Susz

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Susz
Coat of arms of Susz
Susz (Poland)
Susz
Susz
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Warmia-Masuria
Powiat : Iławski
Gmina : Susz
Area : 6.67  km²
Geographic location : 53 ° 43 '  N , 19 ° 20'  E Coordinates: 53 ° 43 '11 "  N , 19 ° 20' 13"  E
Height : 109 m npm
Residents : 5560 (June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 14-240
Telephone code : (+48) 55
License plate : NILE
Economy and Transport
Street : Ext. 515 : Susz– Dzierzgoń - Malbork
Ext. 521 : Iława - Prabuty - Kwidzyn
Rail route : PKP - Line 9: Warsaw – Gdansk
Next international airport : Danzig



Susz ( German Rosenberg i. Westpr. ) Is a town in the powiat Iławski of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name with 12,749 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2019).

Geographical location

The city is located in the former West Prussia , about 26 kilometers east of Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) , 48 kilometers south of Elbląg (Elbing) and 130 kilometers southwest of Kaliningrad (Königsberg) .

history

To 1900

Street in the city center
City Church (Protestant until 1945)
Finckenstein Castle, photograph before 1931

Originally the area of ​​today's Rosenberg was inhabited as early as the Middle Stone Age, after the Migration Period the Prussians lived here . After the Christianization sought by the neighboring Polish dukes since the end of the 10th century was unsuccessful, Konrad von Masowien called on the Teutonic Order in 1226 . He founded several bases in the Kulmer Land and penetrated the area of ​​the Great Vistula, where the area east of Marienwerder was settled after 1280 . The episcopal city of Riesenburg (1300) and Saalfeld (1305) emerged. Between 1284 and 1302 there are already 19 German settlements in the west of the later Rosenberg district. In 1305 Rosenberg was mentioned for the first time on the formerly episcopal territory. This happened at the time of Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen , when the Pomesan cathedral chapter decided to found a settlement on the shores of Lake Rosenberg, which was granted Kulm city rights in 1314 or 1315 . The city ​​walls and a wooden church were built as early as 1305, and the town hall , which was destroyed by fire in 1414 during the famine, was first mentioned in 1391 . In the Middle Ages , the city was surrounded by a wall with 17 towers and a moat.

The Prussian Confederation founded on March 14, 1440 , which rebelled against the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in 1454, Rosenberg joined in June 1454 after the uprising of the cities and estates. After the order's victory in the Battle of Konitz on September 18, 1454, however, the bishop and cities again switched to the side of the order.

The result was the attack by federal mercenaries in 1461, who stayed until 1466. The Kulmer Land came under the patronage of Poland, the rest of the Order Land was administered from Königsberg . Rosenberg was now directly in the land of the Order on the Polish border and was also ruled by the Polish bishop from Kulm , which had a negative impact on urban development. An attempt to shake off the Polish sovereignty failed in the Prussian Pfaffenkrieg from 1472 to 1479. In the following equestrian war (1519-1521) Rosenberg surrendered to the Polish king. After the armistice of 1521 and the Kraków Peace of 1525, the Polish King Sigismund received Prussia as a hereditary fiefdom and converted it into the secular Protestant Duchy of Prussia . Rosenberg was added to the Oberland district with its seat in Saalfeld. In 1527 the diocese of Pomesanien was abolished, the so-called Amt Schönberg with Rosenberg was from 1532 to 1817 a media city directly subordinate to the sovereign .

In the 16th century, new settlers from Poland, mostly religious refugees , came to the area. This gave the place the now official Polish name of Susz for the first time. It was not until the end of the 19th century that the Polish services that had been held since then were discontinued due to a lack of participation. During the Northern War from 1708 to 1711 the plague raged in the city.

Through the first partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1772, western Prussia with Rosenberg under Frederick II of Prussia was reunited with the eastern part of the Kingdom of Prussia to the extent that these parts were connected with each other at the time of the Teutonic Order . In that year a tobacco factory was founded, there were 60 shoemakers among the craftsmen.

During the Franco-Prussian War, the French moved into Rosenberg on January 17, 1807, and stayed until December 12. In the nearby Finckenstein Castle , Napoleon Bonaparte met the Polish Countess Maria Walewska on April 2nd, 1807 and on April 22nd with the Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher .

As part of an administrative reform, Rosenberg received on April 1, 1818 with only 982 citizens the status of a district town in the district of Rosenberg i. Western pr. The district's office building was on the market until 1922, when it was relocated to the converted former ice cellar of the Hancke brewery. In 1935 the city administration moved into the old house.

In the city area, a chapter castle is mentioned, which was destroyed in 1414. Rebuilt, it was the seat of the feudal lord and later the district administrator as "Hof Rosenburg". The wooden church was later replaced by a Gothic brick building, and the interior of the church dedicated to Saint Anthony was later rebuilt in the Renaissance style. Since the Reformation the church has been the seat of the Protestant parish of Rosenberg.

After the city had grown beyond the walls, these were almost completely demolished in 1810. In 1842 the first kerosene lamps were installed on the newly paved streets. The modern Chausseen reached Riesenburg, Christburg and Saalfeld in 1845, in 1875/76 a train station was built on the Marienburg – Soldau railway line , which was built from 1873 and is still a main artery of the city today. In 1881/1882 a primary school was built.

Since 1811 Rosenberg was a garrison town , mainly of mounted units. In 1905 a new barracks was built, into which the district tax office moved after the First World War .

In 1899 the street lighting was switched to denatured alcohol ,

Since the 20th century

In 1904 the city slaughterhouse and gas works were built. In 1914 a waterworks with a water tower followed on Saalfelder Chaussee. The lines in the city were laid between 1915 and 1918 with the help of Russian prisoners of war. Electric street lighting was introduced in 1921 with the newly built power station. The fuel for this was peat, which was obtained from Groß Bellschwitz and Faulen.

Jobs were created in the building materials factory founded in 1862, which was supplemented by a cement works and a sawmill by 1900 . The cooperative dairy was one of the largest in East Germany with a volume of eight million liters. In 1910 the city had around 80 craftsmen ; 23 shoemakers , ten butchers , eight tailors and seven bakers were the guilds most represented . Three hotels and several inns completed the offer in Rosenberg.

During the First World War , the Russian army also conquered parts of East Prussia. Under General Paul von Hindenburg , whose family lived in Neudeck in the Rosenberg district, the threat from the east was over after the battle of Tannenberg from August 24th to 30th, 1914. According to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty , the residents of the city had to vote whether they wanted to remain in the German Empire or belong to Poland. On July 11, 1920, 2,430 citizens voted for the Reich, only eight votes were cast for Poland. In the Marienwerder voting area, 1,073 of the 34,500 residents in the district voted in favor of joining Poland.

By custom administrative structures Rosenberg was now to 1939 district town in the administrative district of West Prussia the province of East Prussia . Trade, handicrafts and trades in the city suffered severely from the global economic crisis after the First World War, so that special emergency notes had to be printed. This improved until 1930 when lots were released for development. The role as a county seat provided a certain boom. On October 26, 1939, the Rosenberg district was assigned to the Marienwerder administrative district in the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia of the German Reich . An external labor camp of the Stutthof concentration camp was set up in Rosenberg .

During the Second World War , the city was little affected by the fighting in the east until 1944. It was not until January 12, 1945, when the Russian Vistula-Oder operation began as a major offensive on the Eastern Front and all German positions had been breached by January 18, that the order for evacuation followed on January 20. Some of the refugees crossed the Vistula Bridge near Dirschau on January 24th , but only a few reached the Oder . The rest of them moved to Gotenhafen or Stettin . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on January 23, after around 35 percent of the building was destroyed by shelling. The rest was done by fire squads, which razed the entire city center to the ground after the looting. Only the church and three houses survived the destruction. 630 years after the city was founded, it was practically destroyed.

In the spring of 1945 the Soviet military command moved into its office in the city. She was responsible for the dismantling of all valuable objects such as railway tracks, machines, furniture and works of art and their transport to the Soviet Union . The first Polish migrants appeared in April 1945. In the summer of 1945, Rosenberg was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, along with all of West Prussia and the southern half of East Prussia . Subsequently, further Polish migrants began to immigrate to Rosenberg and the surrounding area.

Of the 7,680 people living in the Rosenberg district in the summer of 1945, 2,180 - 28% - were Germans; in the city itself there were around 200. On May 7, 1947, 291 Germans were deported from Rosenberg , including Hans von Lehndorff, the last German Doctor at the Rosenberg Hospital. In July 1948, the last transport with 152 Germans was carried out.

In June 1945, the first Poles from the east came the Curzon Line located Volyn , which under the " westward shift of Poland to the" Soviet Union had fallen. Polish migrants also came from the Warsaw and Bydgoszcz area. A total of around 3,500 migrants came to the city between 1945 and 1947, so that the population rose again. In 1947, over 3,000 Ukrainians from south-eastern Poland who had been forcibly resettled also arrived in the district .

In May 1946 the city officially got its current name "Susz", which is based on the Polish name from the 16th century. For a few months, Susz became the district seat ( Powiat ), in August 1946 it was relocated to Iława (Deutsch Eylau), which had better traffic conditions in the large neighboring cities. Another reason was the level of destruction and the lack of progress in reconstruction, which, however, had serious consequences for the further development of the city. The clearing of rubble only began in the summer of 1946 and lasted for several years.

The Polish school was opened in September 1945, the power station was put back into operation at the beginning of 1947, the street lighting followed in 1948. A year later the water supply was restored and it was not until 1956 that all the gas pipes were working again.

In 1946 the state district enterprise for tractors and agricultural machines was founded , until 1948 there was a craft cooperative, a fishing cooperative and the mill. The barracks were converted to reduce the housing shortage. In 1957, more modern houses were built and in recent years apartments have been built in place of the destroyed town houses on the former market square. However, most of the damage in this area has not yet been repaired.

In 1958 the city was again the seat of a powiat. Through an administrative reform in 1975 Susz came to the newly formed Elbląg Voivodeship . Today Susz is the seat of a rural and urban municipality in the Iława district. This district has been part of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1995, with its seat in Olsztyn (Allenstein). A lot was built and renovated, especially after 1990: the new building of the community in 1991, a high school in 2001, the sports and recreation center with multi-purpose hall at Rosenberger See in 2007 and the crisis management center with fire station and rescue service center in 2010.

Demographics

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1530 0 370
1543 0415
1576 0515
1719 0650
1785 0781 mostly Protestants, many residents speak both German and Polish
1802 1,067
1810 0919
1816 1,239 1,010 Protestants, 159 Catholics and 70 Jews
1821 1,201
1829 1,570
1831 1,295
1864 2,913 including 2,679 Evangelicals and 81 Catholics
1871 3.233 including 2,700 Protestants and 100 Catholics
1875 3,081
1880 3,044
1885 3,055
1890 2,909 206 Catholics and 20 Jews
1905 3,259 thereof 2,933 Protestants, 253 Catholics, eight other Christians and 65 Jews.
1925 3,280 mostly Protestants
1933 3,822
1939 4,481
1943 4,440
Population since 1945
year Residents Remarks
1957 4,060
2005 Gmina: 12,840
2015 5,695 Gmina: 12,996 (as of June 30, 2015)

politics

Jarmen in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald ( Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ) has been Susz's German partner municipality since 1997 .

local community

The town itself and 30 villages with 29 school boards belong to the town-and-country community (gmina miejsko-wiejska) of Susz.

traffic

The place is about 90 kilometers southeast of Gdansk Airport . The DW521 voivodship road runs through the city from Iława (Deutsch Eylau) to Prabuty (Riesenburg) , and Susz is the starting point of the DW515 voivodship road via Dzierzgoń (Christburg) to Malbork (Marienburg) .

Susz station is a stop for individual long-distance trains on the Warszawa – Gdańsk railway line (Warsaw – Danzig) .

Personalities

sons and daughters of the town

  • Carl Woelck (1868–1937), Mayor of Weißensee
  • Hugo Friedrich Hartmann (1870–1960), painter and graphic artist
  • Artur Fürst (1880–1926), German writer
  • Alfred Halling (1880–1970) Protestant pastor in Rosenberg (1919–1935)
  • Walter Grabowski (1896–?), German Nazi functionary, director of the Obrawalde sanatorium
  • Bernhard Platz (1898–1983), administrative lawyer at the Reichsbahn and the Bremen Senate
  • Erika Keck (1900–1990), German local politician.

literature

Web links

Commons : Susz  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Herbert Marzian , Csaba Kenez : self-determination for East Germany. Documentation on the 50th anniversary of the East and West Prussian referendum on July 11, 1920. Editor: Göttinger Arbeitskreis , 1970, p. 123
  2. ↑ a b c d e Rosenberg - History of the City , Kulturzentrum Ostpreußen, Ellingen 2010
  3. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck : Complete topography of the Kingdom of Prussia . Part II: Topography of West Prussia , Marienwerder 1789, p. 10, no. 7.
  4. ↑ a b c d Alexander August Mützell and Leopold Krug : New topographical-statistical-geographical dictionary of the Prussian state . Volume 5: T – Z , Halle 1823, pp. 362–363, item 599.
  5. ↑ a b c d Ernst Bahr: Rosenberg . In: Erich Weise (Hrsg.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: East and West Prussia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 317). Unchanged reprint of the 1st edition 1966. Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X , p. 191.
  6. ^ August Eduard Preuss: Prussian country and folklore . Königsberg 1835, p. 440, no.56.
  7. ^ E. Jacobson: Topographical-statistical manual for the administrative district Marienwerder , Danzig 1868, pp. 142-143, no .
  8. ^ Gustav Neumann: Geography of the Prussian State . 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 49-50, item 3.
  9. ↑ a b c d e Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Province of West Prussia, district of Rosenberg. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  10. ↑ Der Große Brockhaus , 15th edition, Volume 16, Leipzig 1933, pp. 101-102.
  11. ↑ LUDNOŚĆ, RUCH NATURALNY I MIGRACJE W WOJEWÓDZTWIE WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIM W 2005 R. (including the city). (PDF) Retrieved May 1, 2015 .