Circumnavigation

Replica of the Nao Victoria in the Museo Nao Victoria in Punta Arenas , Chile

A trip around the world is a trip around the world .

When circumnavigating the world, all longitudes of the globe are crossed once on foot , by bicycle , by car , by motorcycle , by ship , by aircraft or in a spacecraft , whereby a set of rules exists that may impose additional requirements.

A trip around the world is more of a touristic character . World travelers are often called Globetrotter or Globetrotter designated whose interest more visiting as many countries and sights, or to learn about foreign countries, customs and cultures, is considered the goal of circumnavigating the globe in accordance with established rules.

Seafaring around the world

Circumnavigated the world in the 16th century

• 1519–1522, under the initial direction of Ferdinand Magellan , a ship circumnavigated the world for the first time. Magellan sailed west from Spain with five ships and discovered the Strait of Magellan, named after him . He died in April 1521 on the Philippine island of Mactan in battle with the indigenous population. The circumnavigation was completed on September 6, 1522 under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano with 18 survivors on board the Victoria in the Spanish port of departure Sanlúcar de Barrameda . 1525–1526 four other survivors of the Magellan expedition (who were last on board the Trinidad ) returned to Europe as prisoners of the Portuguese. Three Germans also took part in the Magellan expedition, who are referred to in the ship's papers as Maestre Anes (= Hans von Aachen) , Jörge Aleman and Hans Varga Aleman, and at least the first of them comes from Aachen . Jörge died during the voyage, Hans von Aachen was one of the survivors on the Victoria, the third Hans Varga, Hans Barge , was taken prisoner in Portugal and did not return to Europe until 1526 - but he died after his return in a Lisbon prison. Hans von Aachen was later one of only four survivors of the Loaísa expedition and is therefore the first German circumnavigator and the first person to have circumnavigated the world twice. It is questionable whether the thesis spread by Stefan Zweig , among others, applies that Magellan's servant Enrique Melaka was the first person to completely circled the earth.
• 1534 Four survivors of the Loaísa expedition (1525–1526), ​​including Hans von Aachen , return to Europe on the Flor de la Mar.
• 1536 Andrés de Urdaneta . He had also taken part in the hapless Loaisa expedition. After he was one of the few who managed to reach the expedition's destination, the Spice Islands , he came back to Spain as one of seven survivors of the Loaisa expedition in 1536 after a ten-year odyssey.
• 1547 Seventeen survivors of the Ruy López de Villalobos expedition return to Spain
• 1548 five more survivors of the Villalobos expedition return to Europe on Portuguese ships
• 1577–1580 first circumnavigation of the world under the English flag by Francis Drake with the flagship Golden Hinde , at the same time the second successful circumnavigation on board a ship.
• 1580–1584 and 1585–1589 Martín Ignacio de Loyola first two-time circumnavigator of the world in both directions.
• 1586–1588 Thomas Cavendish (England) achieved the first circumnavigation of the world, which was planned as such from the start. It was also the third direct circumnavigation of the world with the help of a ship, the Desiré .
• From 1584 to 1590, the Portuguese João da Gama (around 1540 - after 1591), a grandson of Vasco da Gama , circumnavigated the world on various ships in an easterly direction. In 1584 he traveled from Lisbon around the Cape of Good Hope and India to Macau (China). From 1589 to 1590 he sailed with his ship via Japan and the northern Pacific to Acapulco (Mexico). Imprisoned there, he was taken back to Europe on a Spanish ship.
• 1594–1602 Francesco Carletti , Florentine merchant, who circumnavigated the world on various ships as a trader.
• 1598–1601 Olivier van Noort (Netherlands), who made the first Dutch and fourth direct circumnavigation of the world by ship, the Mauritius .
• 1598–1604 six Trouw survivors return to the Netherlands. (An expedition of Rotterdam merchants with William Adams on board).

Circumnavigations in the 17th century

• 1614–1617 Joris van Spilbergen (Netherlands) carried out the second Dutch and thus the fifth uninterrupted circumnavigation of the world on the flagship Aeolus with a fleet on behalf of the VOC .
• 1615–1617 Jacob Le Maire (1585–1616) and Willem Cornelisz Schouten (Netherlands), return with the Spilbergen fleet.
• 1621–1628 Christoph Carl Fernberger (1596–1653) was the first Austrian to travel unplanned around the world on various ships
• 1623–1626 The VOC's Nassau fleet under Jacques L'Hermite and John Hugo Schapenham.
• 1670–1679 Pedro Cubero , who was the first to circumnavigate the world largely over land.
• 1683-1691 (and 1703-1707 and 1708-1711) William Dampier (England) first three-time circumnavigator, with the second voyage 1703-1707 continued under the command of William Funnell and he undertook the third as a navigator under Woodes Rogers.
• 1693–1698 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri , the first “tourist” to travel the world for pleasure.

Circumnavigations in the 18th century

• 1703–1707 William Dampier and Woodes Rogers
• 1708–1711 Woodes Rogers (and William Dampier as navigator)
• 1721–1722 The Dutch admiral Jacob Roggeveen undertook a circumnavigation with three ships to find the mysterious southern land of Terra incognita . Also on board was Carl Friedrich Behrens from Rostock , who was the first European to set foot on Easter Island .
• 1740–1744 George Anson, 1st Baron Anson on the HMS Centurion .
• 1764–1766 John Byron with the HMS Dolphin
• 1766–1768 Samuel Wallis sailed around the world with the HMS Dolphin and Philipp Carteret with the HMS Swallow . The Dolphin was the first ship to circumnavigate the world twice.
• 1766–1769 first French circumnavigation of the world by Louis Antoine de Bougainville with the frigate La Boudeuse accompanied by the Fleute L'Étoile . On board was the naturalist Jeanne Baret , who is considered to be the first woman to circumnavigate the world.
• 1768–1771 James Cook's first South Seas voyage to observe the Venus transit of 1769 on the HMS Endeavor .
• 1772–1774 Tobias Furneaux on the HMS Adventure .
• 1772–1775 James Cook on the HMS Resolution . A fellow traveler was the Prussian natural scientist Georg Forster .
• 1785–1788 George Dixon on the Queen Charlotte and Nathaniel Portlock on the King George .
• 1786–1788 Alessandro Malaspina on the frigate Astrea
• 1787–1790 Robert Gray undertook the first circumnavigation of the world under the flag of the USA with the Columbia Rediviva .
• 1790–1792, Captain Edward Edwards first sailed with the frigate HMS Pandora from Southampton via Cape Horn to Tahiti in search of the mutineers of the Bounty . After the sinking of the Pandora on the Great Barrier Reef, the survivors of the crew went on dinghies to Timor and from there as passengers on VOC ships to the Cape of Good Hope. The return trip to England took place with the HMS Gorgon .
• 1795–1803 Ignacio Maria de Álava on the Spanish flagship Montañés .

Circumnavigations of the world since the 19th century

Russian circumnavigations of the world

• 1803–1806 first Russian circumnavigation of the world with the frigate Nadeschda under captain Adam Johann von Krusenstern , escort ship Neva under captain Juri Fjodorowitsch Lisjanski .
• 1807–1814 second Russian circumnavigation of the world under Vasily Michailowitsch Golownin with the war sloop Diana , with a stay of several years as a prisoner in Japan.
• 1813–1816 third Russian circumnavigation of the world under Mikhail Petrovich Lasarew on the Suvorov .
• 1815-1818 fourth Russian circumnavigation ( Rurik expedition ) under the command of Otto von Kotzebue on the brig Rurik , about which a prominent participant, Adelbert von Chamisso, wrote a travelogue.
• 1816–1819 fifth Russian circumnavigation under Captain Ludwig von Hagemeister on the ship Kutuzov of the Russian-American Company.
• 1817–1819 sixth Russian circumnavigation of the world under WM Golownin with the frigate Kamchatka .
• 1819–1821 seventh Russian circumnavigation of the world under Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen with the ships Wostock and Mirny ; the sloop Mirny as escort ship was commanded by MP Lazarev.
• 1819–1822 eighth Russian circumnavigation of the world under Mikhail Nikolajewitsch Wassiljew (1770–1847) with the sloop Otkrytije , escort ship Blagonmeremmy under captain Gleb Semjonowitsch Schischmarjow (1781–1835).
• 1822–1825 ninth Russian circumnavigation and the third by Mikhail Petrovich Lasarew with the frigate Kreuzer .
• 1823–1826 tenth Russian circumnavigation and the third by Otto v. Kotzebue on the Predprijantie .
• 1825–1827 eleventh Russian circumnavigation of the world under Ferdinand von Wrangel with the war sloop Krotki .
• 1826–1829 Twelfth Russian circumnavigation of the world under Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke with the corvette Senjawin .
• 1828–1830 13th Russian circumnavigation and the second by L. v. Hagemeister with the Kutuzov of the Russian-American Company.
• 1828–1830 14th Russian circumnavigation of the world under the captains Chromchenko and Alexander Filippowitsch Kaschewarow (1810–1870) with the sailing ship Jelena of the Russian-American Company.

The following statement can be made about the Russian circumnavigations of the world: “In the years 1803 to 1866 Russian ships - some merchants of the Russian-American Company, some warships - sailed no less than twenty-eight times around the world, from Kronstadt to Kronstadt. The captains, officers and helmsmen almost without exception belonged to the Navy. The trips took two or three years and cost heavy money ”(H. Wotte 1967, p. 185).

Prussian circumnavigations of the world

Between the years 1822–1844, Prussian ships of the state sea trading company or Prussian sea trading company sailed around the world in order to force the Kingdom of Prussia to overseas trade (South America, the Philippines, China, India):

• Mentor (full ship, 225 loads, built in 1808, captain: Johann Andreas Harmssen from Bremen, helmsman Johann Wilhelm Wendt , supercargo William O'Swald ), circumnavigation from December 15, 1822 to September 14, 1824, only one circumnavigation, also the first of the Kingdom of Prussia .
• Princess Louise (full ship, 262 loads, built in 1824, captain: JA Harmssen, helmsman JW Wendt, Supercargo W. O'Swald), first circumnavigation of the world with this ship from February 27, 1826 to August 2, 1829. The freighter saileda total of six round the world by.
• Princess Louise , Captain: Johann Wilhelm Wendt (1802–1847), 2nd circumnavigation of the ship from September 8, 1830 to April 19, 1832. On this voyage were among others. hired as crew members the doctor and naturalist Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen and the later Chilean governor Bernhard Eunom Philippi .
• Princess Louise (captain: JW Wendt), 3rd circumnavigation of the ship from December 9, 1832 to May 20, 1834.
• Princess Louise (Captain: JT Rodbertus), 4th circumnavigation of the ship from November 19, 1836 to June 12, 1838.
• Princess Louise (Captain: JT Rodbertus), 5th circumnavigation of the ship from December 19, 1838 to June 8, 1840.
• Princess Louise (Captain: JT Rodbertus), the ship's 6th circumnavigation of the world from November 24, 1842 to June 1844.

More notable circumnavigations of the world

The following lists are not exhaustive; especially since the second half of the 20th century, the number of circumnavigations has increased significantly. Recently, however, circumnavigators have been faced with a sharply increased risk of pirate attacks , which hinders a further increase in the number.

• 1816–1819 Camille de Roquefeuil-Cahuzac (1781–1831), captain of the merchant ship Le Bordelais from Bordeaux, French circumnavigation of the world in the early 19th century
• 1817–1819, Hipólito Bouchard (1780–1837), originally from France, led the first Argentine circumnavigation of the world on the frigate La Argentina . The trip went from Buenos Aires via Madagascar, Java, the Philippines, Hawaii, California, El Salvador and Valparaiso (Chile), where the trip initially ended because Bouchard was imprisoned in Chile
• 1826–1830 The USS Vincennes under the command of William Compton Bolton was the first US warship to circumnavigate the world
• 1831–1834 The US frigate USS Potomac under the command of John Downes
• 1831–1836 Robert FitzRoy on the HMS Beagle with Charles Darwin .
• 1839–1841 first Swedish circumnavigation of the world with the schooner Mary Ann under captain Nils Werngren (1815–1897).
• 1840–1842 the Hamburg sailing ship Gustav circumnavigated the world under the command of Captain Hans Thomas Jeschen (or Jessen) (October 6, 1840 to May 18, 1842 from Hamburg via Valparaíso (Chile), Hawaii, Manila and St. Helena back to Hamburg)
• 1842–1847 first circumnavigation of the world by steamship by HMS Driver .
• 1844–1845 The US frigate USS Constitution under the command of John Percival
• 1844–1847 first Finnish circumnavigation by captain Petter Idman on the barque Hercules
• 1845–1847 Captain Steen Andersen Bille (1797–1883) led the first Galathea expedition and thus the first Danish circumnavigation of the world.
• 1846–1848 circumnavigation of the world by Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer from Vienna, traveling alone
• 1851-1853 circumnavigation of the world by Rear Admiral Christian Adolf Virgin with the Swedish frigate Eugenie
• 1852–1859 first circumnavigation of the world under the Austrian flag by Giovanni Visin with the merchant frigate Splendido
• 1857–1859 first circumnavigation of the world by the kk Kriegsmarine ( frigate Novara ) under Commodore Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair .
• 1865–1867 Spanish circumnavigation of the world with the frigate Numancia under the command of Juan Bautista Antequera y Bobadilla. The Numancia was the first ironclad warship, which orbited the Earth and in the South American Spanish War in 1866 at the bombardment of Callao and the bombing of Valparaiso participated
• 1865–1868 first circumnavigation of the world by the royal Prussian navy ( covered corvette Vineta ) under commandant Hans Kuhn - actually not planned as a circumnavigation, after its use in South America more and more uses overseas followed (e.g. in China and Japan), so that in the end the world was completely circled once.
• 1871–1874 1st circumnavigation of the world by the Imperial Navy , carried out by the covered corvette SMS Nymphe under Commodore Louis von Blanc . The journey began on July 25, 1871 and ended on May 12, 1874 in Kiel . In 1000 days 65,000 nautical miles were covered and 35 ports of the different continents were called.
• 1872–1876 Challenger expedition , circumnavigation of the world for scientific exploration of the deep sea.
• 1874–1876 Sea captain Baron Georg von Schleinitz commanded the covered corvette SMS Gazelle , which had been converted into a research ship and carried out the second circumnavigation of the world under the flag of the German Empire on behalf of the Imperial Admiralty.
• 1875–1877 Sea captain Count Alexander von Monts commanded the covered corvette SMS Vineta during what was now the third circumnavigation of the world by the Imperial German Navy.
• 1881 King Kalākaua of Hawaii was the first ruling monarch to travel around the world
• 1881–1883 ​​The midshipman SMS Undine of the Imperial German Navy completed another German circumnavigation under the command of Captain Friedrich von Hollmann .
• 1883–1885 Captain Otto Lagerberg circumnavigated the world with the Swedish frigate HMS Vanadis
• 1888 Circumnavigation of the world by the journalist Nellie Bly in 72 days
• 1892–1893 Circumnavigation of the world by Archduke Franz Ferdinand on board the SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth
• 1892-1894 Captain Fernando Villaamil Fernández-Cueto sailed with the Spanish training ship Nautilus Earth
• 1895–1898 Joshua Slocum , first solo voyage around the world.
• 1960 USS Triton , first underwater circumnavigation of the world.

Sailing

For record circumnavigators there is the Jules Verne Trophy .

• 1895-1898 Joshua Slocum , the first single-handed - circumnavigation of the earth.
• 1964–1967 Elga and Ernst-Jürgen Koch were the first German couple on a sloop .
• 1965–1968 first circumnavigation of the world by the Turkish sailor Sadun Boro and his wife Oda.
• 1965–1974 Robin Lee Graham , until then the youngest single-handed circumnavigator.
• 1966–1967 Sir Francis Chichester , England, first single-handed circumnavigation of the world with only one port of call.
• 1966–1968 Wilfried Erdmann , first German single-handed circumnavigator.
• 1967–1970 Rollo Gebhard , Germany, his first one-handed circumnavigation.
• 1968–1969 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston , England, first non-stop one-handed circumnavigation of the world.
• 1971 Sir Chay Blyth , Scotland, first non-stop single-handed circumnavigation of the world westward, 292 days.
• 1971–1972 Jörgen Meyer , one-handed circumnavigation of the world westwards at the age of 66, 351 days.
• 1975–1979 Rollo Gebhard , Germany, his second one-handed circumnavigation.
• 1977–1987 Burghard Pieske with the Shangri-La.
• 1983–1991 Rollo Gebhard and Angelika Zilcher , Germany, Rollo Gebhard's third circumnavigation.
• 1984–1985 and 2000–2001 Wilfried Erdmann , for the first time non-stop one-handed circumnavigation of the world with the same yacht Kathena Nui in both directions west-east (with the prevailing wind direction in 271 days) and east-west (against the prevailing wind direction in 343 days ).
• 1985–1987 Tania Aebi , circumnavigation as the youngest and first American woman in two and a half years (except for a short passage).
• 1998–1999 Jesse Martin , until then the youngest person, who sailed around the world non-stop with one hand and without help.
• 2004–2005 Ellen MacArthur , circumnavigation alone, non-stop with a trimaran in 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes and 33 seconds.
• 2005–2006 Denise Caffari , sailing around the world alone and non-stop, against the prevailing wind direction in 178 days.
• 2007–2008 Francis Joyon , circumnavigation alone with a trimaran in 57 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes and 6 seconds.
• 2008–2009 Denise Caffari was the sixth to finish the Vendée Globe 2008/2009 regatta after 99 days, making her the first woman to sail around the world one-handed and non-stop in both directions (east-west 2005–2006).
• 2009 Michael Perham , 17 years old, was the youngest circumnavigator until January 2012. Jessica Watson only crossed the equator briefly between 2009 and 2010 and therefore did not cover the number of nautical miles necessary to circumnavigate the world. Laura Dekker completed her circumnavigation on January 21, 2012 , replacing Perham as the youngest circumnavigator.
• 2009–2010 Jessica Watson , 16 years old, from Australia circumnavigated the globe from October 18, 2009 to May 15, 2010 non-stop, alone and without outside support in her 34-foot yacht. However, her record was not fully recognized as she only briefly passed the equator and did not sail far enough north. In addition, the World Speed ​​Sailing Record Council's list only begins with people over the age of 18. (Source: BBC News from May 15, 2010)
• 2010–2012 Laura Dekker , 14 years old at the beginning of her journey, set out on a circumnavigation in August 2010. The actual start of the circumnavigation took place on January 20, 2011 on Sint Maarten . Dekker reached her destination on January 21, 2012. She is the youngest single-handed circumnavigator. She had previously fought and litigated with Dutch authorities for the right to do so.
• 2011–2012 Loïck Peyron , in just 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds, he set a new record time with a 13-person crew in the Banque Populaire V trimaran .
• 2016 Thomas Coville , circumnavigation alone with a trimaran in 49 days, 3 hours, 7 minutes and 38 seconds.
• 2017 Francis Joyon , six people sailing around the world over around 45,000 km in 40 days, 23 hours and 30 minutes.
• 2017–2018 The Pole Szymon Kuczynski circumnavigated the world one-handed, non-stop in 270 days in a Maxus 22 ; At just 6.36 meters in length, it was the shortest ship with which this had ever succeeded.

Rules for maritime circumnavigation

According to the common rules of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) and the World Sailing Speed ​​Record Council (WSSRC), the following rules apply today for a recognized circumnavigation by ship:

“Around the world, eastwards or westwards

In order to circumnavigate the world, a ship has to start from one point and return to the same point. It has to cross all lines of longitude and it has to cross the equator . It can cross some, but not all, meridians more than once (which means that two circumnavigations of the Antarctic do not count). The shortest orthodromic distance of the ship must be at least 21,600 nautical miles , calculated assuming a 'perfect spherical shape' of the earth. In calculating this distance, it can be assumed that the ship will sail around Antarctica at the 63rd parallel south. [Note: this refers to the tradition of circumnavigating the earth from the northern hemisphere, starting and ending on the English Channel coast.] A ship starting in the southern hemisphere must orbit an island or other fixed point in the northern hemisphere - however only once - that meets the requirements for the minimum distance. "

Sailing regattas around the world

• Vendée Globe - non-stop and one-handed regatta around the world
• Volvo Ocean Race , formerly: The Whitbread Round the World Race - regatta around the world in yachts with crews and stops
• Around Alone - one-handed regatta around the world, with stops in between
• Global Challenge Round the World - amateur circumnavigation regattas since 1992 in an east-west direction
• Portimão Global Ocean Race - one-handed and two-handed regatta around the world with stops in between
• Barcelona World Race - non-stop two-handed regatta around the world
• Jules Verne Trophy - not a regatta, but a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by sailing boat
• Golden Globe Race - Traditional non-stop and one-handed regatta without modern aids such as GPS and satellite communication from 2018

Aviation circumnavigations of the world

• 1924 A group of pilots from the American Army take off four Douglas DWC torpedo bombers on their first flight around the world. Two planes reach Seattle after 157 days and a flight distance of 44,000 km .
• 1929 The LZ 127 "Graf Zeppelin" was the first and to this day only airship to circumnavigate the world between August 1st and September 4th in an easterly direction. It can be divided into American world travel and German world travel based on various stopovers . A total of 49,618 km were covered in 6 stages within 35 days.
• 1931 Wiley Post and Harold Gatty circle the globe in 8 days, 15 hours and 51 minutes in a Lockheed 5C Vega "Winnie Mae" (stage points: New York, Newfoundland, England, Germany, Russia, Alaska, New York).
• 1932 circumnavigation of the world by the German aviator Elly Beinhorn ; first circumnavigation by a woman.
• 1932 Circumnavigation of the world by the German aviator Wolfgang von Gronau in a Dornier Wal flying boat .
• 1933 On July 22nd, Wiley Post landed at Floyd Bennett Field in New York after the first solo flight around the world . He was able to improve his own record to 7 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes.
• 1938 Howard Hughes circles the earth with companions in a Lockheed 14 in 91 hours and covers 23,612 km.
• 1949 The Boeing B-50 A Superfortress "Lucky Lady II" with US pilot Captain James G. Gallagher lands on March 2nd after a 94 hour flight at Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. It started on February 26th for the first non-stop flight around the world with 4 air refueling.
• 1982 H. Ross Perot Jr., Jay Coburn made the first non-stop circumnavigation of the earth in a helicopter , the Spirit of Texas , in 29 days, 3 hours, 8 minutes and 13 seconds.
• 1986 Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager in Voyager make the first non-stop flight around the world without refueling.
• 1995 A Concorde sets the record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world with 31 hours, 27 minutes and 49 seconds.
• 1999 Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones succeed in the first non-stop circumnavigation of the world in a balloon .
• 2002 The American Steve Fossett manages the first successful solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world in a balloon from June 19 to July 3 .
• 2004 The journalist Michael Quandt circled the earth from July 6th to 8th only with scheduled aircraft and set foot on every continent except Antarctica . He needed 66 hours and 31 minutes for the route Singapore - Sydney - Los Angeles - Houston - Caracas - London - Cairo - Kuala Lumpur - Singapore.
• 2000–2004 Thomas Scherer is the first German to circumnavigate the world in a self-built experimental aircraft ( N81EU ).
• 2005 Steve Fossett manages a solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world with the Global Flyer aircraft from March 1st to March 3rd without refueling or stopping over.
• 2013 A Gulfstream G650 improves the record of a Gulfstream IV to 42 hours and 7 minutes for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by a subsonic aircraft.
• 2015–2016 The Swiss Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg circled the world in stages with the Solar Impulse 2 solar airplane .

Space trips around the world

• October 1957 The Soviet Sputnik 1 satellite is the first human-built object in orbit.
• November 1957 The dog Laika is the first living being in space and on board the Sputnik 2 satellite in an earth orbit.
• April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin is the first person to orbit the earth once in space.
• June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman in orbit .
• February 19, 1986 The Mir space station orbits the earth for the first time.
• since November 1998 The International Space Station (ISS) orbits the earth every 92 minutes at an altitude of about 350 km.
• April 2001 Dennis Tito is the first space tourist in orbit.

Other circumnavigations of the world

BMW R 100 GS circumnavigation of the world (Matsumoto Castle, Japan)

Palmer's Solar Taxi, the first solar vehicle to circumnavigate the earth.

• From 1828 to 1830 the geoscientist Georg Adolf Erman made a research trip around the world with his own resources in order to determine the closest possible network for the magnetic determination of the circumference of the earth
• From 1842–1858 Ida Pfeiffer was the first woman to go around the world on her own.
• In 1870, George Francis Train circumnavigated the world in 80 days and was the model for Jules Verne's novel.
• 1884-1886 of US journalist circled Thomas Stevens as first the world with a bicycle ( unicycle ).
• From 1889 to 1890, the journalist Nellie Bly circumnavigated the world in 72 days on Phileas Fogg's route .
• From 1894–1896, Friedrich Gustav Kögel and Fred Thörner circled the world on foot.
• From 1895–1896, Heine Stupp circled the world on foot in the record time of 492 days (which is still valid today).
• 1895–1897 Heinrich Horstmann was the first German to cycle around the world.
• 1901–1904 Johannes Voss sailed around the world with his Tilikum dugout canoe .
• 1910–1923 Dumitru Dan walked around the world. His three companions Paul Pârvu, Gheorghe Negreanu and Alexandru Pascu died on the trip.
• From 1927 to 1929 , Clärenore Stinnes and Carl-Axel Söderström were the first person to circumnavigate the world in a production car ( Adler Standard 6 ).
• 1935–1936 the Austrian Trans-Asia Expedition circled the world, Max Reisch on a Steyr 100 with co-driver Helmuth Hahmann, first crossing of back India to China with a car.
• 1951–1953, the Düsseldorf sports journalist Heinz Helfgen circled the world on his bike and reported on it weekly in the tabloid Die Abendpost .
• 1956–1957, the Bremen businessman Wolfram Block circled the world in the 19 hp Lloyd 600 small car .
• 1970–1974, the American David Kunst with mules circumnavigated the world. This was the first confirmed circumnavigation of the world on foot.
• 1994–2007 Jason Lewis circled the earth westward using muscle power (pedal-powered boat, roller-skating , hike or mountain bike ); 74,842 kilometers of route, duration 13 years.
• 1995–1996 Jochen A. Hübener circled the earth eastwards alone on a motorcycle, in 445 days over 52,000 kilometers through 16 countries.
• In 1999 and 2003 Mike Horn circled the world on foot, by bicycle and by sailing boat, i.e. without motorized aids, once along the equator and once along the Arctic Circle .
• From 2000–2011, the Canadian Jean Béliveau circled the world on foot in eleven years, visiting 64 countries.
• In 2004 Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman (together with a cameraman and a care team) circled the earth eastward on motorcycles ( Long Way Round ).
• 2006–2007 the Ecofuel team (expedition leader Rainer Zietlow, photographer Franz Janusiewicz, cameraman Falk Gunold and mechanic Florian Hilpert) circumnavigated the world in a natural gas powered VW Caddy EcoFuel in six months.
• In 2007–2008, Louis Palmer circled the world in a solar taxi for the first time in a solar-powered car.
• In 2010 the zero tracer and two other electric vehicles lapped the earth as the winner in the Zero Emission Race .
• In 2011–2012, the SolarWorld GT circled the earth in 14 months as the first land vehicle to be energy self-sufficient. The electric car at Bochum University was only supplied with energy by the solar cells on the car.
• In 2009–2012, the Briton Graham Hughes traveled to all sovereign states of the world within 1426 days (almost 4 years) without using an airplane.
• In 2012, the Spaniard Rafael de Mestre circled the earth in a world record time of 127 days as the first person in an electric series vehicle (Tesla Roadster). His solo circumnavigation of the world remained unbeaten for four years.
• 2013–2016 the couple Gwendolin Weisser and Patrick Allgaier documented their circumnavigation of the world with the film Weit. The story of a way around the world .
• In 2014–2017, the then 77-year-old Berliner Heidi Hetzer circled the world in the footsteps of Clärenore Stinnes in a Hudson Greater Eight (car) from 1930.
• In 2015–2016, the three Germans Wolfgang Hank, Andre Springer and Klaus Steiner drove three DeLorean DMC- 12s through 25 countries around the world in nine months. The special thing about it were the vehicles, which were considered technically complex and vulnerable.
• In 2016, eleven international teams met in Barcelona to circumnavigate the world together in electric vehicles. Under the direction of the world record holder of 2012 Rafael de Mestre, they started the e-rally around the world on June 16, 2016, with an electric bus from the Modulo brand from the manufacturer evopro, the first fully electric bus to cross the American continent, in the starting field. Nine teams made it around the world on their own wheels in 80 days and set a new world record in the footsteps of Jules Verne, among them the world record holder of 2012, Rafael de Mestre.
• 2016–2018 The young Brit Ed Pratt was the first person to circle the world on a unicycle and cycle 18,000 km. The lightweight single-entry unicycle from Nimbus Oracle featured a 36-inch, 36-hole rim, 2.25-inch wide tires, hydraulic disc brakes and 127 and / or 150 mm long cranks. The unicycle traveler Cary Gray made the two luggage bags, which are mounted between the horizontal longitudinal member under the saddle and on the fender made of aluminum sheet. The aluminum tube has 2 croissant handles at the front, and fittings and the brake handle behind it. He drove unaccompanied, camped with a tent and cooking equipment in order to remain flexible and to keep costs low, and collected donations for the School in a bag development project . He took an 11 ″ laptop, two 1 TB hard disks, a digital camera and smartphone, navigation system, tracker and bicycle speedometer with him. He wore front and rear lights on his helmet. He used optical sports glasses, padded cycling shorts, cycling shirt with 3 back pockets, but not a backpack that would burden the sitting position.

miscellaneous

The British writer Gavin Menzies hypothesized that the Chinese treasure fleet under the command of Zheng He had circumnavigated the world from 1421 to 1423, discovering America and other parts of the world. Menzies' theses are unanimously rejected as historical fiction by specialist historians.

literature

• Jules Verne : Around the World in 80 Days .
• Paul Beyer (ed.): Cook's trips around the world. Report according to his diaries. 5th edition. VEB FA Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1969
• Wolfram Block: world tour with 19 hp. On a long journey in the Lloyd. edition garage 2cv, Lüdenscheid 2006, ISBN 3-9809082-3-2 .
• Heinz Burmester: circumnavigation under the Prussian flag. The Royal Prussian Sea Trade and its Ships. Ernst Kabel Verlag, Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-8225-0062-3 .
• Wolfgang Egbert, Georg Graffe, Günther Klein: Under the Southern Cross. Discovery trips to the other end of the world. 1st edition. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-455-11291-9 .
• Georg Forster : Journey around the world with Captain Cook. Lamuv Verlag, Göttingen 2002, ISBN 3-88977-619-1 .
• Christian Graf von Krockow : The great dream of education. In the footsteps of the great explorers James Cook and Georg Forster. List Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-471-79467-0 .
• P. Werner Lange : Like the sun ... The life of Fernando de Magellan and the first circumnavigation. 2nd Edition. VEB FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1983
• Clärenore Stinnes : Through two worlds in a car. A woman's first car trip around the world 1927 to 1929. Promedia Verlagsgesellschaft, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-85371-105-7 .
• Joshua Slocum : Sail around the world all by yourself. Benziger Verlag, 1958
• Friedrich M. Thoma: Georg Forster. World traveler - researcher - revolutionary. New Life Publishing House, Berlin 1954
• Herbert Wotte : Course on the unexplored. Russian and Soviet voyages of discovery. VEB FA Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1967
• Klara Prinz-Prüller, Florian Prüller: When the bear knocked on the tent. Around the world by bike on a honeymoon. Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck 2014, ISBN 978-3-7022-3413-3 .
• Stefan Greif, Michael Ewert (Ed.): Literary world travel. Georg Forster Studies XX. Kassel University Press, Kassel 2015, ISBN 978-3-7376-0056-9 .

Web links

Commons : Circumnavigation  - Collection of images

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Giles Milton: Samurai William: an English navigator in the service of the Shogun. Wunderkammer-Verlag, Neu-Isenburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939062-08-0 , p. 78.
2. ↑ Dario Manfredi: Il Viaggio Attorno al Mondo di Malaspina con la Fregata di SMC "Astrea", 1786–1788, Memorie della Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze, La Spezia, 1988.
3. ^ Archival sources on sea traffic, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-35548-0 , p. 52; Reference to the ship's diary in the German Maritime Museum
4. ↑ Sandra Carreras, Günther Maihold (ed.): Prussia and Latin America: in the field of tension between commerce, power and culture. LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 978-3-8258-6306-7 , pp. 131-137.
5. ↑ faz.net from January 21st & January 2012: Laura Dekker has reached her goal
6. ↑ ksta.de from August 4, 2010: 14-year-old sails around the world  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )
7. ↑ spiegel.de from 7th & January 2012: French sailors around the world in record time
8. ↑ France has a new naval hero. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of December 27, 2016, p. 9.
9. ↑ Fastest circumnavigation of the world: Around the world in 40 days , tagesschau.de , January 26, 2017.
10. ↑ Yacht 13/2018, p. 20ff.
11. ↑ WSSRC : Rules Book 2005-2008 . P. 10; accessed on June 15, 2008 (English, PDF)
12. ↑ March 2, 1949: Around the World Without Landing. March 2, 2010.
13. ↑ Gulfstream G650 Sets Round-the-World Speed ​​Record October 21, 2013.
14. ↑ Presă de calitate: aventura celor patru români reconstituită de Gazeta Sporturilor (October 20, 2012). Gazeta Sporturilor .
15. ↑ First circumnavigation by walking. Retrieved June 18, 2021 (German). 
16. ↑ Circumnavigation of the world by motorcycle
17. ↑ wwwalk.org
18. ↑ Stephan Orth: Weltwanderer Jean Béliveau: 11 years, 64 countries, 75,000 kilometers , Spiegel.de, October 17, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2012.
19. ↑ spiegel.de
20. ↑ Zero Emission Race participants documented (English)
21. ↑ Four-year trip around the world: Briton travels 201 countries - without a plane on Spiegel Online , November 27, 2012. Retrieved on December 5, 2012.
22. ↑ youtube.com
23. ↑ deloreanworldtour.com
24. ↑ 80edays: 80edays on CCTV. July 16, 2016, accessed March 4, 2017 . 
25. ↑ 80edays: 80edays Global News Halifax interview. June 23, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017 . 
26. ↑ Around the world in 80 days in electric cars. Retrieved March 4, 2017 (American English). 
27. ^ Unicyclist Ed Pratt completes round-the-world trip. In: BBC. Retrieved August 1, 2018 . 
28. ↑ Ed Pratt: World Unicycle Tour> About retrieved on 8 December 2018th
29. ↑ Horizon: 51 - Aerial Media: Ed Pratt - Unicycling around the world - Horizon: 51 youtube.com, published January 27, 2015, accessed December 8, 2018.