Gavrilo Princip

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Gavrilo Princip while in custody in Theresienstadt

Gavrilo Princip ( pronunciation : [ ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsip ], Serbian - Cyrillic Гаврило Принцип ; born July 13 . Jul / 25. July  1894 greg. In Obljaj , Bosnia Vilayet ; † 28. April 1918 in Theresienstadt , Bohemia , Austria-Hungary , today Czech Republic ) was a Bosnian - Serb nationalist assassin who committed the assassination attempt on the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo . This triggered the July crisis that led to the First World War .

Princip was a member of the Mlada Bosna ( Young Bosnia ), a revolutionary , nationalist secret society of schoolchildren and students that was active in Bosnia-Herzegovina , annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 . In Yugoslavia and Serbia he was or is still partly a popular hero .

Life

Gavrilo Princip's parents (1927)
Reconstructed birth house in Obljaj

Princip came from a family of Bosnian Serbs who had settled in Bosanska Krajina , the borderland between Bosnia and Croatia , for generations . Therefore he had the Bosnian-Herzegovinian nationality introduced in 1910. Princip was born in the village of Obljaj, now a district of Bosansko Grahovo , and spent part of his youth in Hadžići in central Bosnia , a suburb of Sarajevo, where his parents had met. He was one of nine children of a postal worker , six of whom died in childhood. Gavrilo, too, had always been small and frail. His older brothers were Jovo, who later owned a sawmill and wood exporter in Hadžići, and Nikola Princip. Jovo became the patriarch of the family who looked after the others, and so the youngest brother, Gavrilo, came to him in Hadžići. Jovo later named one of his sons after his late brother Gavrilo.

Princip was considered intelligent and drew attention to himself in school with good performance. Although the father was against his son's education, Gavrilo attended a commercial school in Tuzla after primary school and then a high school in Sarajevo. In Hadžići he came into contact for the first time with members of the Serbian irredentist school and student movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia) , to which Bosnian Serbs , Croats and Muslims belonged, and became their member. Its aim was to free Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Austro-Hungarian occupation , to enable the merger of the southern Slavic provinces with Serbia and Montenegro and the associated formation of Yugoslavia , as well as educational opportunities for the poor and political and economic inclusion in the Austrian quasi Reach colony of Bosnia-Herzegovina. In February 1912 he took part in anti-government demonstrations in Sarajevo and was expelled from school.

Gavrilo Princip as a teenager (1910s)

In May 1912 he moved to Belgrade to attend high school and then study. At first he made a living as an unskilled laborer and paved streets because he shared the poor support he received from his parents with poor friends. Here he came into the environment of the Serbian nationalist organization Narodna Odbrana . Members of the organization gave him and his young fellow assassins - Nedeljko Čabrinović, a 19-year-old printer's journeyman, and Trifko Grabež, an 18-year-old school dropout - a material and emotional support. The young people became intoxicated with the national myth that the Serbs had always been the victims of foreign machinations since their heroic defeat on the Amselfeld in 1389 . They transferred this to the Austria of the present: According to this, the Viennese authorities would keep the Serbs economically small in their domain. During this time, Princip learned Petrović-Njegoš ' epic Bergkranz by heart about the heroic defensive struggle against the Turks in the late Middle Ages, in which the Serbian national hero Miloš Obilić stabbed the Turkish sultan Murad I. Princip and his friends saw her model also in Bogdan Zerajic that on June 15, 1910 after a failed assassination attempt on the country's head of Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina Marijan Varešanin suicide had committed, and talked often to his grave on. Princip's ideal was Yugoslavism : the unification of all southern Slavs in a separate state. During his trial he declared: “I am a Yugoslav nationalist with the aim of unifying all Yugoslavs, I don't care what form of government is, but it must be liberated from Austria.” But it was a matter of course for him that the capital of this Yugoslavia Belgrade and the Serbs in it would be the dominant element.

The Serbian officer and management cadre of the secret organization “ Black Hand ” ( Crna ruka , also Ujedinjenje ili Smrt!, “Unification or death!”), Vojislav Tankosić , took care of him. At the beginning of the First Balkan War , Princip traveled to Prokuplje in southern Serbia in October 1912 , where he wanted to volunteer as a Chetnik . He intended to free the blackbird field , the mythical cradle of Serbia, from the rule of the Ottomans , but his friend Major Vojislav Tankosić, the commanding Chetnik, rejected him as unfit because of his weak constitution . Principal was probably already suffering from bone tuberculosis , a disease from which he would die six years later. As a substitute for the humiliation of his military unfit, he began to forge assassination plans.

Assassination attempt in Sarajevo

When Princip learned in March 1914 that Franz Ferdinand was going to visit Sarajevo following the summer maneuvers that the Austro-Hungarian Army planned to carry out in Bosnia, he decided to make an assassination attempt. Terrorist attacks on high-ranking personalities were not uncommon in this epoch: The Russian Tsar Alexander II (1881), Franz Ferdinand's aunt Elisabeth of Austria-Hungary (1898) and the American President William McKinley (1901) were victims of attacks (see also list of known assassinations ). Princip persuaded his friends Čabrinović and Grabež to join in; During his interrogations and during the trial, he insisted that the attack was his only idea. Why he chose the Archduke as a sacrifice is controversial. Gunnar Hering assumes that they saw Franz Ferdinand as an advocate of a hard line, whereas after Christopher Clark they feared that as emperor he would carry out structural reforms in the sense of trialism that would thwart their plans: a merger of Croatia, Bosnia and Dalmatia into one independent, third part of the empire of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy would have eroded the project of uniting all Serbs in a separate state. There is also the thesis that Princip erroneously assumed that the maneuvers served an Austria-Hungary attack on Serbia, which he wanted to prevent.

Princip shoots Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Depiction of an unknown Austrian newspaper illustrator from 1914.
Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie died in this car ( Heeresgeschichtliches Museum Wien).
Bullet hole of the bullet that hit Sophie Duchess von Hohenberg.

Milan Ciganović became the chief officer of the juvenile conspirators. Ciganović was under Tankosić; Tankosić supported Princip and his friends (as he later said to get Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić in trouble). The head of the Serbian military secret service Dragutin Dimitrijević , a leading member of the Black Hand, said in 1915 that Tankosić had told him about Princip's plans, whereupon he decided to "give him a chance". Afterwards he wanted to have the assassination carried out by more professional men, but Princip no longer allowed himself to be stopped.

Princip, Čabrinović and Grabež were trained for the attack in Belgrade. Princip was considered the best shooter among them. In Belgrade they received four FN Model 1910 pistols, six bombs and vials with cyanide . The head of the secret service, Dimitrijević, instructed them to kill themselves after the attack so that they could not provide any incriminating information about their Serbian backers. Since all three were suffering from tuberculosis and knew that they would not have much longer to live, they agreed. From May 26th to June 4th, the conspirators traveled back to Sarajevo on sometimes adventurous routes, Serbian customs officers enabled them to cross the border into Bosnia uncontrolled. On the way they were hidden by Serbian compatriots, to whom Princip showed his pistol and stated his order, which later earned the listeners long prison sentences.

In Sarajevo, the conspirators Danilo Ilić joined, a 23-year-old teacher , the three other members recruited, Vaso Čubrilović and Cvetko Popović, two 17-year-old high school students, and Muhamed Mehmedbasic, a 27-year-old Muslim Serbs, who by profession carpenter was . All four were unsuitable for violent actions and were not active in the attack. Their purpose was apparently only to set the wrong track and to cover up the traces of the real assassins. Ilić tried in vain to prevent Princip from carrying out the assassination attempt, which he considered inexpedient.

Other members of Mlada Bosna who did not appear directly or armed were also involved in the conspiracy: Veljko Čubrilović, Vaso's brother and teacher from Priboj , Miško Jovanović, businessman and bank director , Mladen Stojaković, a doctor and later a folk hero in World War II Brother Sreten, sculptor ; Jezdimir Dangić, Lieutenant Colonel of the Gendarmerie and later Chetnik Vojwode, Mitar Kerović and his son Neđa, and Jakov Milović, a farmer from Eastern Bosnia. Princip lived in Sarajevo at Oprkanj 3, a few hundred meters from the site of the attack. Ilić was born and raised on this street, which is why it was named after him after the war until 1993.

The assassination attempt that the group had deliberately placed on June 28, 1914, the Vidovdan , on which the Serbs traditionally commemorate the Battle of the Blackbird Field, was chaotic. A first bomb throw by Čabrinović failed, as did his attempt to poison himself. Approaching cars prevented Princip from shooting his friend. Shortly before eleven o'clock in the morning, Princip was surprised to see the car with the Archduke, who had deviated from the originally planned route, stop near him. He drew his pistol and shot Franz Ferdinand and his wife from a meter and a half away. The Duchess was shot in the abdomen , which ruptured the abdominal aorta , and the other bullet ripped through her husband's jugular vein . Both were still bleeding to death in the car, which sped away at great speed. Princip's attempt to commit suicide failed: he vomited up the poison he had swallowed; Passers-by held him and beat him with their walking sticks. The police called in prevented a possible lynching and took Princip into custody.

Trial, imprisonment and death

In pre-trial detention, Princip initially presented himself as a lone perpetrator, but after Čabrinović's partial admission, he had to admit that he had planned the attack together with him. They were able to leave the investigating judge in the dark about their co-conspirators and backers, as both agreed to make statements with each other via secret knocking signals. Princip was not ill-treated or threatened with torture during the interrogations . It was not until Ilić's arrest that the conspiracy was uncovered, including Tankosić's entanglement; The continued joint responsibility of the Serbian authorities in the assassination remained unknown because of Princip's and Čabrinović's sophisticated strategy of deliberate concealment.

In the trial, which lasted from October 12 to 23, 1914, Princip acknowledged his ideals and the idea of tyrannicide ; he merely regretted having shot the duchess. His goal was the destruction of the Habsburg monarchy , which would stand in the way of a union of all South Slav peoples. Since Princip was not yet 20 years old at the time of the act, he could not be sentenced to death under Austrian law . This was preceded by a misunderstanding based on a typo. At birth, the clerk mistakenly entered “June” in Princip's birth certificate , but entered the correct date (July) in the church books. The public prosecutor had demanded the death penalty for Princip because, according to the official birth certificate, he would have been exactly 20 years and 15 days old at the time of the crime. However, the court followed the information in the church documents and dismissed the prosecutor's request. Princip was sentenced to twenty years of hard labor in the Small Fortress Theresienstadt .

Numerous family members of Princips, including his brothers Jovo and Nikola, were arrested after the assassination attempt on suspicion of complicity. However, the family is now of the opinion that none of the relatives at the time were privy to Gavrilo Princip's plan. The brothers were for some time in a camp in Arad in what is now Romania .

Princip's cell in Theresienstadt

In Theresienstadt, Princip was held in solitary confinement in a very narrow, damp, dark cell, was constantly chained until 1916 and was not even allowed to receive relatives as visitors. As a result of the prison conditions, Princip's health deteriorated. He tried several times to kill himself. One of his arms had to be amputated. Finally, on April 28, 1918, he died of tuberculosis in the prison hospital. The following lines were found in his cell after his death, which he had scratched into the wall with the handle of a spoon: "Our spirits sneak through Vienna and whisper through the palaces and make the gentlemen tremble".

Princip's body was buried anonymously in Theresienstadt. According to Vladimir Dedijer , František Löbl, an Austrian soldier of Czech nationality, found the grave and received orders with four comrades to bury Princip in the local Catholic cemetery and to keep the grave site secret. Löbl made a sketch of the location of the grave and sent it to his father to be on the safe side. After the war, Löbl identified the grave site. On June 9, 1920, the bones were exhumed and reburied with those of other dead conspirators in the Koševo cemetery in Sarajevo. Today there is a memorial inscription for Princip and other Mlada Bosna members on a chapel.

Aftermath

Monument to Princip in Istočno Sarajevo (2016)

After the First World War, the assassins from Sarajevo were already considered heroes in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which was founded four years after the attack. During the Second World War , Princip's brother Nikola, at that time a doctor, was shot dead by the Croatian- fascist Ustasha , allegedly only because he was named Princip. A cult of principle arose in the SFRY , although the state preferred socialist heroes. Princip's interpretation as a Yugoslav folk hero can be inferred from a speech by Borko Vukobrat, a Bosnian communist, on the occasion of the unveiling of a plaque in honor of Princip in Sarajevo on May 7, 1945, in which he praised him as "the seed from which many folk heroes sprout": The Partisans from Tito's People 's Liberation Army , "inspired by the idea of ​​Gavrilo Princip and his comrades from 'Mlada Bosna'", would have "liberated our dear city again, indeed our whole homeland. The ideas for which Princip fought were realized ”.

In today's Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Republika Srpska in the cities of Banja Luka , Bijeljina , Modriča , Pale , Gradiška , Teslić , Višegrad and Derventa streets are named after Princip. One day before the 100th anniversary of the attack, Bosnian-Serbian leaders unveiled a monument to Princip in East Sarajevo on June 27, 2014 . It was financed by the Bosnian Republika Srpska, the Republic of Serbia and the filmmaker Emir Kusturica , who wants to set up another Princip monument in the coastal village he is planning. On June 28, 2015, the 101st anniversary of the attack, a monument to Princip was unveiled in downtown Belgrade in the financial park near the government district.

Princip is regarded by the Serbs as an independently acting Bosnian revolutionary, his connections to the Belgrade secret service and the Black Hand are denied: "Otherwise Serbia would have been complicit in the outbreak of the First World War", as the German journalist Michael Thumann notes. In the Bosniak-Croatian part of the country and in Croatia, however, people mostly distance themselves from this transfiguration. Here Princip is seen more as a terrorist , as Serbia's tool to expand its own territory.

In 1990 Princips Leben was filmed under the title "Gavre Princip - Heaven under Stones" by the Austrian director Peter Patzak .

The historical significance of Princip depends on the respective answer to the question of war guilt . If one assumes that the German Reich sought war in order to free itself from its assumed grip by the Triple Entente or to dare to “reach for world power” ( Fritz Fischer ), Princip only plays the insignificant role of providing an occasion that could have been someone else with the same result. If, on the other hand, one believes that the world war was not due to intentions but to a chain of unfortunate circumstances, its significance becomes much greater. In this sense, the American psychologist Steven Pinker describes Princip as “the most important person of the 20th century”.

On November 11, 2018, on the occasion of the hundredth anniversary of the end of the war, Anita Hohenberg, a great-granddaughter of Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and Branislav Princip, a great-nephew of Gavrilo Princip, met in Graz for a " gesture of peace".

literature

  • Tim Butcher : The Trigger. Hunting the Assassin who Brought the World to War. Chatto & WindusLondon, London 2014, ISBN 978-0-7011-8794-1 .
  • Vladimir Dedijer : The Road to Sarajevo. Simon & Schuster, New York 1966. German: Die Zeitbombe - Sarajewo 1914 , transferred by Tibor Simányi , Europa-Verlag, Vienna 1967.
  • G. Hering: Princip, Gavrilo . In: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 3. Munich 1979, pp. 483-485.
  • Husnija Kamberović: Ubojstvo Franza Ferdinanda u Sarajevu 1914. - devedeset godina poslije . In: Prilozi (Contributions) . 34, 2005, pp. 13-22.
  • Albert Mousset: L'attentat de Sarajevo: un drame historique: documents inédits et texte intégral des sténogrammes du procès. Ed. Payot, 1930, (686 pages).
  • Martin Pappenheim : Gavrilo Princips Confessions. A historical contribution to the history of the attack in Sarajevo. Two Princips manuscripts. Notes by his prison psychiatrist Pappenheim from conversations from February to June 1916 about the assassination attempt, Princip's life and his political and social views. R. Lechner & Sohn on commission, Vienna 1926.
  • Arnold Suppan:  Princip Gavrilo. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 8, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-7001-0187-2 , p. 282 f. (Direct links on p. 282 , p. 283 ).

Web links

Commons : Gavrilo Princip  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ^ David Fromkin : Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 154; Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 80 (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Adelheid Wölfl: Meeting with Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. In: Der Standard , July 27, 2013, supplement album , p. A3.
  3. ^ Gunnar Hering : Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe. Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 483.
  4. ↑ Dennison Rusinov: The Yugoslav Idea before Yugoslavia. In: Dejan Djokić (ed.): Yugoslavism. Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918-1992 . London 2003, p. 24.
  5. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath, Felix von Schröder (Hrsg.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe. Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, Volume 3, p. 483.
  6. ↑ Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 81 ff . (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  7. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 483.
  8. ^ Noel Malcolm: Bosnia: A Short History . New York University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-8147-5561-7 , p. 153.
  9. ↑ Michael Martens: The assassination attempt in Sarajevo. War hawks on the rise , faz.net from June 28, 2014, accessed July 1, 2014.
  10. ↑ Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 81–84 (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz). ; Michael Thumann : Cult of a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  11. ↑ Michael Thumann: Cult about a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  12. ↑ John Keegan : The First World War. A European tragedy . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2001, p. 80.
  13. ^ David Fromkin : Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 155.
  14. ^ Gunnar Hering : Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 483.
  15. ↑ Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 80 f . (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  16. ^ David Fromkin: Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 155 f.
  17. ^ David Fromkin: Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 157.
  18. ^ David Fromkin: Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 160 f .; Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 85 ff . (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  19. ↑ Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 8 (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  20. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 484.
  21. ^ David Fromkin: Europe's last summer. The seemingly peaceful weeks before the First World War . Karl Blessing, Munich 2005, p. 171 f .; Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 480–485 (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  22. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 484.
  23. ↑ Christopher Clark : The Sleepwalkers: How Europe moved into the First World War . 1st edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-421-04359-7 , pp. 492–498 (English: The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914. Translated by Norbert Juraschitz).
  24. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 484.
  25. ^ Gunnar Hering: Princip, Gavrilo. In: Matthias Bernath and Felix von Schröder (eds.): Biographical lexicon for the history of Southeast Europe . Oldenbourg, Munich 1978, vol. 3, p. 484.
  26. ↑ Michael Thumann: Cult about a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  27. ↑ Vladimir Dedijer : The Time Bomb - Sarajewo 1914 , Europa-Verlag, Vienna 1967, p. 668.
  28. ↑ Vladimir Dedijer: The Time Bomb - Sarajewo 1914 , Europa-Verlag, Vienna 1967, p. 668.
  29. ↑ Michael Thumann: Cult about a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  30. ↑ Kamberović, p. 14.
  31. ↑ Serbs erect memorial for Sarajevo assassins. In: Spiegel Online from June 27, 2014 (accessed June 27, 2014).
  32. ↑ A memorial for the assassin ( memento from June 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) at: Tagesschau.de , June 28, 2015, accessed on June 28, 2015.
  33. ↑ Michael Thumann: Cult about a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  34. ↑ Michael Thumann: Cult about a murderer . In: Die Zeit from June 26, 2014, p. 16.
  35. ↑ Gavre Princip - Heaven under stones. Internet Movie Database , accessed June 10, 2015 .
  36. ↑ Quoted from Herfried Münkler : The Great War. The world 1914–1918 . Rowohlt, Berlin 2013, p. 29.
  37. ↑ The GESTURE OF PEACE - HANDSHAKE 4 PEACE - APORON 21. Accessed on May 14, 2019 (German).
personal data
SURNAME Princip, Gavrilo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Princip, Gavre; Принцип, Гаврило (Cyrillic script)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bosnian-Serb independence fighter, assassin Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Este
DATE OF BIRTH July 25, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Obljaj near Bosansko Grahovo , Bosnia
DATE OF DEATH April 28, 1918
Place of death Theresienstadt , Bohemia