Trimaran
A trimaran is a boat or ship with three parallel, narrow hulls, more or less spaced apart . The middle fuselage is the largest, the two sides are used for tipping stability.
Like the catamaran , which has two hulls, the trimaran is one of the multihull boats that are characterized by high speeds. Today, trimarans are usually the fastest boats of all sailing boats and, for example, hold the records for the fastest circumnavigation of the world , Atlantic crossing , etc.
Boats with more than three hulls ( tetramaran , pentamaran ) are very rare.
General
The trimaran, like the catamaran , is a multihull boat . Compared to monohulls, these have two significant advantages: they are significantly faster and have a significantly lower draft .
When multihulls have capsized , they are more difficult to erect than comparable monohulls. Capsized trimarans can usually only be straightened with technical effort.
use
Recreational craft
Trimarans with a cabin up to approx. 9 meters in length offer more space in the cabin than a catamaran of the same length. With lengths beyond that, catamarans offer significantly more space. Sport boat trimarans are built in series (as of Aug. 2007) up to a length of approx. 12 meters. Racing and experimental trimaran constructions come in all sizes. Monohull boats offer more space in the cabin with the same length. Trimarans offer significantly more space on the ship than monohulls on the nets that are stretched between the hulls.
In contrast to the catamaran, many trimaran constructions can fold in the outriggers. This means that the trimaran can be transported and slipped on a trailer or moored in the harbor to save space.
There are experimental designs based on trimarans with hydrofoils located in the water , which can achieve extremely high speeds through or over water for a wind-powered vehicle. By adjusting the windward wing and the aft wing negatively and adjusting the leeward wing positively, a righting moment that only depends on the speed can be generated. However, the material and the resistance of the wind set limits.
High speed boat
Trimarans hold (as of 2011) all important speed records of sailboats. In the field of short-distance records, the hydrofoil boot Hydroptère was the first trimaran to set the speed record over a mile in 2007 (previously: windsurfers ) and in 2009 temporarily the record over 500 meters (previously windsurfers and kitesurfers ); Only on the short distance of 500 meters did the kite surfers, who are counted among the sailors, manage to take over the “ sailing record” again (status 2010); In contrast, the trimaran has no competition among sailboats .
Also for long-haul, i. H. In the meantime, trimarans in particular are used for ocean records. The record for the fastest circumnavigation of the world went to a trimaran in 1997 ( Sport-Elec by Olivier de Kersauson ) and again from 2010 (as of 2011) ( Groupama 3 by Franck Cammas ). As early as 1973 , Alain Colas drove a trimaran ( Manureva , ex- Pen Duick IV ) to the world circumnavigation record under single-handed sailors , and since 2004 ( IDEC by Francis Joyon ) the respective best time has only been beaten by trimarans (as of 2011).
The 24-hour record has stood at 908.2 nautical miles (average speed 37.8 knots) since August 1, 2009 , when the French 40-meter trimaran Banque Populaire V achieved a record Atlantic crossing from New York to Lizard Point . The average speed of the entire 3 days of 15 hours and 25 minutes trip was 33 knots (61 km / h)
The current record (2017) is held by the French sailor François Gabart with his 30-meter-long trimaran MACIF. The 34-year-old crossed the start and finish line off Brest after just 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds. Gabart was thus six days and almost ten hours faster than the previous record holder Thomas Coville.
Military use
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While trimarans have so far been used almost exclusively in sailing, the British Royal Navy carried out tests with the Triton experimental trimaran from 2000 to 2004 as part of the Future Surface Combatant program. The Royal Navy planned to build new frigates in the trimaran design. One of the highlights of the test series was the world's first landing of a helicopter on board a trimaran in 2001. In 2005, however, the Ministry of Defense decided to cancel the project due to cost reasons. The Triton was then used in marine research. Since 2007 she has been in service as a patrol boat for Australian Customs.
The United States Navy has been testing a trimaran for its Littoral Combat Ship with the Independence class since 2009 . The first unit in the class, USS Independence (LCS-2) , entered service in January 2010.
Passenger ships
On the Great Brombachsee , according to the operator, the first passenger trimaran has been used on an inland waterway in passenger shipping for several years.
Ferries
The second largest trimaran in the world after the Independence class is the 40.5 knot Benchijigua Express ferry operated by Fred shipping company . Olsen, SA The 126.7 meter long and 30 meter wide high-speed ferry operates between the Canary Islands Tenerife , La Gomera and La Palma . It offers 1,290 passengers and up to 340 cars. It was built by the Australian shipyard Austal .
Modifications
Trimarans in which the booms are shifted forward are called hydroplanes; those in which the booms are shifted to the rear are called canards.
Trimarans with foldable outriggers
Trimarans that can attach their booms to the hull are built by some manufacturers. This construction allows mooring in normal harbor boxes for monohull yachts or simplifies transport on land. At least 5 technical concepts are used:
- Trimax trimarans uses a folding mechanism
- Astusboats use a telescopic mechanism that connects the booms to the main hull.
- Corsair Marine uses a vertical articulation. This system was designed by Ian Farrier and patented in 1975, and used first by Trailertri and then by Corsair Marine and OSTAC. Ian Farrier developed the Corsair yachts F-27, F-28, F-24, F-24 MK II and F-31. When Farrier left the company to form Farrier Marine in 2000, Corsair Marine bought the rights to Farrier's F-24, F-28 and F-31 boats. At this time the trademark and sailing mark were changed from Farriers "F-" to Corsair's "C" and the boats were renamed C24, C28 and C31.
- Farrier Marine uses the same vertical folding mechanism as Corsair Marine. The Farrier yachts are known as Fboats (F-82, F-36 etc.).
- The Finnish yacht builder Whisper also uses a vertical folding mechanism
- The Danish yacht building company 'Quorning Boats' uses an almost horizontal articulated connection called SwingWing for its Dragonfly trimarans . The slight angle allows it to be folded into the deeper, narrower area of the main hull and also increases the stability of the trimaran when folded. The Seaon 96CRB uses a similar horizontal pivot connection. This system was first used by Ocean Bird trimarans designed by John Westell and built by Honnor Marine Ltd of Totnes .
- Telstar 28 uses a horizontal folding mechanism and, in addition, a simple system for building the mast to enable easy trailer transport.
Others
In the science fiction film Waterworld (1995), the protagonist ( Kevin Costner ) cruises the seas in a high-tech trimaran. The film shows the interior of the ship as well as numerous sailing and mooring maneuvers .
The Hydroptère is the fastest trimaran in the world (as of 2009) ; it can reach more than 100 km / h.
The Cloudia is an experimental trimaran with a Flettner rotor .
literature
- Per Asmuß: catamarans and trimarans - cruising sailing, sailing practice, technology. Pietsch-Verl., Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-613-50433-2 .
- Klaus D. Kurtz: Multihulls - cruiser catamarans and trimarans. Klasing, Bielefeld 1992, ISBN 3-7688-0693-6 .
- Edward F. Cotter: catamarans, trimarans, outrigger boats. Delius, Klasing et al. Co., Bielefeld 1972, ISBN 3-7688-0150-0 .
- Joe Farinaccio: Small Trimarans: An Introduction. Bookspecs Pub, Pennsville 2008, ISBN 978-0-9721461-0-4 .
Web links
Footnotes
- ^ Article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung from September 23, 2009
- ↑ trimax 1080 trimaran . Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ↑ animation . Retrieved August 8, 2009.
- ↑ F-27
- ↑ Whisper . Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ↑ SwingWing Presentation . Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
- ↑ David Owen: Trimariner . 1970. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
- ^ Three Times Three . Retrieved on August 8, 2009. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Project Brighter World westsystem.com; 4. Rotor lift and drag rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org, accessed April 22, 2010
