Mühlhausen / Thuringia
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Coordinates: 51 ° 13 ' N , 10 ° 27' E |
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| Basic data | ||
| State : | Thuringia | |
| County : | Unstrut-Hainich district | |
| Height : | 216 m above sea level NHN | |
| Area : | 130.7 km 2 | |
| Residents: | 36,090 (Dec. 31, 2019) | |
| Population density : | 276 inhabitants per km 2 | |
| Postcodes : | 99974, 99998 | |
| Area code : | 03601 | |
| License plate : | UH, LSZ, MHL | |
| Community key : | 16 0 64 046 | |
| LOCODE : | DE MHL | |
| City structure: | 9 districts | |
City administration address : |
Ratsstrasse 19 99974 Mühlhausen / Thuringia |
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| Website : | ||
| Lord Mayor : | Johannes Bruns ( SPD ) | |
| Location of the district town of Mühlhausen / Thuringia in the Unstrut-Hainich district | ||
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Mühlhausen / Thuringia (from 1975 to 1991 Mühlhausen Thomas-Müntzer-Stadt ) is the district town of the Unstrut-Hainich district and the tenth largest city in Thuringia . The Large district town in the northwest of the state is on the Unstrut , a tributary of the Saale , around 55 km north-west of the state capital Erfurt and takes in the planning of the Free State of Thuringia rank means center with partial functions of a regional center one.
In the Middle Ages , the imperial city of Mühlhausen was the second most powerful city in the Thuringian region after Erfurt . The Mühlhausen fair , which is held annually for one week with 27 fair communities , took place for the first time in 1877 and is the largest city fair in Germany.
Mühlhausen is also known for its rich historical heritage, it was the place of work of Johann Sebastian Bach and Thomas Müntzer and an imperial city until 1802 . Numerous historical buildings such as the city wall or St. Mary's Church still bear witness to its former importance . Johann August Röbling , the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City , came from Mühlhausen.
In 2016, Mühlhausen was awarded the honorary title of “ Reformation City of Europe ” by the Community of Evangelical Churches in Europe .
geography
Geographical location
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Göttingen (60 km) Heiligenstadt (35 km) |
Goslar (110 km) Leinefelde (30 km) |
Berlin (320 km) Nordhausen (55 km) |
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Eschwege (35 km) Kassel (90 km) |
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Sömmerda (60 km) Leipzig (180 km) |
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Bad Hersfeld (90 km) Frankfurt / M. (220 km) |
Eisenach (35 km) Meiningen (95 km) |
Erfurt (55 km) Rudolstadt (110 km) |
Mühlhausen is located at the geographical center of Germany , which is in the northwest of the Thuringian Basin . The urban area is bounded in the west by the Hainich and in the north by the Obereichsfeld .
Neighboring communities
Neighboring communities are Menteroda in the north, Nottertal-Heilinger Heights and Körner in the east, Unstrut-Hainich and Vogtei in the south, Rodeberg in the west and Anrode and Unstruttal in the northwest.
City structure
The city consists of the districts:
- Mühlhausen / Thuringia, since renaming on May 2, 1991
- Bollstedt , incorporated on January 1, 2019
- Felchta , incorporated on June 30, 1994
- Görmar , incorporated on June 30, 1994
- Grabe , incorporated on January 1, 2019
- Höngeda , incorporated on January 1, 2019
- Saalfeld , incorporated on March 8, 1994
- Seebach , incorporated on January 1, 2019
- Windeberg , incorporated on June 1, 1992
climate
The next weather station with a longer series of measurements is located about 3 km northeast of Mühlhausen in the district of Grabe. It provides comparable values at least for the eastern districts of Mühlhausen on the edge of the Thuringian Basin. With an annual mean temperature of 8.7 ° C and an average annual precipitation of 565 mm , the climate of Grabe is relatively warm, but already dry. As the Hainich approaches the western edge of Mühlhausen, significantly lower annual mean temperatures and higher annual precipitation amounts are to be expected.
history
Beginnings until 1400
Already in the early Stone Age, the geological conditions on the fertile Unstrut lowland formed an area that could be colonized, which is confirmed by archaeological findings. They also show that the place could have been culturally and politically significant between 400 and 531 at the time of the Thuringian Kingdom . In particular, the finds are linked to a fabulous tale according to which Attila the Hun King lived in Mulhus Castle on the train from Hungary to France in 451 and had a church built in honor of the knight George. (The Latinized name of Mühlhausen was later Mulhusinus .)
With the victory of the Franks over the Thuringian Germanic Empire in 531, the state colonization began , which culminated in the final subjugation of the Thuringians at the beginning of the 8th century. At the same time the occupied territories were evangelized and Christianity made its way.
In 967 Mühlhausen was first mentioned in a document as a mulinhuson by Emperor Otto II . It was the center of an important imperial estate district with a fortified royal court, whose origins go back to the Frankish empire of Charlemagne .
In the 11th century the development of the old town (market settlement) began, followed by the new town around the Marienkirche under Emperor Friedrich I. Barbarossa in the 12th century . In 1135, Emperor Lothar III was reconciled . in what was first called “villa regia” Mühlhausen with Konrad von Staufen . In 1135 Mühlhausen was the first place in Thuringia to receive city rights. Heinrich the Lion conquered Mühlhausen, which had developed into an important center of imperial power, in 1180.
Around 1200, the city wall around the city center (49 hectares) was built with seven double gates and 38 defense and pulpit towers and a length of 2.7 kilometers. Mühlhausen, originally a royal chamber property, received coinage and customs rights at the beginning of the 13th century. At the same time, the city was closed off by walls from the castle, which was ruled by a royal burgrave. Around 1220 the “ Mühlhausen Imperial Law Book ” was recorded according to the Imperial Law (the oldest city law book in German). It also became applicable law for the imperial city of Nordhausen . In 1251 the city of Mühlhausen was given the right to appoint a mayor , which made it a Free Imperial City , even though that office was pledged to the Count of Henneberg for a while in the 14th century . In the meantime the burgraviate had come to an end: in 1256 the citizens stormed the castle and razed it to the ground. Emperor Karl IV confirmed the imperial freedom of the city. This enclosed its entire territory by a second fortification with numerous waiting areas, the "Landgraben". In the middle of the 14th century, the guilds received representation in the council. The Free Imperial City ("des riches Stadt") Mühlhausen had been a member of the Hanseatic League since 1286 . The city acquired 60 surrounding villages, built many town houses and 14 churches. The latter were almost all built by the Teutonic Order .
The Free Imperial City of Mühlhausen was able to expand its economic and political importance in the Hesse-Thuringia border region on the Werra as early as the 13th century. Thus, like the neighboring bailiwick of Dorla, it came more and more often into disputes with the territorial powers - the Thuringian landgraves and later also the Hessian landgraves and the Archdiocese of Mainz. The legend of the Blind Hessen , which was widespread in Mühlhausen and the surrounding area, reports that the city was to be attacked by a Hessian army and by robber barons from Eichsfeld and that the Mühlhausen were able to put the Hessians to flight with a ruse.
In 1292, the Breitsülze, a stream flowing along the city, was channeled into an artificial stream for water supply in the upper city. This was an engineering masterpiece by medieval standards. The stream was led into the upper town in a trench 5350 meters long with a gradient of only 0.33 millimeters per meter. The plans for this construction project come from a monk who, according to legend, made a pact with the devil and disappeared shortly after completion.
1400 to 1600
In 1430 Mühlhausen joined the strong Goslarer Bund within the Hanseatic League together with Erfurt and Nordhausen , which had been united with these two cities in the Thuringian Tri-City Federation since 1310 . Mühlhausen continued to flourish economically. Mühlhausen cloths had already passed through Hamburg customs in 1247 . Flemish and Walloon immigrants brought with them new knowledge and skills in wool weaving, cloth making and linen weaving. “Mühlhäuser Laken” became a household name. The cultivation , processing and trade of woad and the trade in cloth up to distant countries played a major role. With Wanfried , Mühlhausen even had a port: the goods were brought there by land and then on by ships down the Werra and down the Weser. At the end of the 15th century, Mühlhausen had 10,000 inhabitants, making it one of the largest cities in Germany. Mühlhausen also knew how to make good use of the emperors' constant financial embarrassment, and expanded its narrow town hall more and more. The star of Mühlhausen began to decline with the decline in the importance of the dye plant woad and with the emergence of Leipzig as a trading city. New trade routes led widely around Mühlhausen.
With the Peasants' War in 1525, Mühlhausen became the center of their radical reformation movement through the preacher Thomas Müntzer and his colleague Heinrich Pfeiffer : “Power should be given to the common people”. The "Mühlhausen eleven articles" and an " Eternal Council " were supposed to end the rule of patricians and nobility in the city forever. Mühlhausen citizens also took part in the Battle of Frankenhausen in 1525. After the defeat of the farmers, Thomas Müntzer was executed at the gates of the city. Today a monument on the last remaining city wall gate, the Frauentor, reminds of him. The city suffered heavy fines and compensation payments and lost its villages. It temporarily lost its imperial freedom; the princes of Saxony and Hesse became patrons. These had become Protestant, and Mühlhausen also accepted the Reformation . After 1525 Mühlhausen was also one of the centers of the Central German Anabaptist movement , which was partly influenced by Thomas Müntzer. In 1548, a new imperial freedom was negotiated under Emperor Charles V. In 1565 the imperial city owned 21 villages with a total of 949 people. The council of Mühlhausen signed the Lutheran concord formula of 1577. By purchasing the properties of the Teutonic Knight Order (1599), the city acquired a large property (a total of 220 km²).
1600 to 1914
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At the Fürstentag zu Mühlhausen in March 1620, the Elector Johann Georg I of Saxony abandoned the matter of the Protestant Union and declared himself with the Rhenish archbishops for the emperor. For being spared the destruction in the Thirty Years War , Mühlhausen had to pay hard to pay 1.75 million guilders. Taxes rose sharply and there was general impoverishment. The population of Mühlhausen fell by half. The surrounding villages were looted and burned down, their citizens fled to the protection of the city walls. Major fires in 1649 and 1689 as well as the Seven Years' War also reduced the city's productivity. Important Mühlhausen citizens left the city, such as Gottfried Christoph Beireis and Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau .
From the 16th to the 18th century, Mühlhausen experienced a heyday of church music. 1707/1708 Johann Sebastian Bach was organist at the main church Divi Blasii (Sankt Blasius) . The cantata Gott ist mein König ( BWV 71) was written for the change of council on February 4, 1708 .
On August 5, 1802, when Prussian troops moved in, imperial freedom ended and Mühlhausen and its surrounding area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1807 the city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia created by Napoleon . While the city of Mühlhausen formed the canton of Mühlhausen , most of the places that belonged to the former Free Imperial City came to the canton of Dachrieden , while some places belonged to the cantons of Dorla and Dörna . In 1815 Mühlhausen and the surrounding area came back to Prussia. This incorporation into a larger territory offered new economic opportunities.
In 1831, Johann August Röbling , who was born in Mühlhausen, emigrated to the USA , where in 1865 he constructed the largest wire rope suspension bridge in the world, the Brooklyn Bridge in New York .
In 1861 Mühlhausen was connected to the telegraph network. In 1870 the Gotha – Leinefelde railway was put into operation and the train station was inaugurated. In 1897 the Ebeleben – Mühlhausen railway followed . In 1882 a new post office was inaugurated, in 1887 Mühlhausen was connected to the telephone network, and in 1895 the waterworks was opened. In 1898 a power station was built and the Mühlhausen tram started operating. The municipal hospital was built from 1897 to 1899. In 1892 Mühlhausen left the district of Mühlhausen i. Th. And formed its own urban district.
During the economic phases, textile production, metal processing and the tobacco industry in particular grew in Mühlhausen. Economic progress went hand in hand with population growth; in 1900 the population had risen to over 33,000. This was followed by the construction of new schools and the establishment of a teachers' college . In 1900 the Marienkirche was completed with imperial support by building the tallest church tower in Thuringia. The first movie theater opened in 1907, and the town hall was renovated and expanded in 1914. For the Reichsbank branch, which has existed since 1876, a new building was built in 1911–1912. 1910–1917 the Pfafferode Provincial Sanatorium was built.
1914 to 1945
During the First World War , Mühlhausen recorded 1,300 dead and missing. In the November Revolution of 1918, the residents took part relatively little, only on a few days with rallies on the Blobach and parades through the city. This was followed by hyperinflation in the early 1920s, emergency money, impoverishment, company failures, over 5000 unemployed, housing shortages and severe tensions between the political parties of the Weimar Republic . After 1923 there was some consolidation. The Stadtberg was built on with houses and the Sachsen-Siedlung was built as an "unemployment settlement ". The Pfafferode State Hospital was expanded structurally. In 1928 the city erected the memorial to those who fell in World War I (The Lion) . In 1928/29 the new city cemetery with a modern crematorium was put into operation. The court building on Untermarkt was given its present form in 1929–1931.
With the takeover of the Nazi Party in early 1933 of the non-system-compliant Mayor Hellmut Neumann had to cede. On May 20, 1933, books by various German writers were burned on the Blobach . Mühlhausen was declared an "emergency area" and promoted with public buildings and support for private buildings. In the course of the armament of the Wehrmacht , Mühlhausen became the location of a garrison in 1935 . In the same year a new large district savings bank was handed over. Among the new buildings, however, barracks and the armaments industry predominated, such as in Mackensenstrasse 75 (today Friedrich-Naumann-Strasse) a factory of C. Lorenz AG for the manufacture of radio equipment for the Wehrmacht. The Berlin company also set up a production facility for special electron tubes for military equipment in the former Franz Riebel cigar factory, Eisenacher Str. 40, in 1937 . A connection to the network of the Reichsautobahn, which is currently under construction, was planned . Unemployment was reduced through the construction measures, through " voluntary labor service " or "Landjahrdienst" and the military service in the Wehrmacht, which was extended to two years in 1936 . Between 1934 and 1943, 140 people were victims of forced sterilization in the city hospital .
During the November pogroms, the synagogue of the Jewish community was devastated on the night of November 9th to 10th, 1938 and the rabbi was seriously injured by gunfire. The memorial book of the Federal Archives for the Victims of the National Socialist Persecution of Jews in Germany (1933-1945) lists 85 Jewish residents of Mühlhausen, most of whom were deported, mostly murdered and victims of the Holocaust .
Between 1939 and 1944, 2,841 patients died in the Pfafferode state sanatorium and nursing home ; the death rate rose from 13.5% to 49.3% during this period. Of the dead, 1,976 are counted as Nazi victims of Aktion T4 and Aktion Brandt . A memorial stone has been commemorating these victims in the foyer of today's Ecumenical Hainich Clinic since 2000.
In 1944 the two satellite camps " Martha I " and " Martha II " of the Buchenwald concentration camp were set up on the outskirts . The prisoners interned in more than 1870 were forced to work in armaments factories (including in the Gerätebau GmbH in the Mühlhausen city forest ).
In the air war on September 11, 1944, 24,500 kg of explosive bombs were dropped during an American bombing raid on Mühlhausen . 17 houses were destroyed, 22 damaged. Industrial buildings were also hit and 17 people died. When five explosive bombs were dropped on September 13, 1944, another 10 mill houses died. On April 4, 1945, troops of the US Army took the city, whose hospitals were occupied with over 1000 wounded, without a fight. On April 7, 1945, the German Air Force launched an air raid on Mühlhausen with cluster bombs and gunfire . Numerous houses were damaged and several people were killed.
1945 to 1990
After the city was handed over to the Red Army on July 5, 1945, Mühlhausen was in the Soviet occupation zone (SBZ).
From 1945 onwards, numerous expellees from the former German eastern regions and the Sudetenland were settled in Mühlhausen , including many from the Bohemian Saaz (today Žatec ). In the Unstrut-Hainich district they form a group of the Sudeten German Landsmannschaft with a large number of members . The strong influx of refugees also explains the considerable increase in the population of Mühlhausen in the post-war years, despite the war losses. This then diminished again significantly through the escape from the Soviet occupation zone and the GDR and then again after the fall of the Wall and peaceful revolution .
On June 17, 1953 , 3,000 people, mostly farmers from the surrounding villages, demonstrated on the town's market square. They called for a lowering of the tax target, the abolition of collectivization measures, the elimination of discrimination against large farmers, but also “all-German free and secret elections” and the “elimination of the restricted zones” on the inner-German border . The release of imprisoned farmers was requested in front of the courthouse, and there were violent disputes with the KVP . These were only ended with the appearance of the Soviet military commander with 20 soldiers. The demonstration was broken up in the evening and a state of emergency was declared by the occupying forces. The GDR security organs handed 20 to 25 arrested people over to the military commander.
In 1969 the Mühlhausen tram was shut down and switched to bus transport. On the 450th anniversary of Thomas Müntzer's death in 1975, Mühlhausen was officially added to the name “Thomas-Müntzer-Stadt”. In August 1976 the 26th Pugwash conference took place in Mühlhausen .
From October 22, 1989 to February 1990, there were political demonstrations in Mühlhausen, originating from church assemblies , at which first the democratization of the situation and soon German reunification were called for. In December 1989 a town partnership was signed with Eschwege and in 1990 with Münster . In May 1990 democratic local elections took place . As early as July, the newly elected city council passed the resolution to immediately end the demolition work in the historic old town , which should be preserved and renovated as a “unique area monument”. The first structural security measures started, also supported by the "Hessenhilfe für Thüringen". The association “Friends of Mühlhausen” from Münster also helped (financing the pavilion on the city wall). Streets and squares were given their historical names again. The city's large companies ran into difficulties, there were layoffs and there were also strikes because jobs were at risk. Many applications for reprivatisation were made. The border troop command disbanded in September 1990 and Mühlhausen became a Bundeswehr garrison.
1991 until today
1991 brought the end of the Soviet garrison era. In the same year, the city council deleted the nickname "Thomas-Müntzer-Stadt" from the city name and decided that Mühlhausen / Thuringia should be the official name of the city . The renovation of the old town made good progress, one focus was the redesign of the Steinweg pedestrian zone. Mühlhausen was awarded a bronze plaque in 1994 as part of the federal competition “Preservation of the historic urban space in the new federal states”. The redevelopment of the city went and continues successfully. The Plattenbau Hotel Stadt Mühlhausen am Untermarkt was demolished. On November 9, 1998, the restored synagogue in Jüdenstrasse was inaugurated as a synagogue and meeting place. In 2001 a memorial plaque was unveiled at the location of the Soviet military tribunals at Untermarkt 17 (now the District Court ): “ From 1945 to 1948 innocent people were imprisoned and tortured at this location by the Soviet secret service NKVD . Many were deported or sentenced to death ”.
The city's major problems are the decline in the birth rate since reunification , deindustrialization , the abandonment of the military base and the emigration and aging of the population associated with structural change. The function as a supply and service center has remained. Mühlhausen has a high retail density.
In 2005, Mühlhausen became the first German city to join the German Language Association . In the same year they voted the readers of the German language world as the language true of the year.
economy
The location on the Unstrut and several streams flowing all year round allowed intensive mill management. The name of the city and the mill iron in the coat of arms refer to it. Around 1800 there are 19 watermills in the urban area. The fresh water was also a prerequisite for wool, cloth and leather processing (tanner and white tanners). In the middle of the 19th century there were around 50 leather-processing manufacturers. Fabrics made in Mühlhausen were u. a. sold throughout Europe by the international wholesaler Lutteroth.
In the 19th century, small businesses located here developed into industrial operations , such as B. Stephan Lederwarenwerk (bicycle saddles and school bags), Binkebank & Hammer (weaving mill), Claes & Flentje OHG (sewing machines, knitting machines, bicycles).
After the Second World War , nationalizations between 1952 and 1972 resulted in the following state- owned companies :
- Textile industry : VEB Mülana (“Obertrikotagen”), VEB Cottana (previously: VEB Buntweberei Mühlhausen; originally: Binkebank & Hammer, weaving mill), VEB West Thuringian worsted yarn spinning mill Mühlhausen, VEB Textilveredlungswerke Mühlhausen (originated from Gebrüder Hecht KG, textile finishing, and Heinz. Schüler, Garnveredlung, and Heinz. Schüler, Garnveredlung) ), VEB Mühlhäuser Strickmoden (previously Paul Schäfer Strickmoden KG)
- Heavy industry : VEB Möve-Werk (until 1952 Walter & Co. GmbH ; supplier for vehicle technology, e.g. to IFA ), VEB conveyor trolleys and fittings, VEB pedestal storage plant, VEB children's vehicles ZEKIWA, VEB special sewing machines (previously Claes und Co. GmbH )
In 1952 the VEB tube factory for the production of electron tubes was founded. In 1971 the plant was renamed "VEB Mikroelektronik Wilhelm Pieck Mühlhausen" and became part of the Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt . Since the beginning of the 1980s, the company produced electronic pocket calculators (including the standardized school calculator SR1 ). Later the production of the most popular home computer series in the GDR was added: the so-called KC 85 / 2-4 small computers .
Until the middle of the 20th century, travertine was broken in the urban area .
Population development
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politics
City Councilor and Lord Mayor
The City Council Mulhouse consists of 36 councilors and the mayor. The distribution of seats since the local elections on May 26, 2019 is as follows:
| CDU | 7 seats (2014: 7) |
| Citizens' list for Mühlhausen | 7 seats (8) |
| SPD | 6 seats (10) |
| AfD | 5 seats (-) |
| LEFT | 4 seats (7) |
| GREEN | 3 seats (2) |
| FWG | 3 seats (-) |
| FDP | 1 seat (2) |
The Lord Mayor Johannes Bruns (SPD) was elected on April 22, 2012 in the first ballot with 53.3% of the votes cast. In April 2018 he was confirmed in office with 62.7%.
See also: List of Mayors of Mühlhausen / Thuringia
Coat of arms, flag and logo
The city coat of arms of Mühlhausen in Thuringia is listed as a small coat of arms ( shield ) and a large full coat of arms .
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Blazon : “ Divided by gold and red , above a growing , black , red-armored and tongued eagle , below a silver mill iron . On the golden Spangenhelm with red and gold covers a stone-set , golden three-leaf crown and two silver buffalo horns , each decorated with six three-leaved green linden twigs on theoutside. " |
| Justification for the coat of arms: The eagle refers to the status of the city as a free imperial city, and the mill iron to the name of the city. The color pairing silver-red in the lower part of the coat of arms is due to the centuries-long influence of the Archdiocese of Mainz . |
The city of Mühlhausen uses the colors red and gold as a flag , with the small city coat of arms (coat of arms) in the middle.
Since 2013, the new city logo has symbolized the outline of the old town and city wall.
Town twinning
Mühlhausen maintains friendships and partnerships with five cities:
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Tourcoing , France (1961) -
Eschwege , Germany (1989) -
Münster , Germany (1990)
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Kronstadt (Russia) , Russia (1995) -
Saxonburg , United States (2008)
The friendship treaty between Mühlhausen and Tourcoing in France was signed in 1961 and reinforced by another treaty in 1979. For political reasons, mutual exchange was very limited and was limited to visits from French guests. The contract was therefore renewed on May 21, 1993. Since then, lively sporting, cultural and educational contacts have developed.
The friendship treaty with the city of Eschwege in Hesse is a special feature, because it was the first of all German cities to be concluded during this period after the fall of the Berlin Wall, but before the reunification of Germany. The aim of the contract signed on December 22nd, 1989 was to revitalize the traditional common ground in culture, economy and tradition. The growing together of the regions could be promoted through diverse contacts of municipal facilities, associations and institutions.
On September 14, 1990 the contract for a city friendship was signed in the town hall of Münster . The first contacts were made through the confectioners 'and bakers' guilds. During the development of the administration after the political change, the city administration of Münster provided assistance by providing urgently needed work equipment and materials. Various groups and initiatives have so far filled the city friendship with life.
On March 18, 1995, the town twinning agreement was signed with the Russian city of Kronstadt . The city was the starting point for the first Russian circumnavigation of the world , in which Mühlhausen Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau took part. Diverse relationships are cultivated in the cultural, political, economic and scientific fields. Both cities are working on expanding existing connections and establishing new ones. An essential aspect of the partnership are student exchanges and mutual visits.
A town twinning with the US American Saxonburg was concluded on May 23, 2008. The town in western Pennsylvania , with around 1,600 inhabitants , was founded in 1832 by Johann August Röbling , who was born and raised in Mühlhausen .
Culture and sights
theatre
From 1840 to 1945 Mühlhausen had a middle-class theater and its own symphony orchestra. The theater building was demolished in 1957. The 3K project has been developing art, culture and communication since 1991 , initially under the umbrella of the association Working and Learning in Mühlhausen e. V. and since 1998 as an independent association, plays, performances, games with young people and adults and has been using the building of the former church of St. Kiliani on the eastern edge of the old town since 2006, which has been completely converted into a theater .
music
Every year at the fair, the townscape is shaped by the minstrels who also take part in regional and national competitions outside of the festive season. In addition to the background music for the parade, a music show will be presented towards the afternoon of the fair on Saturday, in which all the marching bands of the city of Mühlhausen and guest performers will demonstrate their musical skills. In October 1960, when three funfair communities merged, the first Mühlhäuser Spielleuteverein 1960 e. V., who already seven years later became third of the 15 best orchestras in the GDR and was able to win a total of 15 national championship titles. With the turnaround , the supporting companies and thus the livelihood of the association were dissolved. A private drugstore then saved the association.
The main building of the Johann Sebastian Bach district music school, which is supported by the Unstrut-Hainich district, is located at Lindenbühl . She sees her tasks in promoting and finding talented people as well as preparing for a professional degree. As a result, several ensembles have been formed that give numerous concerts year after year. For example the chamber string orchestra under the direction of Wolfgang Faber. It has existed since 1994 and is a gathering of teachers and students, both current and former, of the district music school. For more modern styles of music such as jazz, the big band, which in turn only consists of students, was created there under the direction of Christian Rangnick . Especially at the end of the school year, the district music school gives a concert by all ensembles in the town hall.
The Rock oder Flopp competition has been held annually since 2007 . The winning bands are excluded from participating again. In addition to prize money, the winner is sponsored services that promote his career, such as a CD recording in a professional studio. The runner-up usually wins an appearance at any of the main sponsor's events.
Museums
- Cultural history museum Mühlhausen
- Müntzer memorial in the Marienkirche
- Peasant War Museum Kornmarktkirche
- All Saints Church Museum
- Telecommunication Museum Mühlhausen in the Deutsche Telekom building
- Fire Brigade Museum
religion
Mühlhausen has been a predominantly Protestant city since the introduction of the Reformation . The denominations that exist today and their communities:
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Protestant church
- Divi Blasii / St. Marien
- St. Martini / St. Georgii
- St. Nicolai
- St. Petri-Margarethen
- Other religious communities
- New Apostolic Church in Central Germany
- Jehovah's Witness
A decline in the number of believers left many places of worship orphaned over time, which is why the now empty churches were used for other purposes - for example, the former Jakobikirche is the new city library. The above-mentioned St. Martini Church has now been used as a youth church by the evangelical youth work since its renovation in 2010–2011. Normal church services also take place here.
The synagogue that fell victim to the night of the pogrom has been restored. It serves as a memorial and museum of Jewish history in Mühlhausen. Selected concerts and other cultural events are also held here. There is no longer a Jewish community in Mühlhausen. Since 2010, “ Stolpersteine ”, an action by the artist Gunter Demnig , have been installed in Mühlhausen in memory of murdered and expelled Jewish citizens of Mühlhausen. By May 2013, 30 stumbling blocks had been laid in Mühlhausen.
Buildings and monuments
Sacred buildings
- As the second largest church in Thuringia, the Marienkirche - a five-aisled Gothic hall church - defines the cityscape of Mühlhausen from afar. On the balcony above the south portal there are figures depicting Charles IV and his wife Elisabeth of Pomerania . The construction of the church began in 1317 and was supposed to produce a house of worship on a par with the Erfurt Cathedral . After a dispute between the citizens of Mühlhausen and the Teutonic Knights , construction came to a standstill for a short time, but was finished in the early 15th century. Since the beginning of the Reformation in 1517, St. Mary's Church has been Evangelical-Lutheran . In the peasant war that followed shortly afterwards , the church served as a platform for Müntzer's speeches . The new central tower was completed in 1903, as its predecessors were always felt to be too small. At 86.7 m, it is currently the highest in Thuringia. The church itself was profaned in 1975 and is only used for church services on five church feast days . Since its conversion to a museum, the church has housed a memorial to the reformer Thomas Müntzer and an exhibition on his life and work. Since 2018 there has been an extensive exhibition on medieval art from Thuringia in the church. From the complete altarpiece to individual paintings and sculptures of saints, the show shows over 60 works or groups of works in the most extensive exhibition of medieval sculptures from Thuringia to date.
- The Divi-Blasii-Kirche is a three-aisled, cross-shaped hall church on the Untermarkt. The Teutonic Order began the construction of this Gothic church around 1276. In the north transept there is an impressive tracery rose , which is half the size of that of Notre Dame in Paris. On the west side there are two octagonal stone towers that come from a previous building. The Schuke organ , inaugurated in 1959 , which implements Bach's organ disposition, is located on the west gallery . Johann Sebastian Bach was organist at Divi Blasii from 1707-08. On August 9, 2009, a memorial was dedicated to him in front of the church. The bronze sculpture by the Halle artist Karl Friedrich Messerschmidt depicts the 22-year-old Bach. It was financed exclusively from donations.
- The Petrikirche goes back to a chapel from 1250. The north aisle of the church shows the transition from Romanesque to Gothic. According to recent studies, the font can be called the oldest in Mühlhausen. The tracery used for decoration corresponds to that of the windows in the north aisle. A Romanesque forerunner baptismal font can be seen in the overall shape.
- On October 8, 1356, the enlarged church was put into service in a document from the Archbishop of Mainz Gerlach von Nassau and since then it has been under the Teutonic Order until the Reformation . In a renovation from 1893 to 1895, the church was given its current exterior shape with the impressively colored roof. In the church there is a figure of Jacob from the late Middle Ages . A blessing Christ can be seen in front of the church, which was created in 2008 by Romy Friedewald, a Jena artist who lives in Dresden.
- The Nikolaikirche is the most important and largest of the suburban churches in Mühlhausen. The first documentary mention can be found for March 18, 1314. The church goes back to a branch of the Divi-Blasii-Kirche on Untermarkt. Like almost all Mühlhausen churches, it was under the Teutonic Order and was a branch church of the Blasius Church. From there she was also sent pastors. A pastor of the Nicolaikirche was named as early as 1297, but it must have been a previous building. As a small branch church, the St. Nicolai Church experienced its climax in 1763, when the city's peace festival was celebrated there after the Seven Years' War , because the inner-city churches were unusable after the devastation by the French. The windows in the choir of the church can be seen as particularly important. There is a Saint Nicholas window from the 14th century. Alexander Linnemann's workshop in Frankfurt was responsible for the church windows .
- The Jakobikirche is the third “large” church within the city center and, like Divi Blasii, has two main towers. Since 2004, it has housed the Mühlhausen city library in the main nave with a mixture of modern architecture and historical construction.
- The Kilianikirche , Martinikirche and Georgikirche (the latter with high water marks of the Unstrut ) have an identical construction and are almost in a line in a north-south direction.
- The synagogue on Jüdenstrasse was re-inaugurated in 1998 as a meeting place.
Other buildings, monuments and memorials
- Medieval city wall ring with preserved battlements. Between the Frauentor and the Raven Tower was a 17 m long and 9 m high section of the city wall, which inclined 1 cm outwards every year. This will be renewed in 2018 through dismantling and rebuilding.
- The inner and outer Frauentor are preserved parts of the former boulevard; Aligned to the west portal of the Marienkirche, they served at that time to receive high dignitaries up to the title of emperor to visit the Palatinate.
- The raven tower, on its foundations the cemetery for plague sufferers in the Middle Ages.
- Town Hall and Imperial City Archives - the Gothic core building with the town hall and council chamber was built at the end of the 13th century; the town hall has several recent extensions.
- The representative Renaissance half-timbered building Popperöder Brunnenhaus was built from 1614 at the instigation of the mayor Gregorius Fleischhauer. The spring mentioned in 1199 was set in stone. After the damage in the Thirty Years War , the facility was renewed in 1715.
- The Peterhof , a listed inn and excursion destination on Wanfrieder Landstrasse.
- The lion on the Stadtberg, a memorial built in 1928 for the city's sons who died in the First World War.
- Soviet memorial in the New Cemetery, commemorating 153 victims of war and forced labor .
- VVN memorial from 1949 on the station forecourt for the victims of the concentration camps .
- Hotel Stadt Mühlhausen , destroyed in 1998
graveyards
- Municipal cemetery since 1928, on Eisenacher Landstrasse
- The Jewish cemetery on Eisenacher Strasse commemorates the town's former Jewish community, whose members emigrated or became victims of the Shoah .
Parks and recreational areas
- Green areas with old trees in front of the inner city wall ring: "An der Burg", Hirschgraben and Hoher Graben in the north and west and Lindenbühl in the south.
- Park between Schwanenteich and Popperöder source
- Natural monument Thomasteich and Thomasquelle
- The Mühlhäuser Stadtwald on the western outskirts
- Thomas-Müntzer-Park on the Rieseninger
- Green areas at the war memorial ( Mühlhäuser Löwe )
- Mill houses Landgraben
- The park of the Ecumenical Hainich Clinic in Pfafferode, a registered cultural monument with old trees.
Sports
With the Thuringia Funpark , Mühlhausen is home to one of the largest skate parks in Germany.
The Thuringian league team in football - FC Union Mühlhausen - and the Bundesliga team in table tennis - Post SV Mühlhausen 1951 - are based here.
The Mühlhausen old town run takes place on the weekend of the fair.
Regular events
- On a weekend at the end of May: Mühlhausen peasant war spectacle with a history game about Thomas Müntzer and a medieval market
- Pentecost : Mühlhausen plum blossom (since 2014, previously city festival)
- Summer: Fountain festival at the Popperöder source, Mühlhäuser wood trip at the White House
- last weekend in August: start of the Mühlhausen fair
- Saturday at Sankt Hubertus: Hainichjagd, one of the largest community hunts in Germany; Fox hunt in the Felchta district, with cross-country riding and "fox riding"
- Martini Festival in the week around Saint Martin: The highlight is the ecumenical Martins parade of all Mühlhausen parishes with hundreds of children taking part every year.
Culinary specialties
- The Mühlhäuser plum is one with a market share of 51.5% among the best known in Germany. Originally marketed as "Herthä plum jam", its recipe goes back to the foundation of the "Thuringian plum jam and canning factory" by Luise and Hermann Thämert in 1908. 1972 as a state-owned enterprise nationalized, were exported mainly to West Germany , which is why the popular Mühlhäuser spread just as in the GDR Bückware was available. In the course of German reunification , privatization and takeover by Tegros Vertrieb GmbH followed in 1993 . After their insolvency in 2006, MÜHLHÄUSER GmbH, based in Mönchengladbach , which now operates the Mühlhäuser production site, was integrated into the Spanish Helios Group . At the end of 2016, contrary to the advertising claim "Original since 1908", which was still used, the recipe was changed and the quality was reduced by reducing the fruit content from 220 g to just 170 g of plums per 100 g of end product.
- In January, many master bakers in the city offer sweet cakes . The pastry made from a syrup-like, thick mass of honey and gingerbread spices on a base prepared with rye flour can already look back on around 800 years of history. It should make the cake taste of the high Middle Ages tangible.
- Sweet pretzels are sold in bakeries in and around Mühlhausen on Maundy Thursday . These are made from yeast dough and refined with icing or sugar and cinnamon. It is said that if you do not eat a pretzel on Maundy Thursday in Mühlhausen, you will get donkey ears.
Economy and Infrastructure
Companies and authorities
In addition to numerous smaller companies in the service sector, mainly medium-sized companies in the manufacturing and processing industries have settled in Mühlhausen; Represented industries are the automotive and rail vehicle supply as well as the light, electrical and electronics industries. As a basis, four industrial areas with a total area of 154.39 hectares were developed in the east of the city. Other branches of the economy are handicrafts and tourism.
The Ecumenical Hainich Clinic in the Pfafferode district is one of the largest employers in the Unstrut-Hainich district with around 1,100 employees. Another healthcare provider is the Mühlhausen location of Hufeland Klinikum GmbH, an academic teaching hospital at the University of Göttingen.
Authorities resident in the city are a regional court along with an affiliated public prosecutor's office, district court and tax office. The district administration, previously spread over several locations, has been centralized on the site of the former Görmar barracks since 2017. The Sparkasse Unstrut-Hainich is based in Mühlhausen.
traffic
Road traffic
Mühlhausen lies at the intersection of the federal highways B 247 ( Leinefelde-Worbis - Gotha ) and B 249 ( Sondershausen - Eschwege ). State roads lead to Anrode , Heyerode , Eisenach , Bollstedt and Menteroda .
railroad
The Mulhouse train station is located at the Gotha-Leinefelde railway , on which, among others, the Regional Express from Göttingen to Glauchau and Greiz wrong. Railway lines to Ebeleben and Treffurt have been shut down and dismantled.
Local public transport
Local public transport is currently (2010) within the Mühlhausen urban area via five bus routes. The operator is the regional bus company Unstrut-Hainich- und Kyffhäuserkreis . Lines 2 (Bahnhof - Schwanenteich), 5 (Weißes Haus - Bollstedt / Wendeschleife) and 7 (Sambach - Bonatstraße / Schadeberg) run every half hour; the other two lines are served less frequently. The end of the regional bus service is the central bus station (ZOB) at the castle.
tram
In 1898 a tram with a gauge of 1000 mm was put into operation and expanded until 1939. The lines were closed in 1968 and the last train ran in 1969.
Hiking trails
The Loccum – Volkenroda pilgrimage route , the Unstrut cycle route and the Barbarossa hiking route lead through Mühlhausen .
education
In Mühlhausen there are five primary schools and four regular schools , one of which is a Protestant school. The education of the upper secondary level is guaranteed with the state Tilesius-Gymnasium , a Protestant Gymnasium and a vocational Gymnasium. Vocational training also takes place at the vocational schools in the Unstrut-Hainich district, the Johann-August-Röbling-Schule, a state vocational school for health and social affairs, at the state-approved higher vocational school for occupational therapy and the state-approved technical school for curative education as well as at the IFBE Bildungszentrum Thüringen-Nordhessen gGmbH . Professional advancement training (at tertiary level, level DQR level 6), the state examination and the qualification as a state-certified engineer (English State-Certified Engineer) can be taken at the Technical College in Mühlhausen. There is also a state support center for people with learning disabilities and the “ Janusz Korczak ” support center, which is sponsored by the Mühlhausen workshops for the disabled. The town is also home to the Unstrut-Hainich district adult education center, the “Johann Sebastian Bach” district music school and a private music or music and art school each.
The JKSM - Jugendkunstschule Mühlhausen, which has existed since 2002, works with the aim of educating and promoting young talent in the field of fine and applied arts.
Since 1953 there was a Pedagogical Institute in Mühlhausen , which from 1969 was a location of the Erfurt-Mühlhausen University of Education . This location was closed in 1990, the Erfurt location was incorporated into the University of Erfurt in 2001 .
Personalities
literature
- Christian Gottlieb Altenburg: Chronicle of the city of Mühlhausen. Topographical and historical description of the city of Mühlhausen. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 1999, ISBN 978-3-932554-83-4 (reprint of the Mühlhausen edition, 1824).
- Jakob Altersberger: Investigations into the church history of Mühlhausen in the Middle Ages. Diploma thesis University of Vienna - Faculty of History and Cultural Studies. Vienna 2013 ( abstract in German and English ; univie.ac.at [PDF; 21.3 MB]).
- Gunter Görner, Beate Kaiser: Chronicle of the city of Mühlhausen 1891-2000. Volumes 5 to 8. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2004–2008:
- Volume 5, 2004: 1891–1945, ISBN 3-934748-08-2 ,
- Volume 6, 2006: 1946–1975, ISBN 3-937135-30-8 ,
- Volume 7, 2006: 1976-2000, ISBN 3-938997-45-1 ,
- Volume 8, 2008: Register of persons and subjects, ISBN 978-3-937135-39-7 .
- Gerhard Günther , Winfried Korf: Mühlhausen. Thomas-Müntzer-Stadt (= city books of art history ). VEB E. A. Seemann-Verlag, Leipzig 1986, ISBN 3-363-00018-9 ; 2nd edition Ibid 1989, ISBN 3-363-00018-9 .
- Document book of the former free imperial city Mühlhausen in Thuringia 775 to 1350 (= historical sources of the province of Saxony and neighboring areas. Volume 3). Arranged by Karl Herquet . Edited by the municipal authorities of the city of Mühlhausen; Harald Rockstuhl. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2009, ISBN 978-3-86777-050-7 (reprint of the edition of the Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, Halle 1874; text partly in German, partly in Latin; e-copy in the Google book search).
- Heyde flat share: Mühlhausen. With photos by WG Heyde and an introduction by J. L. Burghoff. VEB F. A. Brockhaus-Verlag, Leipzig 1975, DNB 750433655 (captions in German, English, French and Russian - partly in Cyrillic script).
- Jens Hiersemann: Mühlhausen street names then and now - A lexicon on the city history of Mühlhausen / Thür. 2., ext. and revised Edition Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2009, ISBN 978-3-86777-058-3 .
- Reinhard Jordan: Chronicle of the city of Mühlhausen up to 1890. Volume 1 to 4. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2000–2002 (reprint of the edition Danner, Mühlhausen 1900–1908):
- Volume 1, 2001: Until 1525, ISBN 3-934748-04-X (reprint of the 1900 edition),
- Volume 2, 2001: 1526–1599 (1604), ISBN 3-934748-05-8 (reprint of the 1903 edition),
- Volume 3, 2003: 1600-1770, ISBN 3-934748-06-6 ; 2nd reprint edition. Ibid 2013, ISBN 978-3-934748-06-4 (reprint of the 1906 edition),
- Volume 4, 2003: 1771-1890, ISBN 3-934748-07-4 (reprint of the 1908 edition).
- Benjamin Gottfried Stark: Description of the Imperial Freyen imperial city of Mühlhausen in Thuringia. Verlag Michael Gottlieb Grießbach, Eisenach 1767, urn : nbn: de: bsz: 14-db-id3241939717 ( digitalisat ).
- Michael Zeng: The Free City of the Empire? The policy of the council of the imperial city of Mühlhausen in the first half of the Thirty Years War. In: Between everyday life and catastrophe - The Thirty Years War up close (= publications by the Max Planck Institute for History. Volume 148). Edited by Benigna von Krusenstjern , Hans Medick, in collaboration with Patrice Veit. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999, ISBN 3-525-35463-0 , pp. 307-322 (conference proceedings).
Web links
- Website of the city of Mühlhausen
- History of the city of Mühlhausen (chronicle) ( Memento from November 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: hundeshagen.org (private website)
Individual evidence
- ^ Population of the municipalities from the Thuringian State Office for Statistics ( help on this ).
- ↑ City portrait of the project “Reformation cities in Europe”: Reformation city Mühlhausen. Germany. Luther's unloved brothers. In: reformation-cities.org, accessed on October 29, 2016. For the significance of Mühlhausen in the history of the Reformation, see also the section History from 1400 to 1600 .
- ↑ territorial changes: Municipality 64046 Muehlhausen / Thuringia, city. Thuringian State Office for Statistics, accessed on January 2, 2019 (changes of area up to June 1, 1994 and changes of area after July 1, 1994).
- ↑ Integration contract for the vineyards. ID no. 423739. In: muehlhausen.de, March 12, 2018, accessed on January 14, 2019 (PDF; 109 kB).
- ↑ Information on the integration of vineyards as of January 1, 2019. Press release. In: muehlhausen.de. Retrieved January 2, 2019 .
- ↑ Compare to this section Eckhard Götze: Nine months too little sun. In: Thuringian General . January 13, 2009, S. TAMU 3.
- ^ Gerhard Günther, Winfried Korf: Mühlhausen. Thomas-Müntzer-Stadt (= city books of art history ). VEB EA Seemann -Verlag, Leipzig 1986, ISBN 3-363-00018-9 ; 2nd edition Ibid 1989, ISBN 3-363-00018-9 , p. 12.
- ↑ a b The confessional writings of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Published in the commemorative year of the Augsburg Confession 1930 (BSLK) (= Göttingen Theological Textbooks ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1930; 9th edition, Ibid. 1982, ISBN 3-525-52101-4 , p. 766, line 21; see. P. 17, line 38 (German, Latin; mainly in Fraktur ); 13th edition, kart. Study edition of the 12th edition, ibid 2010, ISBN 978-3-525-52101-4 .
- ↑ Hartmut Boockmann : The German Order in Mühlhausen. In: Saxony and Anhalt. Yearbook of the Historical Commission for Saxony-Anhalt. Volume 21 (1999), ISSN 0945-2842 , pp. 9-35.
- ^ Paul Wappler: The Anabaptist Movement in Thuringia from 1526–1584 . Ed .: Thuringian Historical Commission on behalf of the Association for Thuringian History and Archeology (= contributions to the recent history of Thuringia . Volume 2 ). Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Leipzig 1913, DNB 363010467 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
- ^ Christian Hege, Christian Neff: Mennonite Lexicon . tape 4 . Self-published, 1959, p. 324-327 .
- ↑ “Eigenrieden, Dörna, Hollenbach, Lengefeld, Horsmar, Dachrieden, Kaisershagen, Eigeroda, Windeberg, Saalfeld, Ammera, Reiser, Goermar, Bollstedt, Oster-Grabe, Wester-Grabe, Höngeda, Felchta, Eichen, Sambach, Sollstedt. E. E. Rath zu Mühlhausen has complete jurisdiction, authority and court over all these villages. ”Reinhard Jordan: Chronicle of the City of Mühlhausen until 1525. Rockstuhl Publishing House, Bad Langensalza 2001, ISBN 3-934748-04-X , p. 41 f. (Reprint of the Danner edition, Mühlhausen 1900).
- ^ The Imperial City Archive with its permanent exhibition on the city's history. City of Mühlhausen, accessed June 6, 2019 .
- ↑ Margit Heinker: The architecture of the German Reichsbank from 1876 to 1918. Münster 1998, ISBN 3-00-003732-2 , p. 146 (as well as in the non-paginated alphabetical catalog) (Zugl .: Münster (Westphalia), Univ., Diss., 1994).
- ↑ Memorial Book. Search in the name directory. Search for: Mühlhausen - residence. In: bundesarchiv.de, last accessed on March 9, 2020 (including 4 death declarations , 1 suicide , 1 death due to the consequences of imprisonment).
- ↑ Lothar Adler, Kathleen Dützmann, Elisabeth Goett (eds.): 100 years Pfafferode 1912–2012. From the Prussian state sanatorium and nursing home to the Ecumenical Hainich Clinic gGmbH. Burkhardt, Erfurt 2012, ISBN 978-3-937981-56-7 , p. 70 ( buch.oehk.de with Adobe Flash Player 9.0.0 or higher [accessed on March 9, 2020]).
- ^ Bomb raids on Mühlhausen during World War II according to Thüringer Allgemeine on September 11, 2004.
- ^ R. Aulepp: German air raid. In: Mühlhauser contributions. 1993, ZDB -ID 1125623-0 , p. 94.
- ↑ Heinz Mestrup: On the History of the district Erfurt (1952-1990) (= Thuringia. 47). Edited by the State Center for Political Education Thuringia . Erfurt 2004, OCLC 179736034 .
- ↑ The cry for freedom. June 17, 1953 in Thuringia. Exhibition by the Ettersberg Foundation in the Thuringian Parliament , June 2012.
- ↑ Summary of the report of the Erfurt district authority of the People's Police on the events of 17. – 20. June 1953. In: 17juni53.de, accessed on October 29, 2016.
- ^ Johannes Bruns (SPD) is the new mayor in Mühlhausen. In: thueringer-allgemeine.de. April 22, 2012, accessed on October 21, 2016 : "The turnout is higher than in the last OB election, but still below 50 percent."
- ↑ Johannes Bruns elected Mühlhausen's Lord Mayor for another six years. In: thueringer-allgemeine.de. April 16, 2018, accessed June 9, 2018 .
- ↑ § 2 paragraph 2 main statute of the city of Muehlhausen / Thuringia of 17 July 2001, as amended by the 11th amendment Statutes of 28 May 2015 ( muehlhausen.de ( Memento of 31 October 2016 Internet Archive accessed) [PDF; 105 kB on October 30, 2016]).
- ↑ “The large coat of arms shows a divided shield, above in gold, a growing black, red-armored eagle and below in red a silver mill iron. The shield wears a golden spangenhelm with a golden crown and silver buffalo horns with green linden branches. The helmet cover is red on the outside and gold on the inside. The small coat of arms consists only of the shield of the large coat of arms. ”Section 2 (2) of the main statute of the city of Mühlhausen / Thuringia of July 17, 2001 in the version of the 11th amendment of May 28, 2015 ( muehlhausen.de ( Memento of October 31 2016 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 105 kB; accessed on October 30, 2016]). Cf. City of Mühlhausen: coat of arms. Large city coat of arms (splendor coat of arms). Small city coat of arms. In: muehlhausen.de, accessed on October 29, 2016 ("This [ sc. Large] coat of arms is the emblem of the city and is therefore protected. It may only be used with the permission of the city of Mühlhausen. [...] The small coat of arms consists only of the Shield of the large coat of arms. This coat of arms is the emblem of the city and is therefore protected. It may only be used with the permission of the city of Mühlhausen. [...] ").
-
↑ § 2 Paragraph 3 Main Statute of the City of Mühlhausen / Thuringia of July 17, 2001 in the version of the 11th Amendment of May 28, 2015 ( muehlhausen.de ( Memento of October 31, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 105 kB; accessed on October 30, 2016]). -
See city flag. In: muehlhausen.de. City of Mühlhausen, accessed October 6, 2018 . - ^ City of Mühlhausen: Logo. In: muehlhausen.de, accessed on October 29, 2016 ("The use of the logo by third parties requires the express permission of the city of Mühlhausen.").
- ↑ Sister cities. City of Mühlhausen, accessed October 6, 2018 .
- ^ Tourcoing. City of Mühlhausen, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ Eschwege. City of Mühlhausen, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ Münster. City of Mühlhausen, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ^ Kronstadt. City of Mühlhausen, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ^ Saxonburg. City of Mühlhausen, accessed on October 21, 2016 .
- ↑ The idea of a regulars' table turned into a fair tradition! In: kirmesgemeinde-spielmannszug.de, accessed on August 21, 2016.
- ↑ Our story. In: 1-msv.de. 1. Mühlhäuser Spielleuteverein 1960 e. V., accessed on August 21, 2016.
- ↑ Student concert at the end of the school year. A successful final concert in the full town hall of Mühlhausen. 2011. In: kreismusikschule-jsb.de. District music school Johann Sebastian Bach, accessed on October 21, 2016.
- ↑ Rock oder Flopp 2011. (No longer available online.) In: rock-oder-flopp.de. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011 ; accessed on October 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Homepage of the Museum of Cultural History. In: mhl-museen.de, accessed on July 27, 2017.
- ^ Museum St. Marien | Müntzer memorial. In: mhl-museen.de, accessed on April 15, 2020.
- ↑ BILD newspaper . Edition Thuringia, February 7, 2018, p. 11.
- ^ Traditional association Mühlhäuser Heimatfeste e. V. , Brunnenfest and Mühlhäuser Holzfahrt. In: traditionsverein-mhl.de, accessed on October 21, 2016.
- ↑ News & Promotions. 51.5% market share! MÜHLHÄUSER GmbH, August 18, 2017, archived from the original on September 6, 2018 ; accessed on October 6, 2018 .
- ↑ Company history - 100 years of Mühlhäuser. MÜHLHÄUSER GmbH, archived from the original on July 18, 2018 ; accessed on October 6, 2018 .
- ↑ The company. MÜHLHÄUSER GmbH, accessed on May 16, 2018 .
- ^ Corinna Wnuck: Helios takes over Mühlhäuser jams. In: Finance Magazin. FRANKFURT BUSINESS MEDIA GmbH, March 2, 2006, accessed on May 16, 2018 .
- ^ Mühlhäuser Thuringian plum jam. In: Lebensmittelklarheit.de . German Consumer Association V., December 22, 2016, accessed October 9, 2017 .
- ↑ Mühlhausen location. Transport, infrastructure and economy. In: muehlhausen.de. Retrieved June 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Sectors in the area. In: Görmar-Kaserne Mühlhausen. Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft Thuringia , accessed on June 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Business parks. In: muehlhausen.de. Retrieved June 23, 2018 .
- ^ History of the ÖHK. Ecumenical Hainich Klinikum gGmbH , accessed on June 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Welcome to the Hufeland Clinic. (PDF; 2.1 MB) Information for students in the practical year. (No longer available online.) Hufeland Klinikum GmbH, April 2016, archived from the original on June 23, 2018 ; accessed on June 23, 2018 .
- ↑ New name, new purpose: Görmar-Kaserne is renamed Lindenhof. Media information. Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft Thuringia , November 30, 2017, accessed on June 23, 2018 .
- ↑ Alexander Volkmann: Interest in all buildings - settlement plans for Görmar barracks in Mühlhausen. In: Thuringian General . August 3, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2018 .
- ^ Website of the technical college at the vocational schools of the Unstrut-Hainich district "Johann August Röbling". In: fachschule-fuer-technik-mhl.de, accessed on October 21, 2016.
Anrode | Bad Langensalza | Bad Tennstedt | Ballhausen | Blankenburg | Bruchstedt | Dünwald | Greater Vargula | House summer | Autumn life | Hornsummer | Kammerforst | Kirchheilingen | Grains | Kutzleben | Marolterode | Menteroda | Midsummer | Mühlhausen / Thuringia | Nottertal-Heilinger Heights | Oppershausen | Rodeberg | Schönstedt | Südeichsfeld | Sundhausen | Dead life | Unstrut-Hainich | Unstruttal | Primeval life | Bailiwick
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Spiritual principalities: Archbishopric Bremen | Halberstadt Monastery | Hildesheim Monastery | Lübeck Monastery | Archbishopric Magdeburg | Ratzeburg Monastery | Schwerin Monastery . Imperial prelatures: Riddagshausen Monastery | Gandersheim Monastery . Secular principalities: Duchy of Bremen | Principality of Blankenburg | Principality of Calenberg | Principality of Grubenhagen | Duchy of Holstein ( Gottorf shares and royal shares ) | Principality of Lüneburg | (Partial) Duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow | (Partial) Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | County of Rantzau | Duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg | Principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel | Regenstein County . Imperial cities: Bremen | Goslar | Hamburg | Lübeck | Mulhouse | Nordhausen .