Johannes Brenz

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The portrait of Johannes Brenz made by Jonathan Sauter in 1584 on his epitaph in the collegiate church in Stuttgart is considered the most authentic picture of the reformer

Johannes Brenz , Latinized Brentius , (born June 24, 1499 in Weil der Stadt , † September 11, 1570 in Stuttgart ) was an Evangelical Lutheran theologian . He was a reformer of the imperial city of Schwäbisch Hall and the Duchy of Württemberg . Brenz also used the pseudonyms Huldreich Engster , Ulricus Enc (h) aust (i) us (both in Greek έγκαυστος “burned”) and - after his hiding place at Hohenwittlingen Castle - Johannes Wit (t) ling (ius).

Youth and Studies

Johannes Brenz was born on June 24, 1499 ( St. John's Day ) in the imperial city of Weil der Stadt as the son of the judge and mayor Martin Hess, known as Prentz (1475–1535), and Catharina Hennig, who was probably from Enzweihingen . As was customary, at baptism he was given the name of the day saint. Little is known about his childhood and youth. He had three younger brothers and at least one sister. On October 13, 1514, at the age of 15, Brenz was enrolled at Heidelberg University. Johannes Oekolampad was his mentor in Greek, Erhard Schnepf taught him rhetoric and philosophy. (During his student days Brenz got to know a number of later reformers, but not Philipp Melanchthon , with whom he only came into closer contact during the Marburg Religious Discussion .) Already here, the good relationship with fellow students Johannes Isenmann and Michael Gräter , later colleagues in Schwäbisch Hall.

Martin Luther's appearance at the Heidelberg disputation on April 26, 1518 impressed him. Brenz visited Luther in his Heidelberg hostel together with his fellow student Martin Bucer . He later made himself familiar with his theology by studying Luther's writings. That was the beginning of a lifelong, close relationship.

On October 18, 1518 Brenz received his master's degree. In 1519 he became the rector of the so-called Schwaben- or Realistenburse ( bursae realium regens ) and taught philosophy and languages ​​there. In 1520 he worked as a canon at the Heidelberg Church of the Holy Spirit. He drew attention to himself through interpretations of the Bible.

In 1522 the council of the Free Imperial City of Schwäbisch Hall invited Brenz to a trial sermon (September 8, 1522) and then appointed him to the vacant pastorate at St. Michael . That served him very well, because meanwhile he was suspected in Heidelberg for spreading Lutheran teachings.

After he had reached the usual age of 25 years, he was ordained a priest and celebrated his primacy in 1524 in Weil der Stadt.

Worked in Schwäbisch Hall (1522–1548)

Implementation of the Reformation and reorganization of the Church

Sacristy cupboard from 1508/09 in St. Michael
Home of the Brenz family in Schwäbisch Hall (Pfarrgasse 18), built by Johannes Brenz. The western structure of the half-timbered house was dendrochronologically dated to 1528.

The Reformation was implemented gradually. Brenz prepared the ground for this with sermons, some of which were also printed as leaflets. He worked closely with two college friends from Heidelberg: Johann Isenmann, the second pastor at St. Michael, and Michael Gräter, the pastor of St. Katharina beyond the Kocher, his future brother-in-law.

On Christmas 1526 Brenz celebrated the Lord's Supper for the first time in both forms . Mass was abolished in the Haller churches of St. Michael and St. Katharina in 1527, in other churches in the city (Schuppach and Johanniterkirche) it was celebrated in the traditional way until 1534. It is thanks to Brenz that there was no iconoclasm in Schwäbisch Hall , so that St. Michael, for example, still holds many late medieval works of art to this day.

With the church ordinance of 1527, Brenz redesigned the religious conditions in Schwäbisch Hall. Sermons , baptisms and the Lord's Supper were given a new form, as was the course of worship or marriage law, which was transferred from canon law to the area of ​​responsibility of secular authorities. In expert reports, Brenz dealt, for example, with topics such as divorces, obstacles to marriage or the procedures for adultery.

The schools were also involved in the reform of the church system. According to Brenz, talented boys of whatever origin should learn Latin and thus acquire the basis for a higher education. He also called for schooling for the girls, to whom the scriptures belong as well as the men. The Franciscan monastery in Hall, a center of resistance against the Lutheran reforms, was closed in 1524 and the Latin school moved here. The teachers were paid from the monastery property, so that there was no school fee for boys and girls.

Brenz as theological author

In addition to Luther's Small Catechism and the Heidelberg Catechism , Brenz created the most important German catechism of the Reformation period. He bundled beliefs in question and answer form:

“What belief are you? Answer: I am a Christian. Why are you a christian Answer: Because I believe in Jesus Christ and am baptized in his name. "

- Johannes Brenz, introductory questions in the version of the Small Church Ordinance (1553)

The three catechisms written by Brenz, most importantly that of 1535, had a great impact - by 1999 a total of 518 editions had appeared. Brenz's catechism has been translated into at least 14 languages. “In 1536 it became a state catechism and almost a kind of confession for Württemberg. At the end of the 17th century, the catechism here was expanded to include Luther's questions on the Credo , Our Father and the Decalogue , and in this version it is in use as the Württemberg catechism to the present day. "

Despite his diverse obligations, Brenz found the time to write a comprehensive body of work that made him one of the most productive theological authors of the 16th century. His work includes numerous printed sermons and series of sermons, as well as commentaries on biblical books. By 1901, 681 Brenz prints had appeared. Brenz did not avoid journalistic feuds with Catholic and Reformed authors.

Brenz as advisor and appraiser

Brenz was asked for advice on many other topics that he dealt with from the perspective of the theologian. Here he benefited from his extensive legal expertise. For example, Brenz dealt with the legitimacy of the peasants ' demands in the Twelve Articles for the Elector Palatinate during the Peasants' War, or later with the right to resist the emperor.

Peasants' War

In the Peasants' War of 1525, Brenz resolutely opposed the uprising, but - in contrast to Luther, who demanded harsh punishment - also pressed for mild treatment of the peasants, since the authorities were also guilty of the uprising. He sharply criticized the punishments of insurgent peasants that the Hall council had carried out:

“It is serious to consider what happened to the Pharaohs, who plagued the people of Israel in their country with good service. ... Pharaoh must finally spit out the red sea, and the Israelites left unmarried. According to this, however, honorable and wise gentlemen, there is great concern now that where the authorities not only do not look into the previous complaints, but impose more punishment and plague on the subjects, it will ultimately come tacitly over their own necks.

- Johannes Brenz

Baptists and Spiritualists

His statement of 1528 on the question of whether the radical Reformation Anabaptists should be executed as prescribed by the imperial law deserves emphasis . Although Brenz's answer was not about tolerating those who think differently, but rather about preventing executions for religious reasons, his resolute rejection played an important role in the history of the idea of tolerance .

Brenz also followed this line in Württemberg, where he had to deal with the spiritualistic-Protestant preacher Kaspar von Schwenckfeld and his followers. Nevertheless, Brenz also stood behind the multiple condemnations of the Anabaptists, as enshrined in the Augsburg Confession 1530, which he himself helped to formulate .

Sebastian Castellio said that Brenz's report saved many Anabaptists from martyrdom. De facto, under Brenz's influence, Wuerttemberg proceeded in such a way that Anabaptists were seldom deported, but held in custody for an unlimited period of time, and, since the aim was to avoid the death penalty, the prisoners were given the appearance of being “instructed” in matters of faith.

Witch teaching and witch hunt

Hans Baldung Grien Witches doing damage magic colored woodcut around 1508

Although Brenz did not deny the existence of witches , he warned against confessions obtained through torture and thought it was better to let a thousand guilty people escape than to convict one innocent.

In his critical stance towards belief in witches and the persecution of witches , Johannes Brenz stands in a row with several theologians at the University of Tübingen, such as Matthäus Alber , Jacob Heerbrand , (Theodor) Dietrich Schnepf , Jacob Andreae , Wilhelm Bidembach , Wilhelm Friedrich Lutz or Theodor Thumm . These saw God's omnipotence as so comprehensive that there could be no magic spell , because ultimately the calamities and misfortunes are also directed by God himself in order to punish sinners and test the righteous . According to these theologians, witches could only be punished for their apostasy from God. This worked in terms of less rigorous procedures and milder punishment.

With this in mind, Brenz reacted to a severe hailstorm in 1562, which had triggered calls in Württemberg for a witch hunt. Brenz interpreted the hail as God's punishment, so whoever shouted for the witches to be punished would accuse himself.

However, Brenz could also display an unyielding attitude if, in his opinion, there was culpable behavior: In an exchange of letters with Johann Weyer , a critic of the witch trials, who was convinced that women who had admitted the devil's pact or who had taken part in the witches' sabbath suffered from demon- induced hallucinations and tended to require medical therapy, Brenz insisted that connecting and making agreements with evil, regardless of the question of realization, was a grave sin and required severe punishment.

"Luther's husband in southern Germany"

Through his correspondence and his successful work as theological and secular advisor and expert, Johannes Brenz's sphere of activity extended far beyond the borders of Schwäbisch Hall.

Johannes Brenz repeatedly received honorable offers, including from England , which he declined. The Free and Imperial City of Nuremberg tried to attract Brenz, as did the Imperial Knights from the House of Gemmingen, Dietrich von Gemmingen († 1526) in the Kraichgau , with whom he had close personal contacts, and the Margrave Georg von Brandenburg-Ansbach who kept calling him in as a consultant. Brenz also maintained close contact with Duke Ulrich von Württemberg after his return in 1534. He worked as a consultant for the introduction of the Reformation and reorganized the University of Tübingen for Ulrich von Württemberg from 1537 to 1538 .

As "Luther's man in southern Germany" ( Martin Brecht ), Johannes Brenz played an important role in the discussions between supporters of Luther and Upper German Reformed theologians and in the external representation of Protestantism. The Syngramma Suevicum , sent to Johannes Oekolampad on October 21, 1525 , is Johannes Brenz's statement on the Last Supper Controversy , which fourteen Lutheran theologians signed up to (including Johann Lachmann , Erhard Schnepf , Johann Geyling and Johann Isenmann ), an early example of Brenz ' high effectiveness. In the Last Supper dispute, Brenz sided with Luther and took part in the Marburg Religious Discussion in 1529 , during which an agreement with the Reformed theologians around Ulrich Zwingli was sought in vain . After this event, Brenz finally belonged to the circle of the most important Protestant theologians and was subsequently often consulted on questions of religion. In 1530 he took part in the Reichstag in Augsburg and wrote the Augsburg Confession together with Philipp Melanchthon . In 1537 he took part in the Schmalkaldic Bundestag , as well as in the religious talks of Worms (1540) and Regensburg (1545/1546).

Escape from Schwäbisch Hall and exile (1548–1553)

Epitaph of Margarethe Brenz born Gräter († 1548) in St. Michael

The tensions between the Protestant imperial estates and Emperor Charles V culminated in the Schmalkaldic War in 1546 , which ended with a quick victory for the emperor in southern Germany. In December 1546 imperial troops occupied the imperial city Hall. Since Brenz had rejected the armed resistance against the emperor, he was able to preach a sermon in front of Charles V and have a conversation with the gracious monarch. But then allegedly incriminating documents were found at Brenz's. His house was ransacked. Brenz managed to flee the city temporarily in disguise.

After his return in January 1547, Brenz sharply criticized the Augsburg Interim , with which Charles V tried to force the solution of religious questions in a largely Catholic sense in 1548. The Imperial Chancellor Granvella finally had a delegation from Hall imprisoned in order to force the extradition of Brenz. Thanks to an anonymous warning, he escaped arrest by a hair's breadth and finally fled Schwäbisch Hall on June 24, 1548. His wife Margarethe suffered from consumption and was already seriously ill, but had to leave Hall with the children to seek refuge in the Württemberg region. In September 1548 she returned to Hall and died there on November 18, 1548.

In the following five years Johannes Brenz led a wandering life in exile. The following stations are known:

  • Hohenwittlingen Castle near Urach, under the protection of Duke Ulrich;
  • Strasbourg;
  • Basel (here he received the news of the death of his wife);
  • Stuttgart;
  • Hornberg Castle (under the pseudonym "Huldreich Engster"), from 1549
  • Urach, at the ducal court, autumn 1550;
  • Mägerkingen;
  • Sindelfingen;
  • Stuttgart;
  • Ehningen near Böblingen, beginning of 1552;
  • Tübingen, until summer 1553.

Architect of the Evangelical Church of Württemberg (1553–1570)

Cristoff Hertzog zu Wirtenberg , portrait from the 16th century, Provenance: Collection of Archduke Ferdinand II of Tyrol

Duke Christoph von Württemberg , son of Ulrich von Württemberg , who died in 1550 , made Johannes Brenz his most important theological advisor. A close relationship of trust developed between the duke and the reformer.

In 1553 Duke Brenz granted the office of provost of Stuttgart . Linked to this was the duty to preach at the collegiate church in Stuttgart . But from now on Brenz was primarily concerned with giving the Protestant church of the duchy an organizational form. Part of this work was the reform of the monasteries in 1556, in which the characteristic of Württemberg convent schools emerged and the redesign of an aligned to the princes church organization. These efforts resulted in the "Great Württemberg Church Order " of 1559, in which both the organizational and theological foundations of the Evangelical Church in Württemberg were laid down. Although much changed, the Württemberg regional church is still shaped today by the Lutheran theology interpreted by Brenz.

Brenz also played an important role in the Great Württemberg Landtag of 1565, when he succeeded in settling the dispute between the estates and the duke over a right to resist a change of religion.

Brenz was the authoritative author of the Württemberg Confession ( Confessio Virtembergica ), to which he attended the Council of Trento in 1552 with a delegation from Württemberg . However, the delegation was unable to have official discussions on this document. When the Last Supper dispute flared up again at the end of the 1550s, Brenz took part in journalism.

Duke Christoph enfeoffed Brenz in 1554 with an estate, the Brenzenhof near Altbulach , where he used to spend some time in the summer with children and grandchildren, and in 1561 with the Fautsberg Castle near Bad Wildbad- Aichelberg .

Last years of life, death and burial in the Stuttgart collegiate church

Modern floor slab in the collegiate church in Stuttgart, reminiscent of the reformer's grave under the pulpit

In 1566 Johannes Brenz wrote his will. This gave him the opportunity to summarize his biography and the topics that were important to him.

After the Duke's death in 1568, Johannes Brenz became increasingly frail. An examination of his skull revealed that he suffered from hyperostosis . The typical neurological deficits have also been handed down for Johannes Brenz.

At the end of 1569 he suffered a stroke from which he initially recovered. In mid-August 1570, a febrile illness followed, and his condition quickly deteriorated. On September 11th, Johannes Brenz, aged 71 (for the time), died in Stuttgart. With his death, the last of the great Reformer personalities and a Luther student from the “first hour” resigned.

Johannes Brenz was buried on September 12th at the foot of the pulpit in the collegiate church in Stuttgart at his own request. Wilhelm Bidembach gave the funeral sermon . Jakob Heerbrand gave the Latin commemorative speech a week later in Tübingen; it contains a lot of biographical information. An epitaph with the portrait of Johannes Brenz, created by Jonathan Sauter from Ulm, has been located in the Stuttgart collegiate church since 1584 . (This portrait has been preserved as an original; the rest of the epitaph was remade after being destroyed in the war in 1950.)

In 1637 Brenz's grave was opened and the body of the Jesuit preacher Eusebius Reeb, who died of the plague, was buried here (as part of the Counter-Reformation ). At a follow-up examination in 1886 it appeared that Brenz's bones had been removed at Reeb's funeral. But when a heating system was installed in 1908, two skeletons were found. These were buried together in a wooden box clad with zinc sheeting.

After the church was destroyed in World War II , the reconstruction of the collegiate church took years. The tin-clad box with the bones was soldered shut in 1955 and buried at the foot of today's pulpit. During restoration work in 2000, an excavator damaged this container so badly that it was decided to open it and conduct an anthropological investigation. The box contained the bones of at least four individuals, and the investigation focused on the skulls of two elderly men. By comparing the anatomical features with Sautter's Brenz portrait, Joachim Wahl was able to identify the reformer's skull.

family

Epitaph for Johannes Brenz in the collegiate church in Stuttgart

Since he was obliged to be celibate as a priest , Brenz broke with the Roman Catholic Church personally in December 1530 through his marriage to Margarethe Gräter (1501–1548). Margarethe was a daughter of Hall councilor Caspar Gräter (1474–1552), widow of Hall councilor Hans Wetzel and sister of pastor Michael Gräter von St. Katharina (* around 1495, † 1562). By marrying into the Gräter family, Johannes Brenz became a citizen of Hall and a member of Hall's upper class. The marriage of Johannes Brenz and Margarethe Gräter produced five daughters and one son. Three of them reached adulthood:

  1. Barbara (1532–1572) ⚭ Dietrich Schnepf (epitaph in the collegiate church in Tübingen );
  2. Sophia (1535–1597) ⚭ Eberhard Bidembach ;
  3. John (1539–1596).

Margarethe Brenz suffered from consumption, from which she also died. Its epitaph is now in the Michaelskirche zu Schwäbisch Hall. It was commissioned by Johannes Brenz junior and was originally set into a niche in the outer wall of this church.

On September 7, 1550, Brenz married Katharina Isenmann (Eisenmenger) (around 1532–1587), a niece of the pastor Johann Isenmann (around 1495–1574) in Dettingen an der Erms . In this second marriage, twelve children were born, ten of whom survived their father. The following children are known by name:

  1. Katharina ⚭ I. Jakob Gering and ⚭ II. Johann Hettler;
  2. Agathe (1554–1599) ⚭ I. Thomas Spindler and ⚭ II. 1586 Matthias Hafenreffer ;
  3. Joseph (1555–1586), city doctor in Schwäbisch Hall;
  4. Margarethe ⚭ Joachim Molitor;
  5. Euphrosyne ⚭ Ludwig Weickersreutter;
  6. Judith ⚭ Martin Schmid, town clerk in Wildberg;
  7. Anna Maria (* 1568).

Brenz offspring

See also: Württemberg honorability

Johannes Brenz was the father of 18 children, the youngest was born to him at the age of 68. His progeny are extraordinarily large. However, among these descendants of the reformer, his grandson Johann Hippolyt Brenz (1572–1629), monastery preacher in Ansbach, was already the last bearer of the surname Brenz.

Well-known descendants of the reformer are: Johann Albrecht Bengel , Dietrich Bonhoeffer , Karl Bonhoeffer , Wilhelm Hauff , Carl Friedrich Haug , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Hermann Hesse , Ruth Merckle , Johann Jacob Moser , David Moufang , Karl Christian Planck , Patrick Süskind , Ludwig Uhland , Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker , Richard von Weizsäcker .

reception

Reformation monument in front of the Hospital Church Stuttgart (1917): Johannes Brenz (photo) is juxtaposed with Martin Luther

Namesake

The following are named after Johannes Brenz:

Remembrance day

September 11th in the Evangelical Name Calendar .

Brenz Medal

The Brenz Medal is the highest award of the Evangelical Church in Württemberg.

Johannes Brenz Prize

A prize donated by the Association for Württemberg Church History in Stuttgart for outstanding work on Württemberg church history is named after Johannes Brenz . It is endowed with € 3,000 (as of 2017) and is usually awarded every two years.

Winner of the Johannes Brenz Prize

  • 1992: Sabine Holtz : Theology and Everyday Life. On the transformation of Lutheran orthodoxy
  • 1994: Rainer Smiles: One people, one empire, one belief. The German Christians in Württemberg
  • 1996: Eva-Maria Seng: The Protestant Church Building in the 19th Century. The Eisenach movement and the architect Christian Friedrich von Leins
  • 1998: Wolf-Friedrich Schäufele: Christoph Matthäus Pfaff and the Church Union efforts of the Corpus Evangelicorum 1717–1726
  • 2000: Gerhard Faix: Gabriel Biel and the Brothers from Common Life. Sources and studies on the constitution and self-image of the Upper German General Chapter
  • 2002: Dagmar Konrad: Mission Brides. Pietists of the 19th century in the Basel Mission
  • 2006: Matthias A. Deuschle: Brenz as a controversial theologian. The apology of the Confessio Virtembergica and the dispute between Johannes Brenz and Pedro de Soto
  • 2009: Michael Kannenberg: Veiled clock panels. End-time expectations in Württemberg pietism between 1818 and 1848
  • 2011: Matthias Figel: The Reformation sermon service. An investigation into the history of liturgy on the origins and beginnings of Protestant worship in Württemberg
  • 2013: Jan Carsten Schnurr: Empires and witnesses to the truth. Historical images of the Protestant revival movement in Germany from 1815 to 1848
  • 2015: Karin Oehlmann: Faith and the Present. The genesis of the ecclesiastical landscape in the Evangelical Church in Württemberg in the field of tension between faith in the Bible and modern theology 1945–1972
  • 2017: Siglind Ehinger: Faith solidarity under the sign of Pietism. The Württemberg theologian Georg Konrad Rieger (1687-1743) and his church historiography on the Bohemian Brothers

Critical voices on Johannes Brenz

Johannes Brenz's life's work is usually judged positively, especially in Württemberg, which is evident in the naming of churches after his person.

From a radical pietist perspective, Gottfried Arnold criticized the reformer's involvement in political tasks a century later:

“How theology so often got involved in political offices / yes in the highest positions of honor by hope and otherwise / is known from many examples. The old Joh. Brentius was at the same time provost and (d) also secret advice to Hertzog von Würtenberg. "

- Gottfried Arnold : Unparty Church and Heretic History Volume II, p. 180 (1689)

Martin Brecht judges that Brenz has largely incapacitated the parishes through his church ordinance, for example in filling positions or in questions of church discipline . Approaches to presbyterial structures have been prevented.

Works (selection)

  • Martin Brecht, Gerhard Schäfer (Ed.): Early writings . Vol. 1. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1970, ISBN 3-16-135091-X
  • Martin Brecht, Gerhard Schäfer (Hrsg.): Frühschriften Vol. 2, Scriptural interpretations: Interpretation of the prophet Daniel . Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1972.
  • Martin Brecht, Hermann Ehmer (ed.): Confessio Virtembergica. The Württemberg confession of 1552 in Latin and German. Hänssler, Holzgerlingen 1999, ISBN 978-3-7751-3413-2 .
  • Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (Ed.): The Protestant Church Orders of the XVI. Century . Founded by Emil Sehling . Volume 16: Baden-Württemberg II: Württemberg, Baden et al. Tübingen 2004.
  • Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (Ed.): The Protestant Church Orders of the XVI. Century . Volume 17/1: Baden-Württemberg III / IV, Tübingen 2007.
  • Heidelberg Academy of Sciences (Ed.): The Protestant Church Orders of the XVI. Century . Volume 17/2: Imperial Cities, Tübingen 2009.

Literature (selection)

Web links

Commons : Johannes Brenz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joachim Wild: The bones of Johannes Brenz et al. 2001, p. 206 : “This picture was ... verifiably painted only 14 years after the death of Johannes Brenz, but it shows so many similarities with the skull from chamber B in a striking way that it can be certified as being of photo quality. One must assume that a sketch, another painting or a death mask made during the Reformer's lifetime existed. "
  2. ↑ Cf. Karl-Heinz zur Mühlen: Martin Luther's Heidelberg Disputation of April 26, 1518. Program and effect , in: Wilhelm Doerr (Ed.): Semper Apertus. Six Hundred Years Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 1386-1803, Vol. 1, Middle Ages and Early Modern Times , Berlin et al. 1985, pp. 188-212. On Johannes Brenz in particular p. 200f.
  3. ↑ a b c d Brenz, Johannes. In: Württemberg Church History online. Retrieved on July 16, 2018 (The year of ordination is also given in the literature as 1523. It is not documented where the ordination took place, in the literature Speyer, Würzburg and Weil der Stadt are named.).
  4. ↑ a b c d Christoph Weismann: Johannes Brenz and the Reformation in Schwäbisch Hall. Retrieved July 16, 2018 .
  5. ↑ ID 111215409208. In: Database building research / restoration. Baden-Württemberg State Monument Preservation, accessed on July 16, 2018 .
  6. ^ Christoph Weismann: Johannes Brenz . S. 40 .
  7. ^ Christoph Weismann: Johannes Brenz . S. 42 .
  8. ^ Christoph Weismann: Johannes Brenz and the Reformation in Schwäbisch Hall .
  9. ↑ Wolfgang Kaps: Ottheinrich von Pfalz-Neuburg and the Reformation in his principality and in the Electoral Palatinate First Counter-Reformation - continuation of the Reformation also under his successors Wolfgang von Pfalz-Zweibrücken and Philipp Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg. Historic Association Neuburg / Thu - Castle Museum Neuburg / Thu Ottheinrich carpeted carpet from Pfalz-Neuburg. As of August 2017, accessed on July 16, 2018 [1]
  10. ↑ Ferdinand Friedrich Öchsle (Ed.): History of the Peasant War in the Swabian-Franconian Gränzlanden. Taken from manuscripts, mostly archival sources. Heilbronn 1844, p. 446 .
  11. ↑ Gottfried Seebaß: An sint persequendi haeretici? S. 283-284 .
  12. ↑ Gottfried Seebaß: An sin persequendi haeretici? S. 327 .
  13. ^ Andreas Maisch: Three women in the age of the Reformation: Sibilla Egen, Anna Büschler, Margarethe Brenz . In: Anne-Kathrin Kruse, Frank Zeeb (ed.): Places of the Reformation: Schwäbisch Hall . Leipzig 2013, p. 37 .
  14. ^ Christoph Weismann: Johannes Brenz . S. 39 .
  15. ^ Martin Brecht: Johannes Brenz: Stiftspropst, preacher, reformer of Württemberg and councilor of Duke Christophs .
  16. ↑ Joachim Wahl: The bones of the reformer . S. 175-176 .
  17. ↑ Joachim Wahl: The bones of the reformer . S. 174-175 .
  18. ^ Johann Wilhelm Camerer: Johannes Brenz the Württemberg reformer . S. 16 .
  19. ^ Johann Wilhelm Camerer: Johannes Brenz the Württemberg reformer . S. 46 .
  20. ^ Carl Friedrich Haug: Communications from his life and from his estate, printed as a manuscript for relatives and friends . Edited by Karl Riecke , Stuttgart. Printed by IB Metzler'schen Buchdruckerei in 1869.
  21. ↑ great-great-grandson of Oskar von Bülow and his wife Sophie, née Haug; Evidence: Tribe Conradi and family stories from the estate of Carl Friedrich Haug, edited by Karl Riecke . With the picture of Haug and 5 family tables. Stuttgart. Printing and publishing by W. Kohlhammer. 1886. p. 112.
  22. ↑ is a descendant of the Bible writer Johann Albrecht Bengel and thus also of the reformer Johannes Brenz. Hermann Ehmer:  SÜSKIND, Friedrich Gottlieb. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 11, Bautz, Herzberg 1996, ISBN 3-88309-064-6 , Sp. 208-209.  ( Article / beginning of article in Internet archive )
  23. ^ Christoph Weismann: Church Father Brenz . In: Isabella Fehle (Ed.): Johannes Brenz 1499–1570. Preacher - reformer - politician . Schwäbisch Hall 1999, ISBN 3-9805483-0-9 , pp. 180-193, here pp. 183 f; Adolf Rentschler: On the family history of the reformer Johannes Brenz . Tübingen 1921.
  24. ↑ evangelisch-in-hohenlohe.de: SHA-Johannes-Brenz ( Memento from July 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Internet archive.
  25. ↑ Evangelical parish Fellbach: Churches of the community. Retrieved July 17, 2018 .
  26. ↑ Evangelical parish of Stuttgard-Nord: Churches. Retrieved July 17, 2018 .
  27. ↑ Johannes Brenz School. Retrieved July 17, 2018 .
  28. ^ Martin Brecht: Johannes Brenz: Stiftspropst, preacher, reformer of Württemberg and councilor of Duke Christophs .
personal data
SURNAME Brenz, Johannes
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Ulricus encaustius; Huldreich Engster; John Whiting
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German reformer and Protestant theologian
DATE OF BIRTH June 24, 1499
PLACE OF BIRTH Because of the city
DATE OF DEATH September 11, 1570
Place of death Stuttgart