrasse burned down. The newly founded fire brigade was able to save the neighboring houses. A new building with a prison was built on the square in 1901.

In 1852 Saalfeld had 2,148 inhabitants. The construction of roads and railway lines was particularly important for the economy. The following roads were built from Saalfeld: 1854-1859 to Maldeuten (now Małdyty ) and Mohrungen, 1896-1896 to Rosenberg , 1899-1903 to Prussian Mark (now Przezmark ) and Christburg and 1901-1904 to Liebemühl . In 1891 the construction of the Elbing- Saalfeld- Osterode - Hohenstein railway began , and in 1892 the station was completed. The entire railway line was opened on September 1, 1893. At the end of the 19th century, Saalfeld had a brick kiln, a cheese factory, tanneries and dye works, and the Reichsbank had a warehouse in the city. In 1902, the city's power station went into operation, allowing the city to install electrical street lighting.

On September 2, 1905, the city celebrated its 600th anniversary. In addition, a special medal with the city arms was minted. At that time the city had 2,587 inhabitants, 2,436 were Protestant, 72 were Catholic and 69 were Jewish.

The war burden of the First World War was felt in Saalfeld as well. New paper money was issued in 1914 and new coins were minted in 1918. As a result of the November Revolution of 1918, a soldiers' council controlled the mayor. To stop the riots, the citizens turned to the commander of a rifle battalion in Saalfeld and organized self-protection. This troop was not used. For the 200 fallen soldiers of the First World War, a memorial was erected in the park, which was created by the Königsberg sculptor Professor Stanislas Cauer.

During the German inflation from 1914 to 1923 , the city administration decided to print its own banknotes. In 1923 there were vouchers for 500,000, 1 million, 5 million and 100 billion marks. World war, inflation and economic downturn slowed the city's development. In 1922, a bathing establishment was built on Lake Ewing. In 1928 a suburban housing estate followed on Elbinger Strasse to alleviate the housing shortage. There followed a pedestrian path to the train station. In 1927 the construction of the municipal school, which was inaugurated a year later, began with 16 classrooms and 2 teachers' rooms as well as a gym. A city park was laid out on the site of the old cemetery, with the local company owners in particular helping. The most important facilities in the city included: the Raiffeisen granary, the dairy, two steam mills, the Robert Schulz leather factory , the agricultural machinery factories , this and Stinner , a brickworks and several sawmills.

After the NSDAP took over government in 1933, the party members also set the tone in Saalfeld. The riots reached their climax with the destruction of the synagogue on Kirchstrasse, which was destroyed by arson during the Reichskristallnacht . During this fire, the fire brigade was instructed to only protect the neighboring buildings, but not to extinguish the fire themselves. The ruins of the fire were removed immediately and all traces of the church were removed. After the arrest of the last 16 Jews, Saalfeld was reported as "Jew-free". In 1939 Saalfeld had 3,129 inhabitants.

World War II and after

Soon after the attack on Poland in autumn 1939 and the beginning of World War II , almost all men of the city capable of weapons were drafted. Before the German-Soviet War in 1941 there was a battalion of Infantry Regiment 3 in the city, followed by Lower Saxony tank destroyers. When the Red Army approached the city in 1944, the remaining men were drafted into the fortification and the Volkssturm . It was not until the front was already near Osterode that preparations were made to evacuate the city. On January 21, 1945, the population was ordered to leave the city; attempts were still being made to escape the Soviet army. The streets to the west were congested, and the last train left the station at around 10 a.m. on January 22nd. The first Soviet tanks arrived around 4.30 p.m. Everyone in the city was rounded up, the men in the market square, the women in the harbor square. Several women were raped and numerous men shot. Then the troops moved on. The next day, on January 23rd, Soviet troops came into the city again, looted it and set it on fire. Only the church, the school and about 60 houses survived this fire, 75% of the city was destroyed. After that, a Soviet military administration was set up in Saalfeld. All valuable objects were shipped and taken east.

Until 1945 Saalfeld belonged to the circle Morag in Administrative district Königsberg the province of East Prussia of the Free State of Prussia of the German Reich .

At the end of May 1945, the Mohrungen district, together with the southern half of East Prussia, was placed under Polish administration. A Polish administration was set up in Saalfeld and the city was renamed Zalewo . The Soviet headquarters handed the infrastructure over to the Polish administration in June 1945, but other objects were initially dismantled and transported to the Soviet Union. After the city was taken over by the Polish authorities, the immigration of Polish civilians began, mostly from areas east of the Curzon Line . Where German citizens had not fled, they were in the period that followed largely driven . In July 1945 there were already 3,000 Poles living in the entire district of Mohrungen.

Since the population in the city had dropped to only 500, Zalewo lost its town charter in November 1945 and became a simple municipality. In 1946 a Polish school with four teachers and 124 students was opened in the school building. In 1947 a bus line was established from Morąg via Zalewo to Dzierzgoń. There were also initial successes in the economic sector. The "State Company for Tractors and Agricultural Machines" started its work in 1946, the tannery was put back into operation in 1948. The State Machine Plant, Post Office, Bank, Health Center and Library were added later. The first housing cooperative in the rural community of Morąg was founded in 1958, and the first apartment buildings were ready for occupancy in 1962. In 1969 the main road was paved.

In 1948 the village had 650 inhabitants, including 54 old Saalfelder, the so-called autochthons. In 1956 there were already almost 1,450 residents in the village, the number increased to 1960 by 1970.

In 1977 five prefabricated apartment buildings for LPG workers were built, and in 1979 water pipes and sewer systems were relocated. A community cultural center was established in 1984 for cultural development and the school was sponsored by Konstanty I. Gałczynski. In 1986, the State Council of the People's Republic of Poland granted Zalewo town rights again with effect from January 1, 1987.

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1780 1,346
1831 1,651
1875 2,775
1880 2,832
1905 2,587 including 2,436 Protestants, 72 Catholics and 69 Jews
1933 2,942
1939 3.129

Attractions

St. John's Church

The foundation stone of the church took place in 1331, on December 4, 1351 the consecration took place by the Pomesan bishop Arnold. The church was not completed until 1407. It was then that it received the Gothic tower. In 1559 an extension was built above the sacristy on the north side of the choir , the so-called “Polish Church”, in which masses in Polish were held until 1802. During a storm in the 18th century, the tower was destroyed and restored by the building director Johann Caspar Hintersin (1720–1723). During the renovation in 1879, the church got its current neo-Gothic design. The church consists of a choir, nave and tower, built in jointed brick and built in a Gothic style. A pointed arch portal is located above the west-facing entrance. The vault originally had seven bays , separated by a pointed arch. Today there is a flat wooden ceiling. The vestibule and the sacristy were built later, the parsonage not until 1898. After the Second World War , the Protestant church was taken over by the Catholic Church.

Between 1525 and 1945 the church was the center of an Evangelical Lutheran parish . Around 1900, belonged to the parish hall field next to the town of Saalfeld places Boyden, Bündtken (village and Good), Kattern , crests , Mitteldorf, Mosen , Rombitten and Sorbehnen . The pastor was also the local school inspector for the five elementary schools in Saalfeld, Bündtken, Kuppen, Mosens and Sorbehnen, where a total of twelve teachers were employed. The patron saint of the parish church was the King of Prussia. The congregation had over 3700 members. During the First World War Albert von Schaewen (1868-1919) was superintendent.

Harbor and Weinsdorf Canal

As early as 1334, the residents of Saalfeld dug a canal between the Ewing and Geserich lakes - this created a connection to Deutsch-Eylau. A lock was built on the southern edge of the Ewingsee to make the canal navigable. This first canal in East Prussia was 760 m long and approx. 2.2 m deep. In 1776 the canal was made navigable again "at the expense of the king". During the construction of the Oberland Canal in 1861, it was deepened, lengthened and widened again, so that Saalfeld got a full connection to this waterway. In 1886 it was deepened and lengthened again, the lock on the canal was removed and the water level between the two lakes was equalized. In 1928 a new boathouse was built on Lake Ewing, which together with the bathing establishment formed a recreational complex on the lakeshore.

Club life

Before 1945, the most famous clubs were the volunteer fire brigade and the rowing club. There were also two rifle clubs, a men's choir, an agricultural club and the Reich Warrior League.

fire Department

One of the largest fires in the city broke out in 1688. The fight against the flames lasted five days, the town hall, the market, the pig market, almost all of the buildings within the city walls and some of the suburbs were destroyed. The next big fire raged in 1852, and the town hall burned down again. In 1896 a volunteer fire brigade was founded at the suggestion of the then mayor Anton Lublewski. The equipment was paid for by wealthy citizens. The first fire chief was the architect Walter Kummer, who also designed the first fire station in 1897. It was built in 1898 on the tower square. Nevertheless, those active who received fire-fighting training continued to rely on the support of the citizens. According to the deletion regulations, all men under the age of 60 were obliged to help. In 1905 the fire brigade consisted of 32 active and 35 passive members. In 1921 the fire brigade celebrated its 25th anniversary. Government councilor Ernst Rissmann from Mohrungen gave the keynote address. In the mid-1920s, the fire brigade only owned hand-operated pressure guns and horse-drawn water trucks. In 1928 a new fire station with five parking spaces for emergency vehicles was built next to the city school. In the same year, a portable motorized sprayer and a truck were purchased, which were then converted into a fire engine.

Twin cities

  • Saalfeld / Saale , Germany. On June 29, 2001, after a three-year relationship, the mayors Richard Beetz and Bogdan Hardybala signed the partnership document between Saalfeld / Saale and Zalewo.

Gmina

The following smaller villages belong to the municipality of Zalewo:

Polish name German name
(until 1945)		 Polish name German name
(until 1945)		 Polish name German name
(until 1945)
Bądki Bündtken Jerzwałd Gerswalde Pomielin Pomelets
Bajdy Boyden Jezierce Haack Pozorty Postures
Barty Beards Karpovo Kerpen Rąbity Rombitten
Bednarzówka Böttchershof Kątki Small edges Rucewo Snot
Boreczno Schnellwalde Kiemiany Comb Rudnia Rohden
Brzeziniak Birkenthal Koziny Kisses Sadławki Sadlauken
Bukowiec Bukowitz Kupin Crests Skitławki Skittlauken
Dajny Deunen Likszany Lixainen Śliwa Schliewe
Dobrzyki Weinsdorf Matyty Motits Surbajny Sorbent muscles
Duba Leißnersberg Mazanki Mosens Tarpno Terpene
Gajdy Goyden Międzychód Mitteldorf Urowo Except
Girgajny Gergehnen Mozgowo Nosewitz Wielowieś Dittersdorf
Gubławki Gablauken Murawki Wilhelmswalde Wieprz Weepers
Huta Wielka Albrechtswalde Nowe Chmielówko Kmelovks Witoszewo Kunzendorf
Janiki Małe Klein Hanswalde Pieklo Klein Schnellwalde Zalewo Saalfeld
Janiki Wielkie Groß Hanswalde Polajny Paul's tendons Zatyki Hangovers
Jaśkowo Jäskendorf Półwieś Ebenau

Personalities

Honorary citizen

The three names only represent awards of honorary citizenship made until 1945.

  • Georg Steenke (1801–1884), German engineer. Builder of the Oberland Canal [awarded 1871]
  • Anton Lublewski (1843–1903), Mayor of Saalfeld 1873–1903 [awarded 1903]
  • Ernst Kutschkau (1910–1947), Knight's Cross holder [awarded in 1944]

sons and daughters of the town

Other personalities associated with the city

See also

literature

Web links

Wikisource: Salfeld in the Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Website of the city, Stanowiska w urzędzie miejskim w Zalewie ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed April 1, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.zalewo.pl
  3. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part I: Topography of East Prussia . Königsberg / Leipzig 1785, p. 24, no.5).
  4. ^ August Eduard Preuss : Prussian country and folklore or description of Prussia . Bornträger Brothers, Königsberg 1835, p. 435, no. 41.
  5. ↑ a b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the Reich in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. mohrungen.html # ew33mohrsaalfeld. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  6. ↑ Saalfeld (see under literature), p. 243.
  7. ↑ v. Schaewen was a member of the Corps Masovia .
  8. ↑ Saalfeld (see under literature ), p. 312.
  9. ↑ Hans Klein, The district community presented: grave plaque of Saalfeld mayor Anton Lublewski (d. 1903), in: Mohrunger Heimatkreis-Nachrichten. 104th edition. Christmas 2004, p. 42 ( digitized ; PDF; 968 kB).
  10. ^ Eduard Jacobs:  Voigt, Balthasar the Elder. J. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 40, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1896, pp. 200-202.