Ganerbschaft Treffurt

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The Treffurt inheritance was one of the smallest territories in the Holy Roman Empire . It was like her belonging Bailiwick Dorla 1333-1802 as ganerbschaft jointly by the Landgraviate of Hesse (whose legal successor of Hesse-Kassel ), the Landgraviate Thuringia (in the succession to the Electorate of Saxony ) and the Archdiocese of Mainz managed.

Until it was completely ceded to the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807, it formed the spatial reference point for the claiming of sovereign taxes and compulsory services , for the police , jurisdiction and military service .

Geographical location

Location and extent of the original Treffurt rule, assignments of territory marked in color (1336)

The Treffurt estate lay between the Landgraviate of Hesse in the west, Eichsfeld , which belongs to Kurmainz , in the north, the Langensalza office belonging to the Electorate of Saxony in the east, and the Ernestine duchies of Saxony-Eisenach ( Creuzburg office ) and Saxe-Gotha (exclave Haineck office ) in the south .

The places of the Ganerbschaft Treffurt were north of the city of Eisenach on the Werra in the far west of today's Free State of Thuringia . The Eichsfeld begins north of Treffurt . The Hainich extends east of Treffurt , the Schlierbachswald to the west and the Ringgau to the south . A well-known elevation in the area is the Heldrastein with the pulpit (503.8 m above sea level).

Today the larger southern part of the area belongs to the town of Treffurt in the Wartburg district . The northern places Schierschwende and Wendehausen currently belong to the municipality of Südeichsfeld in the Unstrut-Hainich district . The western border of the former rulership of Treffurt is still the border with the state of Hesse . Between 1945 and 1990 it formed the inner German border , so that the region was in the restricted area of ​​the GDR .

Adjacent administrative units

The specified neighboring dominions refer to the Treffurt dominion without the Dorla Bailiwick .

Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel ( Wanfried Office ) Archbishopric Mainz (State of Eichsfeld, Office Bischofstein ) Archbishopric Mainz (State of Eichsfeld, Office Bischofstein)
Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel ( Eschwege Office ) Neighboring communities Duchy of Saxony-Gotha (exclave Amt Haineck )
Duchy of Saxony-Eisenach ( Creuzburg Office )

history

prehistory

The Treffurt settlement was first mentioned in 1104 in a document from Archbishop Ruthard of Mainz . It was at the crossroads of two trade routes. Here three fords once led across the Werra, from which the name “Treffurt” (from “Driefurt”) is derived. In order to protect the fords, the construction of the Normannstein Castle began as early as the 11th century and was used by the Treffurt knights as their residence.

The gentlemen of Treffurt

The Lords of Treffurt (Trifurte, Drivordia, Drevurt) first appeared in 1104 with Bilgerim (Pilgrim) in an archbishopric of Mainz. Their possessions included the places Falken , Großburschla , half of Schnellmannshausen , Wendehausen , Kleintöpfer , the city of Treffurt and the family castle of Normannstein. They also had high jurisdiction in the bailiwick of Dorla and the bailiff over the collegiate church in Oberdorla .

At the turn of the 14th century, the lords of Treffurt became robber barons and repeatedly plundered villages in the neighboring Landgraviates of Thuringia and Hesse as well as in Eichsfeld, which belongs to the Electorate of Mainz. In 1333 the town and castle of Treffurt were besieged by the Landgrave of Hesse, the Wettin Landgrave of Thuringia and the Archbishop of Mainz. The knights had to leave their castle, but soon returned again, which led to another siege, which ended in 1336 with the final expulsion of the Lords of Treffurt.

Normannstein Castle

Time of the inheritance relationship

In the truce of 1336, the winners each took over a third of the entire property of the Lords of Treffurt. The reign of Treffurt and the bailiwick of Dorla have since been administered as inheritance by the Archbishop of Mainz and the Landgraviates of Hesse and Thuringia or their legal successors, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel and the Electorate of Saxony.

The hereditary third belonging to the Landgraviate of Thuringia was transferred to the Albertinian and the Ernestine Saxony, half as a result of the division of Leipzig in 1485 . The latter gave his share of power in exchange to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel in the Treaty of Friedewald in 1588 . The administration of the Albertine share was initially taken over by the bailiff von Langensalza , and after 1656/57 the district office of Tennstedt .

The Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel was created in 1567 through the division of the Landgraviate of Hesse and took over the Hessian share of the Ganerbschaft. By taking over the Saxon-Ernestine sixth, Hessen-Kassel has since had half of the ownership rights to the Treffurt estate. In 1591, Landgrave Wilhelm IV of Hessen-Kassel was contractually awarded half of the inheritance. Since 1627 this share belonged under the sovereignty of Hessen-Kassel to the partly sovereign Principality of Hessen-Rotenburg , from 1676 to Hessen-Wanfried (both belonging to the Rotenburger Quart).

In 1736 the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel exchanged their half of the Treffurt estate for the Electorate of Saxony in order to get rid of the Electoral Saxon claims to the imperial fiefs of the County of Hanau- Munzenberg, whose inheritance Hessen-Kassel sought. Since then, the Electorate of Saxony has had two-thirds of the rulership of Treffurt.

1802 to 1945

The inheritance (at the bottom of the map) at the beginning of the 19th century

In the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 the Electoral Mainz Papal State was dissolved ( secularization ) and the entire Eichsfeld belonging to it was awarded to the Kingdom of Prussia as a replacement for lost areas on the left bank of the Rhine, which formed the Mediat - Principality of Eichsfeld .

With this, the Electoral Mainz inheritance share fell through the neighboring rulership of Treffurt and all inheritance shares in the bailiwick of Dorla also fell to Prussia. While the Treffurt estate was now jointly administered by two thirds of the Electorate of Saxony and one third of Prussia, the Dorla bailiwick was incorporated into the Prussian Principality of Eichsfeld in 1803.

In the course of the Napoleonic Wars , the Principality of Eichsfeld became part of the Kingdom of Westphalia under King Jérôme Bonaparte in 1806/1807 . The Bailiwick of Dorla now formed the southeast corner of the district of Heiligenstadt in the department of the Harz of the Kingdom of Westphalia as the canton of Dorla .

The neighboring rulership of Treffurt also came to the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 with the cession of the Electoral Saxon share and was now divided along the Werra. The towns of Treffurt, Wendehausen, Falken and Schierschwende north of the Werra came to the canton of Treffurt in the Heiligenstadt district. The southern places Großburschla and half of Schnellmannshausen came as part of the canton of Aue to the Eschwege district in the Werra department .

The Kingdom of Westphalia dissolved after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. At the end of October 1813, a Prussian military government took over the administration of the former Prussian possessions. Thus, at the end of 1813, the places of the former Ganerbschaft Treffurt and the Bailiwick of Dorla came back to Prussia and after the territorial reorganization of Prussia in 1816 they became part of the Mühlhausen i. Th. In the administrative district of Erfurt affiliated to the Prussian province of Saxony , to which they belonged until 1945. The district administrator of the district of Mühlhausen had his seat in the Mainzer Hof in Treffurt, while the district office was in Mühlhausen . In 1945 the district of Mühlhausen i. Th. Assigned to the state of Thuringia . In 1946, by resolution of the Thuringian Parliament, the two districts of Schnellmannshausen were merged, making the place as a whole part of the Eisenach district .

1945 to the present

In the years 1950 to 1952, as part of the district reforms in the GDR, the district of Mühlhausen i. Th. Dissolved and a reduced Mühlhausen district was formed, which was assigned to the Erfurt district in 1952 . During the district reform in 1950, the city of Treffurt, the places Falken, Großburschla and Kleintöpfer changed to the district of Eisenach, which from 1952 with new borders as the district of Eisenach also belonged to the district of Erfurt.

In the period that followed, the division of Germany had an inhibiting effect on the places of the former Ganerbschaft Treffurt, as they were now directly on the inner-German border. The place Großburschla, which is about 90% territorially enclosed by Hessian territory, was thus practically completely isolated. In 1964, as a result of the stricter border security in the GDR, the isolated villages of Kleintöpfer and Karnberg had to be given up as small settlements near the border. Both were reclassified this year shortly before their demolition from Treffurt (Eisenach district) to Wendehausen ( Mühlhausen district ).

During the district reform in the Free State of Thuringia in 1994 , the Mühlhausen district with Wendehausen, Schierschwende, Oberdorla , Niederdorla and Langula became part of the Unstrut-Hainich district . Treffurt, Falken, Großburschla and Schnellmannshausen came with the rest of the Eisenach district to the newly founded Wartburg district .

Administration of the Treffurt estate and the Bailiwick of Dorla

Administrative management

Coat of arms of the Ganerbe on the town hall of Treffurt (1549)

According to the truce of 1333/36, the rulership of Treffurt was governed jointly on the basis of the principle of three division ( Ganerbschaft ), regardless of the respective shares of the Ganerbe. The sovereign sovereignty, which included regalia , criminal and judicial authorities, homage , customs, taxes and military matters, were granted to the three gentlemen on an equal footing. Lawsuits were dealt with under Saxon law.

In the places belonging to the Treffurt rule, there were, in individual cases, deviating legal relationships that complicated the situation. For example B. Kleintöpfer for the Hessian part, Schierschwende for the Saxon part, Wendehausen and the Vogtei Dorla for the Electoral Mainz part, Falken and Großburschla were divided into three parts. Each Kondominus hired a bailiff or bailiff , who outside the ganerbschaft office area had. These were the electoral Mainz governor of Eichsfeld, the electoral Saxon magistrate von Salza (from 1656/57 the Tennstedt district commissioner ) and the Hessian bailiff on the Werra (temporarily part of the principality of Hesse-Rotenburg ). At times the Ernestine Wettins also had their own bailiff. The gate guards, the official schultheiß and the official clerk (from 1501), the compulsory servant (after 1577) and the two wood forester, who were sworn in on all three gentlemen, were jointly appointed by all three heirs or their bailiffs. Around 1600, a rotation was set for this appointment. At the end of the Middle Ages, the officials left the now useless Normannstein Castle and from then on managed the possessions from the Hessian, Saxon and Mainz courts in Treffurt.

So-called "Ganerbentage" days were convened at irregular intervals, which were important for the unanimous resolution of the three condomini with equal rights. They served to resolve matters that could no longer be resolved by the magistrates or that the princely governments considered urgent and important. They were also convened when there was a need for action. The delegations of the Ganerbentage consisted of high-ranking members of the princely courts, government employees and the officials working in the rulership of Treffurt. These special Ganerbentage usually took place every four to five years, but there were also periods with an interruption of 10 to 20 years. In addition to joint consultation on differences of opinion and claims, the documentation of the meetings was an important part of the days. One problem was a certain sluggishness if an agreement was not reached, since the problem was then postponed or outsourced to the Reich Chamber of Commerce.

Confessional situation in the Treffurt estate and the Dorla Bailiwick

The Ganerbschaft Treffurt with the Bailiwick of Dorla were monoconfessional. The truce of 1333/36 envisaged an alternating occupation of the three patronage parishes formerly owned by the Lords of Treffurt - the Treffurt town church St. Bonifatius , Falken and Schnellmannshausen - in the rotation of Saxony, Kurmainz and Hesse. In the Landgraviate of Hesse, the Reformation was introduced in 1526 as a result of the Homberg Synod . Thus, Hessen presented the first Protestant pastor in Falken in 1527 and in Treffurt in 1534. The Reformation was not officially introduced in Albertine Saxony until 1539. The Ganerbe worked together on parish affairs according to traditional secular rule. In the parish Schnellmannshausen, on the other hand, only half of which belonged to the Ganerbschaft and the other half to Ernestine Saxony, Saxony and Hesse forced the Electoral Mainz-Catholic condominus out of patronage rights in the course of the peasant unrest in 1525.

The Großburschla monastery and the collegiate monastery St. Peter and Paul in Oberdorla were still in the area of ​​the inheritance. The Großburschla monastery, founded in the 9th century, was under the patronage of the Fulda monastery and was converted into a secular canon monastery in the middle of the 12th century . With the abolition of the monastery property in the Landgraviate of Hesse, from 1527 until the transfer of the monastery to Fulda in 1650, a massive Hessian influence began, which also took place in the appointment of Protestant pastors, after 1600 Calvinist pastors. The collegiate monastery received no support from the ore monastery of Mainz, in 1583 the latter transferred its share rights to Großburschla including the protective bailiff via the collegiate church to Hessen-Kassel. The " Kollegiatstift St. Peter and Paul " in the bailiwick of Oberdorla administered its own archdeaconate for the Archdiocese of Mainz until the Reformation . In 1472 it was relocated to the Albertine-Saxon (Langen-) Salza with the permission of the Archbishop of Mainz and thus removed from the influence of Kurmainz. The Reformation spread early in the Bailiwick of Dorla, whereupon the Catholic Albertine Duke Georg of Saxony arrested the preachers in Ober- and Niederdorla in 1527. In the course of the peasant war riots and the punishment of the imperial city of Mühlhausen , which was in pledge possession of the bailiwick of Dorla at that time, Saxony finally seized the patronage rights in the bailiwick. For fear of re-Catholicization, the Langula parish transferred the right of presentation it had received from the Archbishop of Mainz in 1303 to the Protestant Landgrave of Hesse. With regard to the persecution of the Anabaptists in the Bailiwick, the three Kondimini acted in unison, as they were seen as a threat to secular rule.

In the middle of the 16th century the Ganerbschaft Treffurt became Protestant as a result of the religious and political developments. This happened on the one hand through a legal change of denomination, on the other hand through the presumption of the patronage right. Only Wendehausen, which was under Electoral Mainz influence, remained Catholic. As a Catholic condominium, the Archbishop of Mainz was now the master of a Protestant rule in which he no longer had any patronage rights that he could use independently. However, as a condominium, he was involved in the patronage rights of the Treffurter Ganerbschaftsorten to one third each. He no longer had a share in the Vogtei patronage rights. After Calvinism was introduced in the Landgraviate of Hesse at the beginning of the 17th century , conflicts arose over church sovereignty in the inheritance with the Lutheran Electorate of Saxony. The latter was able to maintain its leadership role in denominational politics, despite its 1/6 share, whereby the inheritance remained Lutheran. Since the beginning of the 17th century, the superintendent in Langensalza, Saxony, has ruled over the church affairs of the Treffurt estate and the bailiwick of Dorla.

Associated places

Cities
Villages of the Treffurt rule

Villages of the Bailiwick of Dorla

Others

The earliest cartographic representation can be found on the overview map, made in 1603 and improved in 1615, describing the office of an outline of the whole common Ganerbschetzt Trefurt, including the neck and adjoining Chur and Princely Gränitzen in 1615 .

literature

  • Karlheinz Blaschke , Uwe Ulrich Jäschke : Kursächsischer Ämteratlas. Leipzig 2009, ISBN 978-3-937386-14-0 , p. 122 f.
  • Alois Höppner: The legacy of Treffurt according to the Jurisdictional book from 1773. Treffurt undated (around 1920).
  • Hans Jürgen Runzheimer (Ed.): Treffurt and Burg Normannstein. From the beginning to the end of the condominium in the 19th century. Gladenbach 2004.
  • Raymund Falk: The founding of the Ganerbschaft Treffurt. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 7 (1999), pp. 106-122
  • Alexander Jendorff: The Kurmainzische share in the Ganerbschaft Treffurt and the Vogtei Dorla between 1336/37 and 1802. In: Eichsfeld-Jahrbuch 20 (2012), pp. 67-79
  • Alexander Jendorff: Condominium within a condominium: the dispute between the Treffurter Ganerbe about the position of the Bailiwick of Dorla in the 16th and 17th centuries. In: Mühlhäuser Contributions 34 (2011), pp. 119–133
  • Georg Thiele: Who is the legitimate patron of the Protestant parishes of the Ganerbschaft Treffurt and the Vogtei Dorla? In: Mühlhausen history sheets. Volume VI (1905/06), pp. 36–53

Web links

Commons : Ganerbschaft Treffurt  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Alexander Jendorff: Kondominatorische power relations in the confessional age. The Ganerbschaft Treffurt 1555-1630. In: Journal of the Association for Hessian History (ZHG) , Volume 107 (2002), pp. 163–180 (PDF; 73 kB) .
  2. ^ Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Description of the earth of the electoral and ducal Saxon lands. Haug, Leipzig 1788, p. 558 ( Google Books )
  3. ^ The Tennstedt district office in the state archive of Saxony-Anhalt
  4. ↑ 1. Ordinance on the implementation of the law amending the district and municipal boundaries in the state of Thuringia of April 26, 1950
  5. ^ Walter Heinemeyer : The history of Hesse and Thuringia in the 16th century ... In: Historical Commission for Hesse (Hrsg.): Hesse and Thuringia - from the beginnings to the Reformation. An exhibition by the state of Hesse . Catalog. Wiesbaden 1992, ISBN 3-89258-018-9 , outline of the whole common Ganerbschetzt Trefurt, also of the neck and adjoining Chur- and Fürstlicher Gränitzen Anno 1615, p. 256-257 .
  6. ^ Image index to the archives of the Main State Archive Dresden, inventory no. II, 32 b, 10. In: Outline of the entire community inheritance Trefurdt (forerunner map from 1603). Retrieved December 18, 2012 . Unfortunately in poor picture quality!