Berthelsdorf
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Berthelsdorf
City of Herrnhut
Coordinates: 51 ° 1 ′ 40 ″ N , 14 ° 45 ′ 30 ″ E
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| Height : | 290 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 22.24 km² |
| Incorporation : | January 1, 2013 |
| Postal code : | 02747 |
| Area code : | 035873 |
 Location of Berthelsdorf in Herrnhut
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Berthelsdorf is a district of the East Saxon town of Herrnhut in the district of Görlitz . Until December 31, 2012, it formed an independent municipality with the Rennersdorf / OL district , which was incorporated on March 1, 1994.
geography
Geographical location
Berthelsdorf lies in a valley basin extending from west to east, which is bounded by low mountain ranges. In Oberstrahwalde, it flows through the valley in two springs about 380 m above sea level. NN springing Berthelsdorfer water , which unites in neighboring Rennersdorf with the Petersbach to Pließnitz .
The valley basin is 200 to 250 meters wide, the slopes are relatively small, but the valley is at risk of flooding when there is heavy rainfall. The highest elevations bordering the valley are the 372.9 m high Herrnhuter Hutberg in the south and the 419 m high Julienstein in the north , both of which are not on the Berthelsdorfer Flur.
Neighboring communities
The place borders in the north on the corridors of the Bernstadt district Kemnitz , in the east on Rennersdorf, in the southeast on Großhennersdorf , in the south on Herrnhut and in the west on Strahwalde. All places except Kemnitz are now districts of the city of Herrnhut.
history
Early history - foundation of the place
Berthelsdorf was first mentioned in 1317 as "Bertoldistorf". It was laid out as a forest hoof village with manor blocks. As with other local foundations from the time of the eastern colonization , the place was probably named after a locator named Berthold.
14.-17. century
The name of the place changed over the years. Bertoldisdorff is documented for 1390, before the place became known as Bertoltsdorf in 1408. In the years 1495 and 1678 one finds the name forms Bertelßdorff and Bertelsdorff.
As far back as the 15th century, the town was verifiably owned by the von Gersdorf family, who had extensive branches in Upper Lusatia . From 1581 to 1727 Berthelsdorf consisted of three manors: Ober-, Mittel- and Niederberthelsdorf under different owners. The main estate was Mittelberthelsdorf. While this, like Oberberthelsdorf, remained predominantly in the possession of the von Gersdorf family, Niederberthelsdorf was in the possession of the von Klix family for a long time .
Most likely the place was devastated by the Hussites around 1430 . Traces of fire found when two windows broke through in the 19th century indicate that the town's church was burning down. Even during the Thirty Years' War , the place was probably repeatedly devastated by looting or fighting, at least around 1654 a large part of the place was desolate. In addition, the owner Jaroslaw von Kyaw not only gave little support to the reconstruction, but even drove 59 people from the village between 1638 and 1654.
It was not until the Swedish Colonel Johann Reichwald von Kampen , who acquired the estate in 1660, that it was possible to reoccupy fallow farms and organize the church property in a short time. In 1687, Nicolaus Freiherr von Gersdorf became the owner of Mittelberthelsdorf. Since he was mostly in Dresden as the Saxon secret council director and governor of Upper Lusatia , his wife Henriette Katharina von Gersdorf , née. von Friesen , the administration of Berthelsdorf and the neighboring estates.
18th century
For the year 1719 "Bettelsdorf" is a name for the place without the letter "r" in the first part of the name, but since 1791 the place has been known as Berthelsdorf. In 1750 the place consisted of 12 farms, 40 gardens and 44 houses, of which 18 were free houses (houses of the owners exempted from compulsory labor, e.g. craftsmen ) and 26 were service houses, plus 12 stately, church and community buildings.
In the second half of the 18th century the place grew rapidly, so that in 1777 there were 78 houses in addition to the farms and gardens, and in 1794 even 88 houses existed. The fact that the Neuberthelsdorf district was laid out on the corridors of the Niedergut in 1776, which by 1803 had grown to 13 houses, contributed to the growth. Around the same time, the row of houses in Oberberthelsdorf was built, which was called "Fichtelrode".
Count Zinzendorf
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The history of the place in the 18th century is closely connected with the life of Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf , who came from the Austrian nobility ( noble family Zinzendorf ). He was born on May 26, 1700 in Dresden, but spent large parts of his childhood with his grandmother Henriette Katharina von Gersdorf on her widow's seat, the Katharinenhof in Großhennersdorf . From 1710 to 1715 he attended the pedagogy of the Francke Foundations in Halle, where he was coined in the sense of Pietism , from 1716 to 1719 he studied law at the University of Wittenberg .
In 1721 he set up a diaconal and social foundation on part of the Katharinenhof to care for orphans and poor old people. On May 15, 1722, he bought Gut Berthelsdorf for 26,000 thalers from his grandmother. Since April 10, 1727, when Zinzendorf also bought the Oberberthelsdorf estate from his uncle for 6,000 thalers, he was the owner of the entire village, which removed the three-part division of the village that had existed since 1581.
Immediately with the acquisition of the property in 1722, Zinzendorf took in Bohemian Brothers , evangelical religious refugees from Moravia . He allowed them to build their own settlement, called Herrnhut , on Berthelsdorfer Flur . When the first tree was felled on June 17, 1722, Herrnhut was founded , where Zinzendorf had a new castle built from 1725. On August 13, 1727, a Lord's Supper took place in the church in Berthelsdorf. This date is the founding day of the renewed Brethren Unity, the Moravian Brethren Church . Its seat was the Vogtshof , built from 1730 in Herrnhut.
Swivel fields
A particularly interesting episode in the village's history began in 1727 when Zinzendorf took in part of the followers of the Schwenkfeld Church persecuted in Silesia , which goes back to the Silesian reformer Kaspar Schwenckfeld . They built eight houses in Oberberthelsdorf from 1730 to 1733. Because of their way of practicing their beliefs, a sovereign order was issued in 1733, which asked the Schwenkfelder to leave the country. Most of them followed this order, left Upper Lusatia in 1734 and later settled in Philadelphia in the US state of Pennsylvania , where 6 congregations of this church still exist today.
The double residential building at Obere Dorfstraße 10/12 is today the only meeting house of the Schwenckfeld family in its original state. It is known as the "Schwenkfeld Church" or the former "Prayer Hall of the Schwenkfelder". In 2004 an association "Schwenckfeldhaus Berthelsdorf" was founded with the aim of giving the prayer room a dignified appearance. In 2007, the association signed a leasehold contract to preserve the building. Up until 2011, there was an emergency security funded by donations from American Schwenckfelder and funds from the Free State of Saxony. After 10 years of efforts, a small solemn act took place on October 25, 2018, which symbolized the completion of the renovation and the opening of the house. The building is to be used for exhibitions and events in the future.
19th century
administration
Since 1777 the place belonged to the Görlitzer Kreis, in the course of the 19th century the administrative affiliation of the municipality changed three times: in 1843 Berthelsdorf was assigned to the regional court district of Löbau , in 1856 to the judicial office of Herrnhut and in 1875 to the administrative authority of Löbau . From 1813 there was another expansion of the place when a new district was created on a small tributary of the Berthelsdorfer water, between Niedergut and Neuberthelsdorf, which is still called "Kränke" today.
In principle, local rule changed only twice in the 19th century. After Zinzendorf's daughter Henriette Benigna Justine married Baron von Watteville in 1756, the town became the property of the latter family, and in 1811 Miss Charlotte Sophie Countess von Einsiedel (1769 to 1855), pietist and prioress of the Moravian Brethren, took over the local rule . From 1844 on, the Brothers' Union was the landlord of Berthelsdorf.
In the middle of the 19th century, Berthelsdorf was still mainly characterized by agriculture. The operation of a wool spinning mill during the time of the continental barrier had to be given up again after the end of the Napoleonic era. Around 1850, most of the inhabitants lived from agriculture. There were also 125 master craftsmen, 105 journeymen and 40 apprentices. 200 to 300 residents worked as day laborers in Herrnhut on the manorial farms and forests and on the two Dürninger Bleichen. From 1844 to 1852 there was the Rückert'sche tobacco factory in the village, after the decline of the factory owner Paul from Großschönau took over the property.
Textile industry
With the opening of the velvet cord factory and dye works of the Paul brothers on the property of the former tobacco factory at house number 11 (today Hauptstrasse 38) in 1853 the actual industrialization of the place began. In 1886 the company was switched to mechanical operation, since then the brick chimney of the steam engine towered over the building ensemble, which consisted of production, office / residential buildings and two smaller outbuildings. In 1893 the company received a rail connection by laying a siding on the Herrnhut – Bernstadt narrow-gauge railway at 3.07 kilometers . The siding was mainly used for the delivery of coal. This was stored in the adjoining building no. 11b (today Hauptstrasse 40) and transported from there with light rail trucks across the street to the boiler room of the factory.
Gustav Paul died in 1898 and his sons Gustav Emil and Carl Ernst took over the company. Production came to a standstill during the First World War , and inflation in 1923 consumed the company's assets. In 1942 production was stopped due to the war, at last 25 people were still working in the company. When the last owner left the GDR for West Germany in 1953, the company filed for bankruptcy. Despite some use, including for the school's technical and polytechnic classes, the buildings fell into disrepair in the following decades. Although it was still listed in 1997 in the site's list of monuments as defining the townscape and significant in terms of local history, the entire ensemble had to be demolished in 2009. Today, the new depot of the volunteer fire brigade and a parking lot are located in its place.
The Bartzsch linen weaving mill (No. 42b, today Hauptstrasse 5) was opened as the second industrial company in the town. In the 1950s, the company was still producing fabrics for aprons and work shirts with 18 employees on 8 looms. The last owner was Max Pfeiffer. In 1972 the company was incorporated into the VEB Frottex.
The Dressler & Marx terry factory (No. 39b, today Hauptstrasse 2) was opened in 1900 as the last and most important industrial company in the town. At the end of the 19th century, Herrmann Dressler was already running a small hand-weaving mill in house No. 97 (today Nordstrasse 1). Together with Ernst Marx from Großschönau, they laid the foundation stone for a new company and house in 1899. The first loom was running on May 1st, 1900 and the company was entered in the commercial register on May 8th, 1900.
In 1902 a second hall was built, in 1903 the office building, in 1906 a third hall was built and a steam boiler was installed. Bathrobes were exported to the USA as early as 1903. Due to the good business situation, production was also carried out in the premises of the Wicke brothers in Obercunnersdorf from 1910 to 1914, whereas production had to be stopped from 1916 to 1920 due to the war.
In 1927 the company was significantly expanded, and the main building that still exists today was built. Web rooms were housed in this on the ground floor and first floor, while the company's administration was located in the attic. Around 1930 about 350 people were employed in the company, mainly terry towels, bath towels, carpets and bathrobes were produced.
From 1944 until the end of the war, large parts of the main building were used by Siemens-Schuckertwerke for the manufacture of electrical goods that were important to the war effort. A few days after the end of the war, the Dressler & Marx company resumed operations. Initially, reparation payments were made for the USSR in the form of uniform fabrics for the Red Army . From 1960 the company was run as a company with state participation .
In 1972, like almost all state-owned companies, the company was converted into a state-owned company. This initially operated under the name VEB Frottex Berthelsdorf, to which the Rönsch & Sons Löbau company was affiliated in 1975. On January 1st, 1980 the company was subordinated to the VEB Frottana Großschönau . The number of employees averaged 300 in recent years. When production was discontinued in 1990, more than 130 years of the textile industry in Berthelsdorf ended.
Founding of clubs
In the last quarter of the 19th century, numerous associations were founded in the village. In 1876 a military association and the rifle association were founded, in 1887 the volunteer fire brigade, in 1894 a small animal breeders association and in 1896 the local gymnastics association. With the exception of the former, these clubs still exist today, even though they lost their club status between 1945 and 1990. The shooting club was completely dissolved in 1945 and only re-established in 1994.
Rail connection
With the construction of the Herrnhut-Bernstadt narrow-gauge railway, Berthelsdorf received a railway connection. The planning was based on the idea of making both the traffic requirements in the direction of Löbau and Zittau favorable. In addition, it was expected that the railway “will also be able to promote the further utilization of the existing hydropower by means of new industrial facilities that can be directly connected to the railroad”.
Construction began on the line in September 1892. Because of the relatively uncomplicated route, construction work proceeded quickly and without complications. At the end of November 1893 the construction of the railway was finished. The opening ceremony took place on November 30th. At 9 o'clock an extra pageant went to Herrnhut to pick up the invited guests and the official representatives of the Royal Directorate General . At 11:30 a.m. the train drove back to Bernstadt, pulled by IC locomotives 15 and 22. The festive event took place in the “Stadt Görlitz” inn, followed by a festive meal. The special train brought the guests back to Herrnhut at around 5:30 p.m. General traffic began the next day.
In Berthelsdorf, about 3 km of track were built from the Strahwalder field boundary on today's Südstraße to the Rennersdorf field boundary behind the Bittrich sawmill, a few small bridges and a stop at 3.33 km (292.39 m above sea level) of the route. The breakpoint consisted of a through track, a loading track, 3 switches, a waiting hall, a toilet and a car body. The latter was used to handle the not very extensive cargo handling. Also because of the latter fact, the railway never achieved good profitability and was therefore a prime candidate for dismantling for reparation purposes in 1945 , which then followed at the end of 1945.
History from 1900 to 1945
The first half of the 20th century was also shaped in Berthelsdorf by the great political events of the time. Even with small things that were important for the local population, world politics affected the community. In 1910, for example, a contract was signed between the city of Zittau and the municipality for the construction of an electrical light and power system to supply the town with the Zittau electricity company. It was not until 1914 that electricity was available in the village. On this basis, street lighting was installed by the local electrical company Hermann Herzog. This was dismantled again during the war for metal extraction, only rebuilt in 1927, dismantled again in 1944, rebuilt again in 1954/55. Church bells suffered a similar fate. In 1917 the entire bells of the church were melted down, in 1925 the church received new bells, but all but one of them were melted down again in 1941. In the 1950s, the bells were completed with two chilled cast iron bells and only since 2014 have the last consequences of the war been removed and a new bell consecrated.
The two wars of the 20th century naturally left much deeper marks on the town. The First World War claimed the lives of more than 50 young men in the village. In their honor, a representative war memorial was erected in the village cemetery in 1925. The Second World War ended with even more devastating effects in 1945. In February of this year, a death march with prisoners from the Görlitz subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp reached the town. Many of the mainly Jewish prisoners had already lost their lives on the way from Görlitz to murder, abuse, hunger and illness. Another 10 people lost their lives in neighboring Rennersdorf. They were buried in the cemetery in 1950 and honored with a granite memorial stone depicting a Star of David.
On May 8, 1945, completely nonsensical fighting broke out in the area of the community of Berthelsdorf, which again cost the lives of several people in the village and seven soldiers of the Wehrmacht . These are buried in a communal grave in the local cemetery, which is marked by a high wooden cross. In addition, on May 8, 2005, a memorial stone was unveiled at a memorial ceremony in the church and in the cemetery, which bears the names of the fallen young members of the Wehrmacht. In the course of the fighting, numerous buildings were damaged, including the school building, which was hit by artillery. On the front lines of the Second World War, a total of around 90 residents of the village lost their lives, who are commemorated on a grave slab at the war memorial from 1925.
Other important individual events in local life in the first half of the 20th century were the 38th Association Day of the Lusatian Fire Brigade District Association in 1912 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the local volunteer fire brigade, the construction of the municipal office in 1925 and the construction of six double houses as a settlement in 1935. In 1932, efforts were first made to incorporate the district near the train station into Herrnhut, and from September 1, 1939, the children of this district were allowed to attend the Herrnhut school.
History from 1945
Since 1945 the political allocation of the municipality has changed several times. In 1952, Berthelsdorf was initially assigned to the Löbau district , before being subordinated to the Löbau-Zittau district in 1994 and finally to the Görlitz district in 2008 . It was not until 1956 that the district located at Herrnhut train station was incorporated into Herrnhut, which was already sought in the 1930s. On March 1, 1994 Rennersdorf was incorporated into Berthelsdorf, which at the beginning of 2000 became part of the Herrnhut administrative community . With effect from January 1, 2013, the two places were incorporated into the city of Herrnhut.
Life in the village from 1945 to 1990 was shaped by the changed social conditions. On April 13, 1946, the SPD and KPD united to form the local SED group in the “Zur Sonne” inn in Berthelsdorf . The first essential step in the socialist transformation of the place was the " Democratic Land Reform " in the same year . Since the place had neither a manor to be expropriated nor individual farmers who cultivated more than 100 hectares, the land reform in Berthelsdorf left hardly any traces. Only 129 hectares of agricultural land and approx. 60 hectares of forest were distributed to new farmers in accordance with an agreement between the State Soil Commission and the Brother Unity in the course of the transfer of the Remonteam to the Brother Unity for distribution. By 1948, the place had taken 632 displaced people .
There were numerous changes in the field of agriculture in the following years. In November 1948, after the final expropriation of the Brethren, one of the first publicly owned estates (VEG) in the GDR was founded, which was named " Thomas Müntzer ". This was followed in 1949 by the formation of a cattle breeding community and a machine-tractor station (MTS) and in 1951 the establishment of an association for mutual farmers' aid (VdgB). In 1954 a seed breeding company was added.
Later, as throughout the country, there were numerous changes in the organizational structure of agriculture. In 1973 a " Cooperative Plant Production Department (KAP) Berthelsdorf" was set up with a total area of 3,448 hectares. From January 1, 1974, the cooperative members and farm workers of LPG Berthelsdorf, Rennersdorf, Bernstadt, Großhennersdorf and VEG Berthelsdorf were employed by the KAP.
On October 1, 1978 an LPG (P) type III plant production (Berthelsdorf) and an LPG (T) type III animal production (Großhennersdorf) were founded in the course of the “further socio-political development of agriculture in the GDR” by resolution of the general assembly of the KAP Berthelsdorf . After the merger, the latter owned 4,120 cattle, 4,400 pigs and 5,200 chickens.
In 1975 a new dairy cattle facility was put into operation in Berthelsdorf not far from the Kretscham. The capacity of this facility was 850 seats, the construction costs amounted to 10.2 million marks. In 1984 the facility had a cow herd of 852 cows and 980 calves were born.
Important events in the sporting and cultural life of the place were the establishment of a folk choir in 1946, the construction of a sports field in a former clay and sand pit near the Volksgut by BSG Traktor Berthelsdorf, which emerged from the gymnastics club in 1950, and the construction of a cinema by master butcher Hans Krumpolt, which was opened in 1953 as a movie theater "New Life". The Berthelsdorfer Carnival Club has held numerous carnival events every year since 1970.
The political change in the GDR had profound effects on the place. After the last major industrial company closed in 1990, there were also fundamental changes in agriculture. This is how the Berthelsdorf Agricultural Cooperative (BAG) was founded. She not only managed the usable areas of Berthelsdorf, but also those of Rennersdorf, Großhennersdorf and Bernstadt with Kunnersdorf and Neundorf . In total, this was 1636.52 hectares of arable land and 442.26 hectares of grassland. The dairy cattle facility in Berthelsdorf now also belonged to the company, which owned a total of 1171 dairy cows, 827 young cattle, 386 breeding sows and 361 calves and had around 100 employees. (As of 1995)
Due to the associated decline in the number of jobs, as in other municipalities in the region, a strong rural exodus began, which led to a considerable decline in the population and to a severe aging of the village population. In addition, the place gradually lost all shops and restaurants, its cinema and schools. Nevertheless, it was possible, in particular through the voluntary commitment of numerous residents, to preserve many facets of village life.
On January 1, 2013, Berthelsdorf was incorporated into Herrnhut.
Special events and natural disasters
Due to the valley location described, the place has repeatedly been hit by heavy floods . The chronicle records such for 1789, 1799, June 14, 1804, August 10, 1806, May 5, 1821, 1837, 1838, 1839, 1841, and 1845. On June 14, 1880 , a particularly devastating flood occurred in the Pliessnitz catchment area. In the neighboring towns of Ruppersdorf and Rennersdorf and further downstream, there were not only countless damage to buildings but even fatalities.
Severe weather on July 14, 1932
In the hot summer of 1932, Berthelsdorf, like the entire southeastern Upper Lusatia between Löbau and the Zittau Mountains, was hit by a violent storm on July 14, 1932, which led to severe floods. The greatest damage occurred in the Pließnitz catchment area, particularly in Kemnitz and Bernstadt . The operation of the narrow-gauge railway Herrnhut – Bernstadt had to be stopped because the tracks were washed away. In Berthelsdorf 6 bridges were damaged and one completely destroyed, in many places the bank reinforcement of the Berthelsdorfer water was damaged.
The last major floods occurred in 1965, 1966, 1981, 1987, 2010 and 2013.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1777 | 10 possessed men, 40 gardeners, 82 cottagers |
| 1834 | 1684 |
| 1855 | 1921 inhabitants in 303 buildings and 455 households |
| 1871 | 1902 |
| 1890 | 1775 |
| 1910 | 1985 |
| 1925 | 1928 |
| 1931 | 1978 |
| 1936 | 1961 |
| 1939 | 1842 |
| 1946 | 2173 |
| 1950 | 2265 |
| 1964 | 1902 |
| 1990 | 1947 |
| 2000 | 1939 |
| 2009 | 1677 |
| 2011 | 1638 |
| 2016 | 1513 |
Because of the incorporation since 2000, the residents of Rennersdorf are included in these figures. The population of the original municipality of Berthelsdorf was only 1,035 as of December 31, 2014, which corresponds to a population decrease of 25% compared to 1990 and 55% compared to the maximum number of inhabitants in 1950. At the end of 2016, the population fell below 1,000 for the first time at 995.
politics
mayor
With the introduction of the rural community order in spring 1839, a community board was elected for the first time. Until 1923 he was referred to as the mayor who lived in house no. 5 (today Hauptstrasse no. 77). The term mayor had only been in use since 1924. Since 2008 this office has only been honorary, since the incorporation in 2013 the town no longer has a mayor.
The first mayor was Ernst Gottlob Herrmann, and Christian Samuel Pohl took his place in 1845. In 1904, Wilhelm Berthold is verifiable as the community leader, who announced his resignation in 1923 at the height of inflation. He was followed by Arthur Wehner, who held this office until the end of the war. The first mayor after the Second World War was Richard Kutter in 1945, followed in 1950 by his wife Liesbeth Kutter. In the following 40 years of the GDR era, there were only two other mayors, Fritz Kuball and Ernst Adler.
As a result of the local elections on May 6, 1990, Günter John was elected mayor, on July 31, 2008 his 18-year term ended. From August 1, 2008, Ms. Janett Jähne took over the office as the last, now only honorary, mayor until December 31, 2012.
Culture and sights
Castle and Zinzendorf estate
The manorial estate of Mittelberthelsdorf is located at Herrnhuter Straße 17 (formerly Berthelsdorf No. 1). The first buildings stood here as early as the 15th and 16th centuries, but since the owners of the von Gersdorf family had their main residence in Oberrennersdorf, these are unlikely to have been representative. The oldest building structure of today's castle was dated around 1600. These are fragments of writing fields and a framing painting. Major renovation work on the manor house took place in 1676 under Bernhard Edlen von der Planitz (1630–1688), including new plastering across the entire area.
The manor house got its present shape from Zinzendorf , which is why the castle is now also called "Zinzendorf Castle". In the years 1722 to 1724, a uniform structure with a symmetrical seven-axis appearance on the courtyard side was built, using the existing substance to a large extent. On the upper floor, massive brick walls replaced older half-timbered outer walls, and partition walls on the upper floor were constructed in half-timbered houses. The castle got a completely new mansard roof.
In 1732, Zinzendorf transferred the estate and castle to his wife Erdmuthe Dorothea . It remained in the family's possession until 1793, since then the Brothers Unity has used it as the seat of the university elders' conference (church leadership). After the church leadership moved to the Vogtshof in Herrnhut in 1913, only the forest management of the Brothers Unity remained in the castle. In 1913 the entire estate was affiliated to the Remonteamt of the German Army until 1945 and used by them to train military horses. From 1945 to 1948, the Brothers Unity was once again the owner of the entire complex. After their expropriation, the buildings were used by the people's property as mentioned. The mansion was at least partially inhabited until the 1970s, but it was increasingly derelict.
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An association founded in 1998 by members from Germany, Switzerland and the USA acquired the building and the associated area of the old Zinzendorf Castle in Berthelsdorf in order to stop the impending decline of the property and to restore the historic building complex. The renovation was completed in 2012 after ten years of construction, so that the castle can be used again today for exhibitions, concerts and as a meeting place in the spirit of Zinzendorf. For this courageous and technically successful renovation, the association received its first federal award for handicrafts in monument preservation in 2013 .
Church and school
church
In 1346 the church in Berthelsdorf is mentioned in a document as belonging to the district of the archpriest of Löbau. The church of St. Jacob was consecrated, as you can see from the inscription on the oldest bell from 1511 until it melted.
Until 1724 the church was probably only half of its current size, but around this time, the founding of Herrnhut made it urgently necessary to enlarge it. On behalf of Zinzendorf, the redesign of the church began in 1724. The church was significantly enlarged, new windows were broken through, the manorial box and a new sacristy built under it.
The stately crypt, which was located on the east side of the church, was removed as a result of this construction. The interior of the church was also significantly changed, the altar and pulpit were moved to the attached part and a new organ choir was built. A new organ was installed in this, which was changed again in 1831. The pictures in the galleries with representations from the biblical story were covered with a light yellow paint in 1771, in 1839 the interior of the church was painted white. In 1826 the part of the stately lodge, which had been made of wood up to that point, was given a massive appearance. A stone plaque was discovered with the year 1583, Rudolf von Gersdorf's name and Gersdorf's coat of arms.
In 1890 the church received its current organ from the Schuster company from Zittau . In 1956 the interior of the church was renovated, and in 1991 the electric bell and the electronic church tower clock were installed. From 2002 to 2003 the church was completely renovated. The tower knob was newly gilded, the tower and roof were newly covered and the nave was plastered and painted.
Spinning school
In 1849/50 a spinning school for girls was set up in the village. It was located at Südstrasse 75 (formerly No. 8) and gave children a small source of income in addition to their education. The facility existed until the beginning of the 20th century, after which the building was used as living space. From 1948 to 1952 the village's first kindergarten was housed here, since then it has been located in the building at Hauptstrasse 54 (formerly no. 286) and has been called “Krümelkiste” since 2005.
Girls home
In 1853 a committee was formed with the aim of setting up a rescue house for girls. For this purpose, the garden property next to the spinning school was acquired and a simple house was built in which on August 31, 1853, the educational work with 9 girls began. In the years 1909 to 1911, the state association of the Inner Mission of Saxony built the "Peace Hope House", which still exists today and was also called the "Rescue House". From 1942 to 1945 the home was used by the land service, girls between 14 and 18 years of age were housed here, who were obliged to work with the local farmers. From 1945 until today the property has been used to accommodate disadvantaged people. Currently, 46 women and men live in the home, spread across 5 residential groups.
Village school
A school teacher for the place is mentioned as early as 1676. In 1757 the local school at that time was so dilapidated that it had to be rebuilt. In 1825 the first extension was necessary. The main part of the schoolhouse, which still exists today, was then rebuilt in 1849. The average number of schoolchildren in 1690 was 40, 1790 200, 1824 280 and 1852 332.
From 1927 there was a school lunch. In 1928/29 a further school expansion was necessary. After the war damage had been repaired, school operations could be resumed in autumn 1945. From 1953 there was a warm school lunch. Due to the steadily increasing number of pupils, including the use of the school by Rennersdorf pupils from the 5th grade, it was even necessary to set up parallel classes in the mid-1960s.
Between 1970 and 1974 there was a last expansion of the school complex, which also included a new boiler house. During the GDR era, the school was a polytechnic high school, which has been called " Ernst Schneller " since the award ceremony on October 13, 1979 . The premises of the LPG and in Paul's factory were used for the polytechnic lessons, from the 8th grade on the students also worked directly in the industrial and agricultural businesses of the place as part of the UTP or PA lessons .
After the social upheaval of 1990 there were also fundamental changes in the school landscape. In the 1993/94 school year, the Berthelsdorf elementary school was founded for 1st to 4th grade students. The pupils were taught in a school made of container elements, which was built near Paul's factory on a concrete surface that had served as the foundation of a department store since March 25, 1991. It burned down completely on the night of June 10th to 11th, 1992 and had to be demolished. In the 1998/99 school year, however, no 1st class was enrolled here, since the 2000/01 school year all Berthelsdorf primary school students have been taught in Großhennersdorf.
The actual school building has only been used by the Berthelsdorf Middle School since 1993. On July 9, 2005, the last graduation ceremony of a 10th grade took place here and on July 31, 2005 the school was finally closed. A school tradition that had lasted for more than three hundred years came to an end - against the will of the community of Berthelsdorf and the entire Hutberg region. Since then, the older students in the town have attended secondary schools in Oderwitz or Bernstadt or a grammar school in Herrnhut or Löbau.
Mills
In 1851 there were three water mills , four tinder mills and a windmill in the place , of which the water mills in particular were of great economic importance for the place. The tanneries were used to supply up to five tanneries in the town with vegetable tanning agents, especially spruce and oak bark. All water mills as well as the Lohmühlen used the power of the Berthelsdorf water, because of the low slope of the valley, mill ditches up to 800 m long were necessary.
Obermühle
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The former Obermühle is located at Hauptstrasse 35 (formerly No. 123). It belonged to Oberberthelsdorf and was first mentioned in 1544. From 1574 to 1749 it was in stately ownership. Christian Gottfried Schmidt acquired the mill in 1830 and rebuilt the building largely from scratch. Since that time, the property is likely to have essentially what it is today. The keystone above the door bears the inscription CGS 1839, the specialty of the building is the surrounding area with block room on the upper floor.
The mill was originally a pure flour mill . In the 19th century, the last "head miller" ran an agricultural business next to the mill. For this he built the later factory building around 1890. The stables were on the ground floor, the upper floor was used as a store for straw and hay. The building complex has had industrial use since 1906, first as a spinning mill, during the First World War as a button factory and from 1919 as a leather factory, from which the house shoe and slipper factory, which still exists today, emerged after 1945.
While the overshot mill wheel with a diameter of 8 meters was initially used to drive the machines, a nacelle was built in 1908 for a 10 hp steam engine. In addition, a transmission system was built to cross the street in order to be able to continue using the driving power of the water wheel, later a turbine. After 1945 the mill building was used as a residential building, with a total of three apartments available. After the last tenants moved out in the early 1990s, the property fell into disrepair, so that it finally had to be demolished in February 2018.
Middle mill
The former Mittelmühle is located at Hauptstrasse 99 (formerly No. 191). It belonged to Mittelberthelsdorf and was first mentioned in 1538. At first it was privately owned, in 1574 it was bought by Christoph von Gersdorf, with which the mill came into stately ownership. It was rebuilt in 1654 and sold again to private customers in 1736. In 1838 Christian Gottlieb Haschke acquired the mill, it remained in family ownership, which is why it is still called the Haschkemühle today.
This mill also served as a flour mill and was in full operation as such until the death of the last mill owner Otto Emil Haschke in 1945. Later on, it was only occasionally ground, and the property has been used by a construction company since 1990.
Niedermühle
The former Niedermühle is located in Hauptstrasse 118 (formerly No. 251). It also belonged to the main estate Mittelberthelsdorf and was first mentioned in 1654. It was owned by the manor and was sold to Johann Gottfried Böhmer in 1748. In 1849 the mill burned down with the exception of the barn and was then rebuilt. After the mill was initially also used as a grain mill, a cutting mill can be identified from 1867 . After a new, powerful saw frame was purchased in 1911, the company operated as a sawmill until 2004.
More monuments
As in almost all villages in southern Upper Lusatia, the townscape is characterized by a large number of half-timbered houses . Particularly noteworthy and listed buildings are, among others, Südstraße 25 (formerly No. 48), Südstraße 14 (formerly No. 50), Südstraße 1 (formerly No. 55), Obere Dorfstraße 8 (formerly No. 74) and Kemnitzer Straße 5 (formerly No. 94).
brewery
The town had its own brewery since around 1600, until then, as was documented when the Kretscham was sold in 1571, Zittau beer was served. It was only around this time that breweries were set up on the manors, as beer brewing had previously been regarded as a municipal trade. The first brewery building was located below the courtyard on the Dorfbach.
In 1654 the brewery was given as partly old. In 1806 the old brewery was partially torn away, only the residential building (number 288, later the Lorenz bakery, today Hauptstrasse 83) and the malt kiln (number 3, today Schulstrasse 6) remained. The latter building was converted into a stock house ( prison ) in 1807 . The new brewery building was built to the west of the castle (today Herrnhuter Straße 3). In 1848 a crusher and a grist mill were installed, at that time the Berthelsdorfer beer was delivered to the whole area, especially to Görlitz and Zittau. Brewing ceased in 1920, the building then served as a malt house until the 1950s and is now increasingly in disrepair.
distillery
A distillery was set up in 1801 in the building built in 1752 to the right of the entrance to the courtyard (today Herrnhuter Straße 5). Until then it served as a court house. Because the building had suffered severe damage as a result of a storm in February 1824, it was dismantled down to the lower storey and built massive. In 1828 it was enlarged by a back building, but in the spring of 1847 the distillery was closed.
University directorate
In addition to the distillery, two double houses (today Herrnhuter Strasse 7 and 9) were built in 1790 as apartments for the members of the university management, which was relocated to Berthelsdorf in 1789 and previously had its headquarters in Herrnhut, Zeist near Utrecht in Holland and Barby near Magdeburg Released in 1791. From here in the middle of the 19th century the spiritual and secular affairs of all the Brethren were directed. Of these Unitätsgebäuden an applied after 1750 avenue of lime trees leads to Herrnhut, which in 1837 at the expense of local government to the Moravian border chaussiert was. In 1869 new, more representative buildings of the university administration (today Herrnhuter Strasse 12 and 14) were erected under classical influences. From 1913 these buildings were also used by the Remontedepot. They then served as apartments, the northern one for the administrator, the southern one for the veterinary and cashier and the farm building in between for the servants.
Personalities
- David Tannenberg (1728–1804), organ builder
- Carl Gustav Kreischer (1833–1891), professor of mining and mineral processing
- Oskar Korschelt (1853–1940), chemist and engineer
- Martin Rade (1857–1940), professor of theology
- Friedrich von Boetticher (1881–1967), German general and military attaché
Originally from Thuringia, August Gottlieb Spangenberg (1704–1792) joined the Brethren around 1733 and was succeeded by Zinzendorf in 1762. He lived in Berthelsdorf in the so-called "university houses" of the Evangelical Brethren Church in Herrnhuter Strasse. He died there in 1792.
literature
- Between Löbau and Herrnhut (= values of the German homeland . Volume 56). 1st edition. Verlag Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1996, ISBN 3-7400-0935-7 , pp. 188-196.
- Cornelius Gurlitt : Berthelsdorf. In: Descriptive representation of the older architectural and art monuments of the Kingdom of Saxony. 34. Issue: Official Authority Löbau . CC Meinhold, Dresden 1910, p. 47.
- Gottlieb Korschelt : History of Berthelsdorf. Self-published by the editor, Berthelsdorf bei Herrnhut 1852 ( digital full-text edition (Wikisource) )
- Gottlieb Korschelt: Addendum to the history of Berthelsdorf . Dümmler, Löbau 1858 ( digitized version )
- Frank Nürnberger: "The history of the Upper Lusatian textile industry", Upper Lusatian publishing house, 2007.
- Michael Sachs: The flight of the evangelical wife Anna Magdalena von Reibnitz (1664– ~ 1745) with her five children from Silesia, threatened by forced Catholicization, in 1703 - a mood picture from the age of the Counter Reformation and Pietism. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 221–263, here: pp. 226 f.
Web links
- Information portal about Berthelsdorf
- Zinzendorf Castle Association
- Former small train through Berthelsdorf with many historical and current comparative displays
- Building history, route and traffic of the Herrnhut - Bernstadt narrow-gauge railway
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 8.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, pp. 27/28.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 33.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 10.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 35.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 12.
- ^ Sächsische Zeitung, Zittau edition, April 17, 2008.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: Addendum to the history of Berthelsdorf. , 1858, p. 9.
- ^ Frank Nürnberger: "The history of the Upper Lusatian textile industry", Upper Lusatian publishing house, 2007, p. 254.
- ^ Frank Nürnberger: "The History of the Upper Lusatian Textile Industry", Upper Lusatian Verlag, 2007, pp. 255 ff.
- ↑ Ledig / Ulbricht, "The narrow-gauge state railways in the Kingdom of Saxony", Leipzig 1895, p. 132.
- ^ Wagner, Paul, Krause, Walther, "The history of the narrow-gauge railways Taubenheim (Spree) - Dürrhennersdorf and Herrnhut - Bernstadt", Radebeul 1988, pp. 37-40.
- ^ A b Sonja Adler: Chronicle of Berthelsdorf 1900 to 1955, in the official gazette "Kontakt" of the Herrnhut region, 1999-2000, based on log books and files from the Berthelsdorf community archive.
- ^ Niels Seidel The Görlitz and Rennersdorf satellite camps, Großhennersdorf Environmental Library, 2nd edition 2012.
- ↑ Sonja Adler: Chronicle of Berthelsdorf 1900 to 1955, in the official gazette “Kontakt” of the Herrnhut region, issue 15/2000 p. 16, based on log books and files from the Berthelsdorf community archive.
- ↑ StBA: Area changes from January 1st to December 31st, 2013
- ^ Berthelsdorf in the Digital Historical Directory of Saxony
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: Addendum to the history of Berthelsdorf. , 1858, p. 9.
- ↑ Official Gazette “Contact” of the city of Herrnhut, No. 2/2015, p. 3.
- ↑ Official Gazette “Contact” of the city of Herrnhut, No. 2/2017, p. 3.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 90.
- ↑ Franziska Koch, Claudia Ochocki, The Zinzendorf castle in Berthelsdorf: Report on Construction, of 2007.
- ^ Rüdiger Kröger, in lock letter number 33, July 2012.
- ↑ Federal Prize for Crafts in Monument Preservation 2013 Flyer as PDF (498 kB)
- ↑ Codex diplomaticus Lusatiae superioris: From the oldest times to the founding of the Bund der Sechsstädte, 1346, Volume 1, Verlag Oberlausitzische Ges. Der Wiss., 1851, p. 286.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 47.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 51.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 68.
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, p. 63 f.
- ^ Chronicle of the Rohland tannery, Chapter 1.2
- ↑ Sächsische Zeitung: Bagger crush Berthelsdorfs Obermühle from February 22, 2018, accessed on October 22, 2018
- ↑ Gottlieb Korschelt: History of Berthelsdorf. , 1852, pp. 41/42.
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