Bailiwick of Dorla

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Overview plan of the Bailiwick of Dorla

The Bailiwick of Dorla was an administrative unit belonging to the Ganerbschaft Treffurt . Like this one, it was jointly administered as an inheritance from 1333 to 1802 by the Landgraviates of Hesse (as their successor, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel ) and Thuringia (as their successor, the Electorate of Saxony ) and the Archdiocese of Mainz .

Until it was ceded to Prussia in 1802, as an inheritance, it was the spatial reference point for claiming sovereign taxes and compulsory services , for the police , jurisdiction and military service .

Geographical location

The three places of the Vogtei Dorla are located southwest of the city of Mühlhausen and northwest of the city of Bad Langensalza on the edge of the Hainich in the west of the Free State of Thuringia .

Since December 31, 2012, the three places have formed the Vogtei community in the south of the Unstrut-Hainich district on the northern edge of the Hainich National Park . The geographical center of Germany is in the Niederdorla district .

Adjacent administrative units

Archbishopric Mainz (State of Eichsfeld , Office Bischofstein ) Free imperial city of Mühlhausen
Neighboring communities Electorate of Saxony ( Langensalza )
Duchy of Saxony-Gotha (exclave Amt Haineck ) Electorate of Saxony ( Langensalza )

history

The bailiwick of Dorla under the rule of Kurmainz and the lords of Treffurt

The history of the Bailiwick of Dorla began around 980, when a Count Wigger founded a church in Dorla (in the spelling: Thurnilohum ), which the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis consecrated in 987. In the year 1123 taught archbishop of Mainz in Dorla a provost one; the Dorla provost worked as archdeacon in the western Thuringian-north Hessian Werra region with the Unstrut as the northern border. He handed over the administration of the territory to four archpriests , who were based in Falken near Treffurt , Behringen , Ufhoven and in Oberdorla .

The agricultural goods and possessions of the Dorla Abbey were combined in a bailiwick , which, in addition to some desert areas (see overview map), included the present-day places Oberdorla , Langula and Niederdorla .

The historical region of the Bailiwick (blue) in the 18th century

Until 1329 the Mark Dorla, the nucleus of the later Bailiwick Dorla, was a disputed area between the Archdiocese of Mainz , as well as their allies and the lords of Treffurt . It is not known when the lords of Treffurt became governors of this area. They held this office until their demise in a feud in 1333. While the archbishops of Mainz commanded the mayor's office in the bailiwick, the gentlemen at Treffurt had high jurisdiction and the bailiff had the collegiate church in Oberdorla . The Mark Dorla went into the developing territory of the Treffurter gentlemen.

Time of the inheritance relationship

The Lords of Treffurt made themselves unpopular as robber barons from the beginning of the 14th century by starting feuds with the surrounding rulers.

After a feud between the Lords of Treffurt in 1333, the Dorla Bailiwick was occupied by the Landgraves of Hesse , Thuringia and the Archdiocese of Mainz . The Treffurt knights had to leave their Normannstein Castle near Treffurt in 1333 , but soon returned, which led to a new siege, which ended in 1336 with the final expulsion of the Lords of Treffurt. As legal successors, these three Treffurter Ganerbe took over the area of ​​the Bailiwick of Dorla and the neighboring lordship of Treffurt from 1336 .

The Landgraves of Hesse , the Wettin Landgraves of Thuringia and the Archbishop of Mainz appointed officials in Treffurt , who each had to administer a third of the area allocated to them. The Dorla Bailiwick held a special position within the Treffurt estate. Since it had belonged to Kurmainz since 967 , the ruling position of the Archbishop of Mainz in the Dorla Bailiwick was stronger than that of his two condomini .

As a result of the estate division of the area in 1336, there was a dispute between the Landgraves of Thuringia and the Archbishopric of Mainz over the Vogtei Dorla and the influence in southern Eichsfeld . The powerful and prosperous imperial city of Mühlhausen as its northern neighbor also always showed a lively interest in taking over the bailiwick. As Bishop of Mainz and Elector of Mainz, Gerlach von Nassau pledged his share of the hereditary income and rights in the Bailiwick to the Mühlhausen Council in 1360 . According to the pledge, the imperial city took over the Dorla mayor's office , the bailiwick and the lower courts of Oberdorla , Niederdorla and Langula . For more than 200 years the city of Mühlhausen remained lien holder of the Bailiwick. The imperial city secured the area of ​​the Vogtei with the "Vogteier Landwehr ", which is connected to the Mühlhausen Landgraben and which is also recorded in old maps as the "Chursächsische Landwehr". As a result of the Reformation and the Peasants' War , the Archdiocese of Mainz had lost a significant part of the subordinate monasteries and possessions in Thuringia, and the remaining areas were to be saved. On November 17, 1572, Mainz therefore announced the return and on March 19, 1573, the Mainz Elector Daniel Brendel von Homburg redeemed the bailiwick again.

The hereditary third of the Wettin Landgraviate of Thuringia was transferred to Albertine and Ernestine Saxony by one sixth as a result of the division of Leipzig in 1485 . The latter gave his share of power in exchange to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel in the Treaty of Friedewald in 1588 .

The Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel was created in 1567 through the division of the Landgraviate of Hesse and took over the Hessian share of the Ganerbschaft. By taking over the Saxon-Ernestine share, she has since had half of the property rights of the Treffurt rule. Since 1627 this share belonged under the sovereignty of Hessen-Kassel to the partly sovereign Principality of Hessen-Rotenburg , from 1676 to Hessen-Wanfried (both belonging to the Rotenburger Quart). In 1736, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel exchanged half of the Ganerbschaft Treffurt for Kursachsen in order to get rid of the Electoral Saxon claims to the imperial fiefs of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg , whose inheritance Hessen-Kassel sought. The Electorate of Saxony decreed since about two-thirds share of the reign Treffurt.

From 1736, two thirds of the Dorla Bailiwick was administered by Electoral Saxony and one third by Kurmainz . The lordly position of the Archbishop of Mainz was stronger in the Vogtei Dorla than that of Electoral Saxony. In the 18th century, the sovereignty of the Electorate of Saxony and the Landgraviate of Hesse passed to Kurmainz and with this came to Prussia in 1802.

In the summer of 1785-1786 led to the passage of the Vogteier to Vienna to Emperor Joseph II. Personally a petition to hand to control the territorial issue of the Bailiwick Dorla.

19th century to the present

In the turmoil of the French Revolution , the Electoral Mainz Papal State was dissolved ( secularized ) as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1802/03 and the entire Eichsfeld belonging to it was given to the Kingdom of Prussia as a replacement for lost areas on the left bank of the Rhine . The three inheritance shares over the neighboring bailiwick of Dorla also fell to Prussia in 1802/03. This incorporated the bailiwick of Dorla to the Mediat - Principality of Eichsfeld, which emerged in 1803 from the formerly Electorate of Mainz Eichsfeld . Since then, the bailiwick has belonged to their district Obereichsfeld .

Through the Napoleonic Wars , the Principality of Eichsfeld and the Bailiwick of Dorla became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia under King Jérôme Bonaparte in 1806/07 . The Vogtei Dorla now formed the south-east corner of the district of Heiligenstadt in the department of the Harz of the Kingdom of Westphalia as canton Dorla with three other places .

The Kingdom of Westphalia dissolved after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. At the end of October 1813, a Prussian military government took over the administration of the former Prussian possessions. Thus, at the end of 1813, the places of the former Bailiwick of Dorla came back to Prussia and after its territorial reorganization in 1816, the district of Mühlhausen i. Th. Affiliated to the province of Saxony in the administrative district of Erfurt , to which they belonged until 1945.

After the end of the Second World War , the former bailiwick was given to the district of Mühlhausen i. Th. In the state of Thuringia , which from 1952 belonged as the district of Mühlhausen to the district of Erfurt in the GDR .

During the district reform in the Free State of Thuringia in 1994 , the Mühlhausen district with Oberdorla, Niederdorla and Langula became part of the Unstrut-Hainich district . Since December 31, 2012, the three Vogtei-places form the unit municipality Vogtei in the south of the Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis.

Administration of the Bailiwick of Dorla

Administrative management

According to the truce of 1333/36, the rulership of Treffurt was governed jointly on the basis of the principle of three division ( Ganerbschaft ), regardless of the respective shares of the Ganerbe. The sovereign sovereignty, which included regalia , criminal and judicial authorities, homage , customs, taxes and military matters, were granted to the three gentlemen on an equal footing. Lawsuits were dealt with under Saxon law.

In the places belonging to the Treffurt rule, there were, in individual cases, deviating legal relationships that complicated the situation. The bailiwick of Dorla, with its three towns, was in an exceptional position as it had been owned by Kurmainz since 967. Kurmainz commanded the mayor's office , but not the high jurisdiction that fell to the Lords of Treffurt and the bailiwick over the collegiate church in Oberdorla. The "Mark Dorla" was absorbed in the developing territory of the Treffurter lords, but the ruling position of the Archbishop of Mainz in the Dorla Bailiwick was stronger than that of his two condomini . Each Kondominus hired a bailiff or bailiff , who outside the ganerbschaft office area had. These were the electoral Mainz governor of Eichsfeld, the electoral Saxon magistrate von Salza (from 1656/57 the Tennstedt district commissioner ) and the Hessian bailiff on the Werra (temporarily part of the principality of Hesse-Rotenburg ). At times the Ernestine Wettins also had their own bailiff. The gate guards, the official schultheiß and the official clerk (from 1501), the compulsory servant (after 1577) and the two wood forester, who were sworn in on all three gentlemen, were jointly appointed by all three heirs or their bailiffs. Around 1600, a rotation was set for this appointment. At the end of the Middle Ages, the officials left the now useless Normannstein Castle and from then on managed the possessions from the Hessian, Saxon and Mainz courts in Treffurt .

So-called "Ganerbentage" days were convened at irregular intervals, which were important for the unanimous resolution of the three condomini with equal rights. They served to resolve matters that could no longer be resolved by the magistrates or that the princely governments considered urgent and important. They were also convened when there was a need for action. The delegations of the Ganerbentage consisted of high-ranking members of the princely courts, government employees and the officials working in the rulership of Treffurt. These special Ganerbentages usually took place every 4 to 5 years, but there were also periods with an interruption of 10 to 20 years. In addition to joint consultation on differences of opinion and claims, the documentation of the meetings was an important part of the days. One problem was a certain sluggishness if an agreement was not reached, since the problem was then postponed or outsourced to the Reich Chamber of Commerce.

Confessional situation in the Treffurt estate and the Dorla Bailiwick

The Ganerbschaft Treffurt with the Bailiwick of Dorla were monoconfessional. The truce of 1333/36 envisaged an alternating occupation of the three patronage parishes formerly owned by the Lords of Treffurt - the Treffurt town church St. Bonifatius , Falken and Schnellmannshausen - in the rotation of Saxony, Kurmainz and Hesse. In the Landgraviate of Hesse, the Reformation was introduced in 1526 as a result of the Homberg Synod . The Reformation was not officially introduced in Albertine Saxony until 1539.

The collegiate monastery of St. Peter and Paul in Oberdorla, responsible for the three bailiwicks, was located in the area of ​​the Vogtei Dorla. This administered its own archdeaconate for the Archdiocese of Mainz until the Reformation . In 1472 it was relocated to the Albertine-Saxon (Langen-) Salza with the permission of the Archbishop of Mainz and thus removed from the influence of Kurmainz. The Reformation spread early in the Bailiwick of Dorla, whereupon the Catholic Albertine Duke Georg of Saxony arrested the preachers in Ober- and Niederdorla in 1527. In the course of the peasant war riots and the punishment of the imperial city of Mühlhausen , which was in pledge possession of the bailiwick of Dorla at that time, Saxony finally seized the patronage rights in the bailiwick. For fear of re-Catholicization, the Langula parish transferred the right of presentation it had received from the Archbishop of Mainz in 1303 to the Protestant Landgrave of Hesse. With regard to the persecution of the Anabaptists in the Bailiwick, the three Kondimini acted in unison, as they were seen as a threat to secular rule.

After Calvinism was introduced in the Landgraviate of Hesse at the beginning of the 17th century , conflicts arose over church sovereignty with the Lutheran Electorate of Saxony. The latter was able to maintain its leadership role in denominational politics despite its 1/6 share, so that the Ganerbschaft Treffurt with the Bailiwick of Dorla remained Lutheran. Since the beginning of the 17th century, the superintendent in Langensalza, Saxony, has ruled over the church affairs of the Treffurt estate and the bailiwick of Dorla.

Associated places

Villages
Another possession
  • Mallinden ; the place is held for the former court of the Bailiwick Dorla
  • Heyerode border house ; western border point and customs collection point of the Vogtei Dorla with the area of ​​the Eichsfeld under Mainz rule

The earliest cartographic representation can be found on the overview map, made in 1603 and improved in 1615, describing the office of an outline of the whole common Ganerbschetzt Trefurt, including the neck and adjoining Chur and Princely Gränitzen in 1615 .

Others

Vogtei Dorla is the traditional landscape name for the three villages of Oberdorla, Niederdorla and Langula south of Mühlhausen in the Unstrut-Hainich district in western Thuringia. Because this little country was ruled by three bailiffs, the inhabitants of the three villages have been called bailiwicks since that time .

In the places of the Vogtei Dorla the Vogteier Platt is spoken, a special dialect of Thuringian . The coat of arms of the bailiwick shows a three-leaf clover (one leaf for each place). The Vogtei Dorla is eponymous for the rural community Vogtei formed by the three places on December 31, 2012 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Books.google.de Gerhard Köbler: Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder; Reign Treffurt
  2. ^ Walter Heinemeyer : The history of Hesse and Thuringia in the 16th century ... In: Historical Commission for Hesse (Hrsg.): Hesse and Thuringia - from the beginnings to the Reformation. An exhibition by the state of Hesse . Catalog. Wiesbaden 1992, ISBN 3-89258-018-9 , outline of the whole common Ganerbschetzt Trefurt, also of the neck and adjoining Chur- and Fürstlicher Gränitzen Anno 1615, p. 256-257 .
  3. ^ Image index to the archives of the Main State Archive Dresden, inventory no. II, 32 b, 10. In: Outline of the entire community inheritance Trefurdt (forerunner map from 1603). Retrieved December 18, 2012 . unfortunately in unimaginably poor picture quality!

literature

  • Hans Patze , Peter Aufgebauer (Ed.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 9: Thuringia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 313). 2nd, improved and supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-31302-2 , pp. 315-317.
  • Harald Rockstuhl , Frank Störzner : Hainich history book - hike through the history of a natural heritage. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2003, ISBN 3-932554-15-9 .
  • NN: From ancient times . Casual supplements to the »Mühlhäuser Anzeiger«. No. 23-28 . Dannersche Buchdruckerei, 1898, The Ganerbschaft Treffurt and The Vogtei Dorla in front of the Hainich.
  • Karlheinz Blaschke , Uwe Ulrich Jäschke : Kursächsischer Ämteratlas. Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-937386-14-0 , p. 122 f.
  • Alexander Jendorff: The Kurmainzische share in the Ganerbschaft Treffurt and the Vogtei Dorla between 1336/37 and 1802. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 20 (2012), pp. 67-79
  • Alexander Jendorff: Condominium within a condominium: the dispute between the Treffurter Ganerbe about the position of the Bailiwick of Dorla in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Mühlhäuser Contributions 34 (2011), pp. 119–133
  • Georg Thiele: Who is the legitimate patron of the Protestant parishes of the Ganerbschaft Treffurt and the Vogtei Dorla? In: Mühlhausen history sheets. Volume VI (1905/06), pp. 36–53

Web links

Commons : Vogtei Dorla  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

See also