List of known assassinations

The list of known attacks lists attacks on individual persons in chronological order.

antiquity

Antiquity before Christ

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
680 BC Chr.	Sennacherib	King of Assyria			On January 16, 680 BC In the course of a power struggle, the Assyrian king Sennacherib was killed by one or two of his sons. There are different traditions regarding the perpetrators and the course of events. According to the biblical tradition, he was murdered by his sons Adrammelech (also called Urdu-Mulissu ) and Sarezer, who fled to Urartu after the crime . It is also possible that his youngest son and successor Asarhaddon was involved in the act.
514 BC Chr.	Hipparchus	Tyrant of Athens	Harmodios and Aristogeiton	Athens	In 514 BC Chr. Harmodios and Aristogeiton murdered the tyrant Hipparchus. A short time later, after the overthrow of Hipparchus' brother, the tyrant Hippias, in 510 BC. They were venerated as murderers of tyrants and later as champions of Attic democracy . In fact, their act was probably not based on political motives , but rather - as Herodotus and Thucydides handed down - personal motives in connection with homoerotic relationships between the participants.
336 BC Chr.	Philip II	King of Macedonia	Pausanias	Aigai	In the summer of 336 BC During the wedding of his daughter Cleopatra to the Molossian prince Alexander von Epeiros , the Macedonian king Philip II was murdered by his bodyguard Pausanias. There are different views on the background to the fact. The oldest traditions of Aristotle and Diodorus name personal motives in connection with a satisfaction not granted by Philip for an abuse suffered by the military leader Attalus . There is also speculation about instigation by Philip's wife Olympias and his son Alexander . But there were also many other people and groups who could have had an interest in Philip's death.
227 BC Chr.	Ying Zheng (Qin Shihuangdi)	King of Qin , Emperor of China	Jing Ke	Qin	In 227 BC Jing Ke from Wei State was hired by a close friend of Ying Zheng, Prince Dan of Yan , to assassinate Ying Zheng, the then king of Qin. The prince and his father, King Xi von Yan, feared the annexation of Yan by Ying Zheng and his vast army (which also happened in 222 BC). A disgraced Qin general named Fan Yuqi sacrificed himself to give Jing Ke access to the king by handing over his head. The assassination attempt failed, however: Jing Ke was overwhelmed when he drew his dagger and stabbed the king, and was executed.
221 BC Chr.	Hasdrubal	Carthaginian general		New Carthage, now Cartagena	In 221 BC The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal the Fair was probably murdered by an Iberian slave in his palace in the city of "New Carthage" which he founded . Titus Livius narrates vengeance as a motif for the previous killing of his former master, the Celtic king Tago , by Hasdrubal.
133 BC Chr.	Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus	Roman tribune	Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio (leader)	Rome	In the middle of 133 BC In BC political opponents of the tribune Gracchus stormed a popular assembly under the leadership of his cousin Scipio Nasica and killed Gracchus and about 300 of his followers. The immediate motive for the act was the intention of the Gracchus to be re-elected as a tribune by the popular assembly, contrary to the Roman constitution, which excluded direct re-election. The actual background was the dispute between optimates and populars about the Gracchian reform .
91 BC Chr.	Marcus Livius Drusus	Roman tribune	Quintus Servilius Caepio (alleged perpetrator)	Rome	In 91 BC The tribune of the people Marcus Livius Drusus was murdered because of a bill to grant citizenship to the allies. His brother-in-law, Quintus Servilius Caepio, who was presumably praetor that year, was suspected of the act . The murder of Drusus led to the outbreak of the alliance war .
72 BC Chr.	Quintus Sertorius	Leader of the Lusitanians	Marcus Perperna	Huesca	In 72 BC The former Roman general and politician and leader of the Lusitanians fell victim to a conspiracy of his officers under the leadership of his deputy Perperna. Perperna and other officers murdered Sertorius during a feast in Perperna's villa in Osca. The background to this was a power struggle between Sertorius and Perperna over the leadership of the "special empire" on the Iberian peninsula that Sertorius had built and was largely independent of Rome .
52 BC Chr.	Publius Clodius Pulcher	Roman tribune	Titus Annius Milo	Via Appia at Bovillae	On January 18, 52 BC The people's tribune and candidate for the office of consul Clodius was slain by Milo and his supporters in a violent, politically motivated conflict near Bovillae on the Via Appia. The background was power struggles at the end of the Roman Republic .
44 BC Chr.	Gaius Julius Caesar	Roman dictator	Marcus Junius Brutus , Gaius Cassius Longinus and other conspirators	Rome	On March 15, 44 BC The Roman dictator Caesar was murdered by a group of senators around Brutus and Cassius during a senate session in the theater of Pompeius with 23 dagger stabs. The motive for the act was the fear of numerous senators that Caesar, who had recently been appointed "dictator for life", was striving for royal dignity.
41 BC Chr.	Arsinoë IV.	Egyptian Pharaoh	Mark Antony	Ephesus	In the year 41 BC In BC Cleopatra had her sister Arsinoe murdered by her lover, the Roman general and triumvir Marcus Antonius, in her exile in the temple of Artemis in Ephesus . The motive for the act was that Cleopatra feared her sister, who had already been elevated to the rank of anti-queen during the Alexandrian War , as a potential opponent.

Antiquity after Christ

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
41	Caligula	Roman emperor	Cassius Chaerea	Rome	On January 24, 41, the Roman emperor Caligula fell victim to a conspiracy. The mastermind behind the conspiracy was the military tribune of the Praetorian Guard Cassius Chaerea. The specific motive for the act was probably the regular humiliation of Chaerea by Caligula. In addition, following a power struggle between Caligula and the Senate and his increasing tyranny, the conspiracy also found ample support, especially among the patricians .
96	Domitian	Roman emperor	Flavius ​​Stephanus	Rome	The Roman emperor Domitian was stabbed to death on September 18, 96 by Flavius ​​Stephanus, a freedman and procurator of his niece Flavia Domitilla , in his bedroom. Stephanus was supported by Domitian's valet Parthenios and his freedman Maximus. It is unclear who, besides the people directly involved, also belonged to the circle of conspirators. The background to the act was the increasingly suspicious and brutal action by Domitian, even against his closest circle. In addition, the act took place with the approval of the Senate, which Domitian had largely disempowered.
192	Commodus	Roman emperor	Narcissus	Rome	On December 31, 192, the Roman Emperor Commodus was strangled in his bath by the athlete Narcissus in the course of an extensive conspiracy with the participation of his concubine Marcia . The exact motives are unclear.
217	Caracalla	Roman emperor	Iulius Martialis	Carrhae	The Roman emperor Caracalla fell victim to a conspiracy of the Praetorian prefect Macrinus on April 8, 217 . Macrinus saw his life in acute danger of death due to a rumor, probably spread by opponents or envious people, that a prophecy had promised him the imperial dignity, since Caracalla was very suspicious and always suspected conspiracies. Therefore, he instigated Caracalla's bodyguard, Iulius Martialis, to murder Caracalla during his march through Mesopotamia . When Caracalla stepped away from his bodyguard to urinate on the way from Edessa to Carrhae, Martialis took the opportunity to kill him.
268	Gallienus	Roman emperor	Claudius Gothicus , Aurelian and other co-conspirators	Milan	The Roman emperor Gallienus was murdered near Milan in 268 at the instigation of a clique of officers around Claudius Gothicus and Aurelian. Gallienus, who was at war with the Goths , had gone to Milan to put down a revolt by his equestrian general Aureolus . Gothicus and Aurelian had already put an end to the revolt of Aureolus when Gallienus arrived, but now turned against the emperor and had him murdered. Gothicus succeeded Gallienus.
275	Aurelian	Roman emperor		Caenophrurium near Byzantium	In 275 the Roman Emperor Aurelian was stabbed to death while preparing a campaign against the Sassanids in Mesopotamia. His private secretary Eros is considered a mastermind. The motive was probably Aurelian's fight against corruption .
337	Julius Constantius , Flavius ​​Dalmatius , Dalmatius , Hannibalianus and others	Family members of the late Emperor Constantine the Great			Several close relatives of Emperor Constantine were murdered by high-ranking officers after his death in order to secure the succession of his three sons Constantine II , Constans and Constantius II . Among the victims were the half-brothers of the late emperor Julius Constantius and Flavius ​​Dalmatius, as well as six nephews of the emperor, including Dalmatius and Hannibalianus. It is not clear who ordered the murders. Several opponents of the Emperor Constantius II, including Athanasius the Great and Julian , accused him of being responsible for the murder of his relatives. In contrast, Eusebius of Caesarea and Gregor of Nazianz, for example, took the view that the officers acted on their own initiative.
454	Flavius ​​Aëtius	Western Roman army master	Valentinian III.	Rome	On September 21 or 22, 454, during an audience on the Palatine Hill in Rome, the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian personally killed his master Aëtius on the pretext that he was betraying him. The motive for the act was that the emperor saw no other way to free himself from the dominance of the overpowering but demonstratively loyal army master. In addition to Aëtius, his confidante, the Praetorian prefect Boethius was killed. The immediate result of the act was the separation of Dalmatia from the Western Roman Empire under the leadership of Marcellinus , a confidante of Aëtius, and the assassination of Valentinian a year later.
455	Valentinian III.	Western Roman Emperor		Rome	On March 16, 455, two former followers of the army master Flavius ​​Aëtius killed the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III when he wanted to attend a military exercise in Rome. This was obviously done out of revenge, because Valentinian had killed the overpowering Flavius ​​Aëtius with his own hands the previous year.
456	Ankō	Japanese emperor	Mayowa no Ōkimi		The Japanese Emperor Ankō was murdered by his stepson Prince Mayowa, whose biological father, Prince Okusaka, the emperor accidentally killed.
493	Odoacer	King of Italy	Theodoric	Ravenna	The Italian King Odoacer was murdered by the Ostrogothic King Theodoric himself on March 15, 493 at his court. The official motive was personal revenge, but in fact power-political reasons were in the foreground. Odoacer had previously renounced the Western Roman imperial dignity, but extended his Italian kingdom to Dalmatia at the expense of the Eastern Roman Empire , which is why the Eastern Roman emperor had supported the Ostrogoths in their fight against him.
535	Amalasuntha	Ostrogothic queen	Theodahad (mastermind)	Isola Martana in Lake Bolsena	On April 30, 535, the Ostrogoth king Theodahad had his cousin Amalasuntha strangled in the bath after her imprisonment on the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena. Amalasuntha, daughter of King Theodoric the Great , had made Theodahad co-regent a year earlier after her son Athalaric , for whom she had ruled, had died. However, this overthrew them and had them eliminated.
592	Sushun	Japanese emperor	Yamato no Aya no Ataikoma		The Japanese emperor Sushun was murdered by the courtier Yamato no Aya no Ataikoma on the instructions of his uncle, the powerful noble Soga no Umako . Sushun had come to the throne through the support of the powerful Soga clan, but later felt their superiority as a hindrance and therefore wanted to overthrow the then reigning Ōomi of the Soga clan, Soga no Umako. This was prevented by the attack.

middle Ages

6th to 12th century

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
644	Umar ibn al-Khattab	2nd caliph	Piruz Nahavandi	Mecca	On November 3, 644, the caliph Umar was fatally wounded by the enslaved Persian army member Piruz Nahavandi during the Hajj in Mecca with six stitches and died four days later. Several advisers to the caliph were behind the act, including the captured Persian satrap Hormuzan as a suspected mastermind . The motive for the act was probably the Islamic conquest of Persia .
656	Uthman ibn Affan	3rd Caliph		Medina	On June 17, 656, the Caliph Uthman was lynched in his palace in Medina in the course of a rebellion by Egyptian rebels. The background was increasing internal tensions and power struggles within the caliphate . So the followers of the widow denied Muhammad Aisha and her son- Ali , the legitimacy of Uthman as caliph, others opposed the favor of Uthman's clan of the Umayyads in filling key positions and others fought against setting an authoritative Koran text by Uthman. The specific trigger of the rebellion in Egypt was the resistance of the population in the garrison town of Fustat against the governor appointed by the caliph. Uthman's assassination ultimately split Islam into Sunnis , Shiites and Kharijites .
661	ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib	4th Caliph , 1st Imam of the Shiites	Ibn Muljam	Kufa	On January 22nd, 661, the caliph Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muldscham, a Kharijite , and died two days later from his injuries. The background to the act was the breakup of Islam into Sunnis , Shiites and Kharijites. At about the same time, the Kharijites also carried out an attack on the Umayyad Muawiya , which, however, failed. Ultimately, he prevailed as the 5th caliph and founded the Sunni Umayyad dynasty.
797	Constantine VI	Eastern Roman emperor		Byzantium	The Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine was captured and blinded by allies of his mother Irene during a power struggle and with her approval . He died of his injuries shortly afterwards. Irene had exercised the reign of her initially underage son for years and could only be ousted from power by him clearly after he came of age.
946	Edmund I.	King of England	Leofa	Pucklechurch	On May 26, 946, the Anglo-Saxon King Edmund was stabbed to death by the exiled criminal Leofa in his hunting lodge in Pucklechurch, South Gloucestershire , while attempting to rescue one of his officers during a scuffle .
969	Nikephorus II.	Eastern Roman emperor	Johannes Tzimiskes	Byzantium	He restricted the generosity of the court and cut the salaries of the clergy. The high taxes and the devaluation of the Byzantine coins damaged his popularity and revolts broke out. His wife Theophanu began an affair with his nephew Johannes Tzimiskes, who murdered him on December 11, 969 in his bedroom.
978	Edward the Martyr	King of England		Wareham	The English King Edward the Martyr was stabbed to death with a dagger on March 18, 978 during a visit to Corfe Castle near Wareham in Dorset . The sources name partly a servant of his stepmother Ælfthryth as the perpetrator , partly his stepmother personally. The background to the act was a power struggle for the English throne between Eduard and his stepmother, who wanted to bring her underage son Æthelred to the throne.
1040	Duncan I.	King of Scotland	Macbeth	Elgin	On August 14, 1040, the Scottish King Duncan was killed by his cousin and army master Macbeth during the Battle of Elgin. The background to the fact was a power struggle for the Scottish throne.
1066	Conan II.	Duke of Brittany	Wilhelm II. (Alleged instigator)	Château-Gontier	The Breton Duke Conan II was poisoned on December 11, 1066. The Duke of Normandy and later King William the Conqueror of England is considered to be the instigator .
1086	Knut IV.	King of Denmark		Odense	The later canonized Danish King Canute IV was murdered on July 10, 1086 together with his brother Benedict because of his repeated interventions in the traditional legal system of the country by an angry crowd in the St. Alban's Church in Odense, which he built.
1092	Nizam al-Mulk	Vizier of the Great Seljuks	Hasan-i Sabbah (alleged mastermind)	Nahavand	According to prevailing tradition, the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk was murdered on October 14, 1092 on the way from Isfahan to Baghdad near the city of Nahavand by an Ismaili assassin sent by Hasan-i Sabbah , who approached his litter disguised as a dervish . The Seljuks had already sent two military expeditions against the increasingly powerful assassins under Hasan-i Sabbah. However, there are other accounts of the course of events and the background to the murder of Nizam al-Mulk.
1098	Thoros	Ruler of Edessa	Baldwin of Boulogne (alleged mastermind)	Edessa	Thoros of Edessa was murdered on March 9, 1098, presumably at the instigation of Baldwin of Boulogne, the later king of Jerusalem . Baldwin had previously been adopted by Thoros and made an inheritance. He became the first Count of Edessa after Thoros' death .
1121	al-Afdal Shahanshah	Vizier of the Fatimids			The vizier al-Afdal was murdered by assassins during the festival of sacrifice in 1121 - probably on behalf of the caliph al-Amir . The motive for the act was probably a power struggle, since under al-Afdal the actual power in the Fatimid Empire lay with the vizier, while the caliph was largely excluded from the government.
1130	Al-Amir	10. Caliph of the Fatimids			The caliph Al-Amir was murdered by assassins on October 7, 1130 . The background to the act were political tensions between the Ishmaelite groups of the Nizarites and Mustalids . These date back to the time after the death of al-Amir's grandfather al-Mustansir in 1094, when the then vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah , bypassing and subsequently murdering the son Nizar, who was actually entrusted to the throne, was his younger brother al-Mustali , the father of al -Amir when caliphs prevailed.
1136	Harald IV.	King of Norway	Sigurd Slembe	Mountains	The Norwegian King Harald was murdered in bed by Sigurd Slembe on December 14, 1136 in Bergen. Ever since Sigurd I's death in 1130, there had been a power struggle in Norway between Magnus IV and Harald IV, which Harald was finally able to win in 1135 in a battle near Bergen. The following year, Sigurd Slembe, a new pretender to the throne, did not succeed in asserting himself against his sons Sigurd II and Inge Krogrygg , despite Harald's murder .
1148	Alfons Jordan of Toulouse	Count of Toulouse and Margrave of Provence	Raymond II of Tripoli (alleged mastermind)	Caesarea	Alfons Jordan was poisoned in Caesarea in April 1148 during the Second Crusade . His great-nephew Raimund II of Tripoli, who feared Alfons Jordan's claims to the county of Tripoli, was most likely behind the deed . However, Eleanor of Aquitaine and Melisende of Jerusalem , the sister-in-law of Raymond II of Tripoli, are also named as possible instigators of the crime.
1170	Thomas Becket	Archbishop of Canterbury	Reginald Fitzurse , William de Tracy , Hugh de Morville, and Richard Brito	Canterbury	Thomas Becket was murdered shortly after his return from exile in France on December 29, 1170 in Canterbury Cathedral by the four knights Reginald Fitzurse, William de Tracy, Hugh de Morville and Richard Brito. The actual trigger for the act was that immediately before his return Becket had excommunicated the bishops of London , York and Salisbury , as they had carried out the coronation of the heir to the throne Richard as the new King of England in his absence and in his place . However, this was preceded by a long-standing dispute with Becket's father, King Henry II , about the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts .
1172	Vitale Michiel II.	38. Doge of Venice	Marco Casolo	Venice	The Doge Vitale II. Michiel was stabbed to death by Marco Casolo on May 28, 1172 near the church of San Zaccaria . It is believed that it was a contract killing, possibly behind the ambassadors of Venice in Constantinople , Sebastiano Ziani and Orio Mastropiero , stood. The background to the act was a disastrously failed punitive expedition by Venice against Constantinople, to which the Venetian councilors had initially urged the Doge, but after its failure wanted to hold him accountable. The attack took place shortly before legal proceedings against the Doge were opened. His successors as the 39th and 40th Doge of Venice were Ziani and Mastropiero.
1183	Alexios II Comnenus	Eastern Roman Emperor	Stephanos Hagiochristophorites , Konstantinus Tripsychos and Theodorus Dadibrenos		The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexios II was strangled with a bowstring by Stephanos Hagiochristophorites, the Hetairiarch Konstantinus Tripsychos and Theodorus Dadibrenos in October 1183 on the orders of his cousin and co-emperor Andronikos Komnenos on the grounds that divided rule was not good for the empire .
1192	Conrad of Montferrat	King of Jerusalem		Tire	King Conrad of Jerusalem was murdered by two assassins on April 28, 1192 on the way home from a visit to the Bishop of Beauvais . There is uncertainty regarding the client and motives.

13th to 15th centuries

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1204	Alexios IV Angelus	Eastern Roman Emperor			The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexios IV was strangled on January 28, 1204, a few days after he was deposed as emperor by Alexios Murtzuphlos . The background was power struggles for the Byzantine throne. Alexios IV had his uncle Alexios III six months earlier with the help of an army of crusaders . expelled and gained power, but could not keep the promises made to the crusaders. Over time there was increasing tension between the Crusaders and the citizens of Constantinople, which Alexios Murtzuphlos knew how to use for himself.
1208	Pierre de Castelnau	Papal Legate	Raimunds VI. of Toulouse (alleged mastermind)	Saint-Gilles	Pierre de Castelnau, legate of Pope Innocent III. , was on January 15, 1208 near the Abbey of Saint-Gilles, where he had previously had a dispute with Raymond VI. von Toulouse had led on the fight against the Cathars classified as heretical , probably murdered by a follower of Raymond. This was preceded by the excommunication of Raimund because of his refusal to give Castelnau the required support in fighting the Cathars. The death of Castelnau triggered the Albigensian Crusade
1208	Philip of Swabia	Roman-German king	Otto VIII von Wittelsbach	Bamberg	The Roman-German King Philip of Swabia was murdered on June 21, 1208 on the occasion of the wedding of his niece to Duke Otto VII of Andechs-Meranien by Otto VIII of Wittelsbach. Otto VIII sought an audience unannounced during the king's midday rest, suddenly drew his sword and fatally injured the king's carotid artery. The motive for the murder was probably the fact that Philipp canceled an engagement between his daughter Beatrix and Otto that had been agreed five years earlier . Although the deed apparently had personal causes, it gained global political importance against the background of the German throne dispute.
1214	St. Albert	Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem		Acre	The Patriarch Albert Avogadro, who later became St. Albert, was stabbed to death on September 14, 1214 in Acre by the Master of the Holy Spirit Hospital of the Order of St. John during a procession on the occasion of the Exaltation of the Cross . Avogadro had previously operated his dishonorable removal. The reasons that prompted the patriarch to do so are unknown.
1225	Engelbert von Berg	Archbishop of Cologne , Imperial Administrator , Duke of Westphalia , Count von Berg	Friedrich von Isenberg	Gevelsberg	The conspirator was slain by his cousin on November 7th in the ravine near Gevelsberg with over forty lashes. He was on the way from a Westphalian princes' convention on November 5th in Soest to Schwelm to consecrate a church there. The motive for the act is said to have been a dispute between his cousin Friedrich and the abbess of the Essen monastery, in which he was supposed to intervene on behalf of the Pope.
1231	Ludwig the Kelheimer	Duke of Bavaria and Count Palatine by the Rhine		Kelheim	Duke Ludwig was murdered on September 15, 1231 on the bridge in the city of Kelheim. The perpetrator (s) and the background to the crime are unknown.
1231	Jalal ad-Din	Khorezm Shah		Diyarbakir	Ad-Din was murdered by a Kurd on August 17, 1231 after several military defeats against the Ayyubids , Rum Seljuks and Mongols while fleeing in Diyarbakir . The perpetrator, not known by name, presumably acted on behalf of the Seljuks.
1249	Friedrich II.	Roman-German Emperor			After an assassination attempt on Emperor Frederick II failed in 1246, members of his court again tried unsuccessfully to poison him in 1249. The background to the act was probably the intense disputes between the emperor and the pope over the balance of power in Italy. The perpetrators and the people behind the crime are not known. Friedrich's Chancellor Petrus de Vinea , who was then blinded and died shortly afterwards, was suspected of complicity . However, it is unclear whether Vinea, who was also considered a personal friend of the emperor, was actually involved in the crime or whether he fell victim to an intrigue.
1250	Turan Shah	Sultan of the Ayyubids	Baibars , Faris ad-Din Aktay and others	Fariskur	The Ayyubid Sultan Turan Shah was murdered on May 2, 1250 by a group of Mameluke emirs led by Baibar, because he wanted to end their influence on the court. The Mameluks entered his rooms in Fariskur, where Baibars struck him with the sword. However, the sultan was able to flee seriously injured to a wooden tower on the bank of the Nile. After the Mamelukes set fire to the wooden tower, the Sultan tried to save himself by jumping into the Nile . Eventually Turan Shah was beheaded by Faris ad-Din Aktay.
1250	Erik IV.	King of Denmark	Abel (mastermind)	Missunde	The Danish King Erik IV was murdered on August 10, 1250 at the behest of his brother Abel in a struggle for power in Denmark. According to tradition, Abel, who was Duke of Schleswig , asked his brother to go to Schleswig for reconciliation talks. On the way back from this meeting he had the king beheaded on a boat on the Schlei and thrown his body into the water.
1306	Wenceslaus III	King of Bohemia and Titular King of Poland	Konrad von Bodenstein	Olomouc	King Wenceslaus III was murdered by the Thuringian knight Konrad von Bodenstein on August 4, 1306 in the house of the Olomouc cathedral dean . The exact circumstances are not known. The background to the act, however, is likely to be found in Wenceslas various political disputes with the Roman-German King Albrecht I , Pope Boniface VIII and the rebellious Poles under Władysław Ellenlang .
1308	Albrecht I.	Roman-German king	Johann of Swabia	Koenigsfelden	The Roman-German King Albrecht I was murdered on May 1, 1308 on the way home not far from his ancestral castle near Königsfelden by his nephew Johann von Schwaben. In addition to Johann von Schwaben, who is said to have split Albrecht's skull without a word, the barons Rudolf von Wart , Rudolf von Balm , Walter von Eschenbach and Konrad von Tegernfeld were also involved in the act. The motive for the murder was presumably a compensation payment owed by Albrecht under the Treaty of Rheinfelden , but not paid, for the renunciation of Johann's father to the regency in Austria.
1363	Simone Boccanegra	1st Doge of Genoa		Genoa	The first Doge of Genoa drove the Guelfan nobility that had ruled until then (including Fieschi , Grimaldi ) and thus attracted numerous enemies. After several unsuccessful attacks, Simone Boccanegra was finally poisoned in his palace, presumably on behalf of the Adorno and Fieschi families.
1369	Peter I of Castile	King of Castile and León	Heinrich of Trastamara	Montiel	The Castilian King Peter I, known as Pedro the Cruel, was murdered on March 23, 1369 by his half-brother Heinrich in a dispute for the throne. This was preceded on March 14th by a battle between the king's army and an army of his half-brother, which was supported by French units under the leadership of Bertrand du Guesclin . After his defeat Peter I fled to the castle of Montiel, where he was besieged by Heinrich. He entered into negotiations with du Guesclin, who should enable him to escape. But du Guesclin betrayed him and instead of helping him to escape, brought him to the tent of his half-brother, who stabbed him to death.
1407	Louis of Valois	Duke of Orléans	Raoulet d'Anquetonville	Rue Vieille-du-Temple, Paris	An armed band on behalf of the Duke of Burgundy Johann Ohnefurcht , led by his servant Raoulet d'Anquetonville, overpowered Ludwig's bodyguard and murdered him on the street in Paris.
1419	Johann without fear	Duke of Burgundy	Tanneguy du Chastel and Jean Louvet	Yonne bridge at Montereau	Johann Feart was murdered during a conversation with the Dauphin , who later became King Charles VII of France. How far the Dauphin was involved is controversial. The act is considered revenge for the murder of Duke Ludwig von Orléans .
1437	James I.	King of Scotland	Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl and others	Perth	The Scottish King James I was murdered on February 21, 1437 by conspirators under the leadership of his uncle Walter Stewart in the Dominican monastery in Perth. Jakob had initially managed to escape into the sewer system. However, as the exit had been walled up three days earlier, the escape failed. After standing up to his chest in the sewer for two days, the conspirators found him and murdered him.
1451	William Douglas	8th Earl of Douglas	King James II of Scotland	Stirling Castle	William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, was stabbed to death on February 21, 1451 by the Scottish King James II, who had invited him to Stirling Castle with the assurance of safe conduct . The background to the act was the attempt of the king to break the supremacy of the noble family Douglas in Scotland.
1478	Giuliano di Piero de 'Medici	Co-regent in Florence	Francesco de 'Pazzi and Bernardo Bandini Baroncelli	Florence	Giuliano de 'Medici, co-regent of his brother Lorenzo il Magnifico , was stabbed to death on April 26, 1478 as part of the Pazzi conspiracy during Easter mass in the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore . Lorenzo was wounded and was able to flee to the sacristy. The conspiracy eventually failed. The background to the fact was the attempt by Pope Sixtus IV and several patrician families to end the de facto rule of the Medici over Tuscany .

Early modern age

16th Century

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1541	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish conquistador	Diego de Almagro (son)	Lima	Francisco Pizarro was murdered on June 26, 1541 in his palace in Lima by the son and other followers of his former partner Diego de Almagro . This was preceded by disputes between the Spaniards over the distribution of the conquests, during which the older Diego de Almagro was killed in 1538 at the behest of Pizarro's half-brother Hernando .
1544	Manco Cápac II.	Inca rulers		Vilcabamba	The Inca Manco Cápac II, half-brother and heir of Atahualpa , led the resistance against Spanish rule from 1536. In 1544 he was killed by followers of the younger Diego de Almagro , whom he had given refuge in Vilcabamba after the execution of their master in 1542. The background to the act was the offer of the city governor of Cusco , Alonso de Toro , to pardon the followers of Almagros, who were persecuted as traitors, if they succeeded in killing Manco Cápac.
1566	David Rizzio	Private Secretary to Queen Mary Queen of Scots		Edinburgh	The Italian private secretary of the Scottish Queen, David Rizzio, was stabbed to death in front of the Queen on March 9, 1566 at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh by a group of Scottish nobles with the assistance of Mary Stuart's second husband, Lord Darnley . The background was a religious political dispute between the Catholic Queen and the Protestant nobility. Lord Darnley's support, who gave them access to the palace, was secured by the nobles by claiming that Rizzio was the queen's lover. However, there is no evidence that such a relationship existed.
1567	Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley	Royal Consort of Scotland	James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell (alleged perpetrator)	Edinburgh	Lord Darnley, the second husband of Queen Mary of Scots , was murdered on the night of February 9th to 10th, 1567 in Kirk o'Field Abbey in Edinburgh, presumably by the Earl of Bothwell, Mary Stuart's later third husband. That night, the house in which Lord Darnley had lodged was completely destroyed by an explosion. However, there is much to suggest that Lord Darnley and his servant were not killed in the explosion but were strangled while they were fleeing.
1570	James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray	Scottish Peer and Regent of Scotland	James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh	Linlithgow	James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray was shot and killed by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh on January 23, 1570 in Linlithgow, Scotland while riding by from a house with an arquebus . The background was a conspiracy against the regent, with the assassin acting either for personal motives or in favor of his clan . This act is the first documented assassination attempt with a firearm .
1584	William I of Orange	Prince of Orange	Balthasar Gérard	Delft	Wilhelm I, known as the silent one, was murdered on July 10, 1584 in Delft by the Catholic fanatic Gérard. Two years earlier, on March 18, 1582, the Biscay Jean Jaureguy had committed an assassination attempt on Wilhelm, in which Wilhelm was seriously injured, but survived. The background to the attacks were the religious and independence struggles of the Netherlands against Spain . The Spanish King Philip II had put a high bounty on Wilhelm.
1586	Elizabeth I.	Queen of England	Anthony Babington , John Ballard and other conspirators		Queen Elizabeth I of England was supposed to be murdered as part of the so-called " Babington plot " organized by young Catholic courtiers. The aim of the plot was to free the Scottish Queen Maria Stuart and to bring her to the English throne in order to achieve a return of England to Catholicism . However, the conspiracy was exposed early on and ultimately led to the execution of Maria Stuart, although it is doubtful whether she was involved in it.
1589	Henry III.	King of France	Jacques Clément	Saint-Cloud	King Henry III of France was stabbed to death on August 2, 1589 by the fanatical Dominican monk Clément. At this time Heinrich besieged Paris with a Huguenot army under the leadership of his brother-in-law Heinrich von Navarra . The background was power struggles, especially with the powerful dukes of Guise .

17th century

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1605	James I.	King of England	Guy Fawkes	London	→ Main article : Gunpowder Plot A group of Catholic conspirators around Robert Catesby planned to kill the Protestant English King James I, his family, the government and members of parliament on the occasion of the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605 by means of an explosive attack in the Parliament building. The execution of the deed was entrusted to the explosives expert Guy Fawkes. However, the explosives were discovered early and the assassination attempt thwarted.
1610	Henry IV.	King of France	François Ravaillac	Paris	The French King Henry IV, a former Huguenot , was murdered on May 14, 1610 by François Ravaillac for religious reasons. Already on December 27, 1594, the student Jean Châtel had carried out an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Heinrich for the same motive.
1628	George Villiers	Duke of Buckingham	John Felton	Portsmouth	George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, was stabbed to death by Felton on August 23, 1628 in Portsmouth. The background to the fact is unclear. Among other things, religious motives or a personal offense come into consideration.
1632	Johann II Baron von Viermund	Imperial General Sergeant	Werner Overlacker	Cologne	The imperial sergeant-general Freiherr von Viermund zu Neersen was shot on May 3, 1632 in front of the Jesuit Church in Cologne by Werner Overlacker, a former officer in his cavalry regiment. The motive for the act is not known.
1634	Albrecht von Wallenstein	Generalissimo of the Imperial Army in the Thirty Years War	Walter Deveroux	Eger	Wallenstein was murdered by Walter Deveroux in Eger on February 25, 1634. Shortly before , he had been deposed by the Emperor Ferdinand II , who suspected him of high treason because of his secret negotiations with Sweden and France . It is unclear whether the emperor was also privy to the plans to assassinate Wallenstein.
1657	Oliver Cromwell	Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland	Miles Sindercombe	London	With financial support from former Roundhead officer Edward Sexby , who fled to Flanders , Miles Sindercombe made several attempts to assassinate Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, along with John Cecil , William Boyes and John Toope , a member of Cromwell's bodyguard. On January 8, 1657, they placed an explosive device in the palace chapel. On the one hand, however, they had already been noticed by the head of Cromwell's secret service, John Thurloe , and, on the other hand, John Toope had changed sides and betrayed the plan so that the explosive device could be defused. The background to the deeds was the disappointment of the former Cromwell supporters about the dissolution of the rump parliament by Cromwell and his since then established military rule.

18th century

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1757	Louis XV	King of France	Robert François Damiens	Paris	On January 5, 1757, Robert Damiens committed an assassination attempt on the French King Louis XV, but he was only slightly injured. The exact motive for the act is unknown. The background, however, was apparently the disputes between the king and the increasingly in opposition to this parlement , in particular a dispute with the Paris parliament over the dispensing of the sacraments to Jansenists and convulsionaries , in which Pope Clement XI. was involved. Damiens, who at that time worked for various magistrates in the Paris Parliament, was apparently very upset about this conflict and held Louis XV. for the main responsible for this situation.
1758	Joseph I.	King of Portugal		Lisbon	On September 3, 1758, King Joseph I was attacked and shot on the way to Ajuda . The perpetrators were caught and confessed under torture , on behalf of the Tavoras to have acted, a family of high nobility , in sharp opposition to the First Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Mello stood. On January 13, 1759, almost the entire Tavora family and their alleged co-conspirator, the Duke of Aveiro , were executed, their property confiscated and their name deleted from the register of nobility. Joseph I and his first minister took the attempted assassination as an opportunity to ban the Jesuit order and expel all Jesuits from Portugal.
1762	Peter III	Russian tsar	Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov	St. Petersburg	Tsar Peter III was strangled by Alexei Orlov on July 6, 1762, a few days after he was overthrown. The perpetrator was the brother of Grigory Orlov , the lover of Peter's wife Catherine the Great . The trigger for the fall and murder of Peter was obviously his decision to divorce Katharina after she had had a child from Orlov, which could have endangered the claims to the throne of Peter's son Paul .
1792	Gustav III	King of Sweden	Johann Jakob Anckarström	Stockholm	King Gustav III von Sweden was shot by Johann Jakob Anckarström on March 29, 1792 during a masked ball at the Stockholm Opera . In addition to Anckarström were in the conspiracy against Gustav III. and the General Karl Fredrik Pechlin as the mastermind and the Count Adolph Ribbing and Clas Fredrik Horn involved. The background to this was a long-smoldering conflict between the Swedish aristocracy and the king, who had severely curtailed the rights of the nobility through two constitutional reforms in 1772 and 1789.
1793	Jean Paul Marat	French revolutionary	Charlotte Corday	Paris	Jean Paul Marat, editor of the Ami du Peuple , one of the most important newspapers of the Jacobins , was stabbed to death with a kitchen knife in the bathtub of his Paris apartment on July 13, 1793 by Charlotte Corday, a supporter of the moderate Girondins . Marat had always published sharp attacks against the Girondins in his newspaper and, among other things, promoted the September massacre of 1792.
1800	Jean-Baptiste Kléber	French general	Suleiman al-Halabi	Cairo	The French general Kléber was murdered in Cairo on June 14, 1800 during Napoleon's Egyptian expedition by the Syrian student Suleiman al-Halabi as an act of revolt against French rule over Egypt .
1800	Napoleon Bonaparte	First consul of France	Joseph Picot de Limoëlan , Pierre Robinault de Saint-Régeant and François-Joseph Carbon	Paris	On December 24, 1800, the royalists Joseph Picot de Limoëlan, Pierre Robinault de Saint-Régeant and François-Joseph Carbon carried out an infernal machine attack against Napoleon, at that time the First Consul of the French Republic, on Rue Saint-Nicaise in the center of Paris . The act failed because Napoleon's carriage drove past the cart with the explosive device before it exploded due to its high speed. However, the explosion killed 22 uninvolved people and injured over a hundred. 46 houses in Rue Saint-Nicaise were destroyed or uninhabitable. Since Napoleon had made himself the de facto sole ruler of France shortly before through the coup d'état of 18th Brumaire VIII , which naturally aroused resistance from staunch Republicans, suspicion initially fell on the Jacobins , who were then persecuted. Four alleged perpetrators were executed before the real perpetrators were discovered.

19th century

1801 to 1850

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1801	Paul I.	Tsar of Russia	Platon Alexandrowitsch Subow and Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen	St. Petersburg	Tsar Paul I was strangled by army officers Platon Subow and Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen on March 23, 1801 in the course of a conspiracy among aristocratic circles after he had refused to abdicate. The main reason for his murder was probably his change of sides in the war against Napoleon .
1806	Jacob I.	Emperor of Haiti	Henri Christophe (mastermind)	Pont-Rouge	Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who had declared himself as Jacob I Emperor of Haiti after Haiti gained independence from France in 1804, was murdered on October 17, 1806 in the course of a power struggle on behalf of Henri Christophe. Christophe was then proclaimed president.
1809	Napoleon Bonaparte	Emperor of France	Friedrich Stapß	Vienna	On October 13, 1809, the 17-year-old German pastor's son Friedrich Stapß tried to stab the French Emperor Napoleon, whom he held responsible for the misery of Germany , with a kitchen knife on the occasion of a troop parade in Schönbrunn Palace . However, General Jean Rapp had him arrested before he could get close enough to Napoleon.
1812	Spencer Perceval	British Prime Minister	John Bellingham	London	On May 11, 1812, the bankrupt Liverpool merchant John Bellingham shot and killed British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the House of Parliament . A few years earlier, Bellingham had been in prison for a long period of time in Russia, and on his return to England had tried in vain to get compensation from the British government.
1819	August von Kotzebue	writer	Karl Ludwig Sand	Mannheim	The well-known writer and Russian consul August von Kotzebue was stabbed to death on March 23, 1819 by the fraternity member Karl Ludwig Sand. The background to this was the fact that Kotzebue had often published biting criticism of the fraternity and its political goals in the journals he edited. Sand therefore saw Kotzebue as a "traitor to the fatherland".
1819	Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell	Nassau District President	Karl Löning	Langenschwalbach	On July 1, 1819, the fraternity member Karl Löning carried out an assassination attempt on the Nassau District President Carl von Ibell in Langenschwalbach, but it failed. In view of the temporal proximity and the similarity of the procedure to Karl Ludwig Sand's assassination attempt on Kotzebue , the act of Löning is likely to have been one of the first acts of imitation in history. The attack on Ibell and the previous attack on Kotzebue served as justification for the Karlovy Vary resolutions .
1820	Charles Ferdinand de Bourbon	Duke of Berry	Pierre Louis Louvel	Paris	The Duke of Berry, nephew of King Louis XVIII. and third in line to the throne after his father and his childless older brother, was stabbed to death on February 13, 1820 by the saddler Pierre Louis Louvel while leaving the Paris Opera . Although he worked in the king's stables, he was a staunch opponent of the Bourbons . Louvel hoped that the deed would end Bourbon rule in France, as the Duke of Berry had no male offspring at the time (his son Henri was not born until seven months later).
1828	Shaka	King of the Zulu	Dingane	KwaDukuza	King Shaka was stabbed to death on September 22, 1828 by his half-brothers Dingane and Mhlangana and his advisor Mbopa in a struggle for power. Shortly before, Shaka had 7,000 of his subjects executed as a token of mourning over the death of his mother and ordered them to starve for three months. This had weakened his support among the Zulu and given his opponents a boost. After the fact, Dingane also murdered Mhlangana and had himself proclaimed king.
1831	Ioannis Kapodistrias	President of Greece	Konstantinos and Georgios Mavromichalis	Nafplion	Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, the first president of Greece after independence from the Ottoman Empire , was shot on October 9, 1831 by the brother and son of the Beys of Mani , Petros Mavromichalis, who had been imprisoned by him . The background to the disputes between Kapodistrias and Mavromichalis were political differences regarding the future organization and orientation of independent Greece, which in turn were based on the different interests of the signatory powers Russia and Great Britain .
1832	Archduke Ferdinand	Austrian heir to the throne	Franz Reindl	Baden near Vienna	On August 9, 1832, the retired Captain Reindl shot Archduke Ferdinand, the later Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I, in Baden, who was only slightly injured. The reason for the attack was Ferdinand's refusal to pay Reindl a sum of money he had asked for.
1835	Louis-Philippe I.	King of France	Joseph Fieschi	Paris	On July 28, 1835 , the French King Louis-Philippe survived, slightly injured, a machine attack carried out by the Corsican Joseph Fieschi together with Théodore Pépin and Pierre Morey on the occasion of the celebrations for the anniversary of the July Revolution on the Boulevard du Temple . Marshal Édouard Mortier and eleven other people were killed in the attack . The motive for the assassination was probably Fieschi's personal problems in the first place. In response to the attack, the government passed the so-called September Acts . In the following years, five more attacks on King Louis-Philippe followed, but none of them was harmed.
1840	Dingane	King of the Zulu	Zulu Nyawo , Sambane and Nondawana	Lebombo Mountains	The Zulu King Dingane was murdered in January 1840 by Zulu Nyawo, Sambane and Nondawana, followers of his half-brother Mpande , who had overthrown him with the support of the Boers , in the Hlatikhulu Forest in the Lebombo Mountains near today's town of Ingwavuma .
1840	Victoria	Queen of Great Britain	Edward Oxford	London	On June 10, 1840, the British Queen Victoria was assassinated by the 18-year-old, apparently mentally confused, unemployed waiter Edward Oxford. He shot twice on Constitution Hill in London at the Queen, who was driving by with her husband Prince Albert in an open carriage, but missed his target.
1842	Victoria	Queen of Great Britain	John Francis	London	On May 29, 1842, the carpenter John Francis committed an assassination attempt on the passing British Queen Victoria on the Mall in London, but no shot was fired and he managed to escape. The queen then rode past the same spot the following day, albeit at a higher speed, in the hope of provoking the perpetrator to make a second attempt, which was also successful. On that occasion, Francis was arrested. The motive for the act is not known.
1844	Joseph Smith	American presidential candidate		Carthage, Illinois	On June 27, 1844, Joseph Smith, then a presidential candidate, was murdered by a crowd while on remand in a prison in Carthage, Illinois . The reason for his arrest and probably also for his murder was his attack on the freedom of the press when, in his capacity as Mayor of Nauvoo, he wrote the newspaper Nauvoo Expositor , the first and only edition of which was critical of him and the Mormon movement he founded had closed. This made him the first US presidential candidate to be murdered during the election campaign.
1844	Friedrich Wilhelm IV.	King of Prussia	Heinrich Ludwig Czech	Berlin	The Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV and his wife Elisabeth Ludowika survived an assassination attempt by Heinrich Ludwig Czech unharmed on July 26, 1844. Czech until his resignation in 1842, mayor in Storkow , Brandenburg , been. In this capacity, he came into conflict with the local citizens and the superior district administrator over administrative reforms, which later led to his requests for reinstatement being rejected. This prompted him to attempt the assassination attempt on the king in order to make his "matter a world thing" and to restore his "trampled honor" .
1848	Pellegrino Rossi	Papal Prime Minister	Santo Constantini	Rome	On November 15, 1848, after only two months in office, the papal prime minister, Count Pellegrino Rossi, was shot on the steps of the staircase of the Palace of the Cancellaria of Santo Constantini on the occasion of the opening of the Chamber of Deputies. The deed was the prelude to the revolution in the Papal States .
1849	Mariano Rivera Paz	Former President of Guatemala	Roberto Reyes and Agustín Pérez	Sampaquisoy	In 1849, Mariano Paredes , head of the Jutiapa department and former President of Guatemala, was murdered by Roberto Reyes and Agustín Pérez on the way to taking office in the village of Sampaquisoy. In addition to Rivera, the new head of administration of the Jalapa department , Gregorio Orantes , was killed in the attack.
1850	Friedrich Wilhelm IV.	King of Prussia	Max Sefeloge	Berlin	Confused lone perpetrator who hit the king with a bullet in the arm

1851 to 1900

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1852	Isabella II	Queen of Spain	Martin Merino y Gomez	Madrid	On February 2, 1852, the priest Martin Merino tried to stab the Spanish Queen Isabella II in the royal city palace in Madrid. The Queen had just left the palace chapel and was about to make her way to the Basilica of Our Lady of Antocha , where a thanksgiving service was to be read for the birth of Infanta Maria Isabel de Borbón , when Merino approached her and stabbed her twice. The queen was only slightly injured as corset bars intercepted the stitches.
1853	Franz Joseph I.	Emperor of Austria	János Libényi	Vienna	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1853 The Hungarian apprentice tailor and former hussar János Libényi tried on February 18, 1853 in Vienna on the Kärntnertor bastion to kill Emperor Franz Joseph I with a targeted knife. The impact was intercepted by the emperor's adjutant , so that he was only slightly injured. The motive for the act is not known, it could have been national Hungarian motives .
1855	Napoleon III	Emperor of France	Giovanni Pianori	Paris	On April 28, 1855, the Italian supporter of the Risorgimento Giovanni Pianori fired two shots at Napoléon III on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. from. The attack failed. The background to the fact was France's role in the Italian unification process.
1855	Napoleon III	Emperor of France	Edouard Bellemare	Paris	On September 8, 1855, the trained shoemaker Edouard Bellemare, who worked as a clerk, carried out a pistol attack on Napoléon III in front of the Théâtre-Italien on Rue Marsollier in Paris. The emperor also survived this assassination attempt. A motive for the act is not known, the perpetrator was apparently deranged.
1856	Isabella II	Queen of Spain	Ramón Fuentes y Gómez	Madrid	On May 28, 1856, there was a probably not serious attempted assassination of the Spanish Queen Isabella II. In February or March of that year, Pedro Redondo y Marqués , who had already had a criminal record , instigated Ramón Fuentes to carry out a pistol attack on the queen against payment of 1,000 duros . He had previously tried to win Manuel Collado y Herrera for this act. However, Collado and Fuentes informed the authorities in advance of the details of the impending assassination attempt, so that Fuentes was arrested, as expected, at the crime scene on Calle del Arenal in Madrid. With the exception of Pedro Redondo, all those involved were acquitted in the subsequent court proceedings.
1856	Ferdinand II.	King of the Two Sicilies	Agesilao Milano	Naples	On December 8, 1856, the Calabrian soldier Agesilao Milano carried out an assassination attempt on King Ferdinand II. The king and his family and members of his government attended mass on the occasion of the Feast of the Feast of the Conception and then rode off a formation of his soldiers on the Marsfeld , when Milano stepped out of line and stabbed the king with his bayonet . This was slightly injured. This assassination strengthened the king in his tough actions against the reform forces in his kingdom. He withdrew to Caserta and had Naples explained the state of siege .
1858	Napoleon III	Emperor of France	Felice Orsini , Simon Francis Bernard , Thomas Allsop , Carlo di Rudio , Giuseppe Andrea Pieri and others	Paris	On January 14, 1858, the Italian Republican Count Orsini, together with a group of accomplices, carried out an assassination attempt on Emperor Napoléon III with four self-made explosive bombs. The imperial couple remained unharmed; there were eight dead and over 150 injured. In the subsequent court hearing, Orsini stated that he wanted to punish Napoleon for breaking the Carbonari oath and to draw attention to the situation in Italy (in particular the continued occupation of a large part of the Apennine peninsula by Austria-Hungary ). After the attack, there were secret negotiations between Napoleon and Camillo Benso von Cavour , which ultimately promoted the unification of Italy.
1860	II Naosuke	Taïro the time of the Tokugawa - shogunate in Japan	Arimura Jisaemon	Edo	→ Main article : Sakuradamon incident On March 24, 1860 a group of 18 samurai from the lower ranks carried out an assassination attempt on the Tairō Ii Naosuke, in the course of which Arimura Jisaemon beheaded the Tairō. The background was a power struggle between reformers of the Mito school and conservative supporters of the Tairo. The latter had removed over a hundred high shogunate officials from their offices as part of the Ansei purges and had eight of them executed.
1861	Wilhelm I.	King of Prussia	Oskar Becker	Baden-Baden	The student Oskar Becker committed an assassination attempt on the then Prussian King Wilhelm I in Baden-Baden on July 14, 1861, and injured his neck slightly. Becker was of the opinion that Wilhelm I stood in the way of an unification of Germany .
1861	Amalie of Oldenburg	Queen of Greece	Aristides Dossios	Athens	On September 18, 1861, the student Aristides Dossios tried unsuccessfully to assassinate Queen Amalie of Greece. Dossios belonged to the anti-monarchical movement Golden Youth from an early age . The attack took place against the backdrop of the revolutionary events that led to the overthrow of King Otto of Greece in the following year .
1863	Konstantin Nikolajewitsch Romanow	Russian Grand Duke and Viceroy of Poland		Warsaw	In 1863, two days after his arrival in Poland, an assassination attempt on Grand Duke Constantine was carried out in Warsaw, in which he was injured. The motive for the assassination was Polish aspirations for independence from Russian rule.
1865	Abraham Lincoln	President of the United States	John Wilkes Booth	Washington, DC	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Abraham Lincoln On April 14, 1865, shortly after the Northern Virginia Army of the Southern States under General Lee had surrendered, the actor John Wilkes Booth shot at the Ford's Theater in Washington at the US President Lincoln and fatally injured him in the head. Lincoln originally invited Vice President Andrew Johnson , General Ulysses S. Grant, and Secretary of State William H. Seward to the theater performance and there were plans to assassinate them too. With all three absent from the performance, Booth could only kill Lincoln. Booth's co-conspirator Lewis Powell attempted to stab Secretary of State Seward, who had stayed home because of illness. Assassinations on Johnson and Grant were no longer carried out. Booth and his nine co-conspirators were sympathizers of the southern states and dissatisfied with their defeat in the civil war . See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1866	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia	Dmitri Vladimirovich Karakosov	St. Petersburg	On April 16, 1866, the Russian nihilist Karakosow, who came from the lower nobility, tried to shoot Tsar Alexander II. The assassination attempt failed: the first shot missed its target and a farmer named Kommissarow prevented him from taking a second. The attack was revolutionary.
1866	Otto von Bismarck	Prussian Prime Minister	Ferdinand Cohen-Blind	Berlin	On May 7, 1866, the assassin shot five times at the then Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck; this remained unharmed. With the assassination, Cohen-Blind wanted to prevent the impending war between Prussia and Austria , for which he blamed Bismarck.
1867	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia		Paris	On June 6, 1867, a Pole named Berezowski committed an unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Tsar Alexander II at the world exhibition in Paris , when he was accompanied by Napoleon III. returned from an army display. The motive for this attack may have been Polish independence efforts. This and the previous assassination attempt by Karakosov caused the tsar to refrain from his reform course and return to a comprehensive police surveillance system. The mild punishment of Berezowski by the French judiciary, which in Russia was interpreted as an expression of benevolence towards the Polish independence movement, led to a noticeable cooling of Russian-French relations.
1870	Juan Prim i Prats	Prime Minister of Spain	José Paúl y Angulo (alleged mastermind)	Madrid	On the evening of December 27, 1870, several men opened fire on the coach of the Spanish Prime Minister Juan Prim and wounded him fatally. The background to the crime has never been fully clarified, but is likely to be found in the dispute over the naming of a successor to the resigned Queen Isabella II . The Republican MP Paúl y Angulo is considered to be the backer. However, an involvement of General Serrano and the Duke of Montpensier was suspected, but never proven.
1868	Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh	Second born son of Queen Victoria of Great Britain	Henry James O'Farrell	Clontarf	On March 12, 1868, Irishman Henry James O'Farrell shot Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh , in the back with a pistol during a public picnic in Clontarf, Australia . Alfred was not seriously injured and was able to continue his world tour a month later. The background to the act is likely to have been Ireland's aspirations for national independence .
1868	Michael III	Prince of Serbia		Topčider	On June 10, 1868, a trader named Kosta Radovanović shot and killed Michael III in Topčider's park. and his cousin, Princess Anka Obrenović (later Anka Konstantinović). Anka's daughter Katarina Konstantinović, Michael III's lover, was injured. It is unknown whether the liberal opposition or supporters of the overthrown Prince Karađorđević were behind the crime .
1872	Amadeus I.	King of Spain		Madrid	On July 18, 1872, assassins shot a carriage in which Amadeus I and his wife were sitting. Both were unharmed. The background to the act was political turmoil in the country torn by the Carlist Wars . Due to this attack, among other things, Amadeus decided to abdicate as king and return to his Italian homeland.
1874	Otto von Bismarck	German Chancellor	Eduard Kullmann	Bad Kissingen	On July 13, 1874, the Catholic journeyman cooper Eduard Kullmann carried out an assassination attempt on Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in Bad Kissingen. Bismarck only suffered a minor gunshot wound to his hand. The background to the act was the Kulturkampf .
1875	Gabriel García Moreno	President of Ecuador	Faustino Rayo and others	Quito	On August 6, 1875, the Ecuadorian President was murdered at the gate of Quito Cathedral by blows with a machete and several pistol shots by Faustino Rayo and three accomplices. The motive of the assassination provided the extradition of the country, forced in the eyes of the opposition by the president, to the yoke of the Catholic Church, there in particular the devotion to the Sacred Heart .
1878	Fyodor Fyodorovich Trepov	Governor of Saint Petersburg	Vera Ivanovna Sassulitsch	St. Petersburg	The student Vera Sassulitsch, a follower of the Narodniki , shot the governor of Saint Petersburg General Trepov on January 24, 1878, out of indignation at the punishment he had imposed on the political prisoner Yemelyan Bogolyubov .
1878	Wilhelm I.	German emperor	Max Hödel	Berlin	On May 11, 1878, the socialist journeyman plumber Max Hödel carried out a revolver assassination attempt on Kaiser Wilhelm I, who was traveling along Unter den Linden in an open carriage with his daughter . All shots missed the Kaiser and no one else was injured.
1878	Wilhelm I.	German emperor	Karl Eduard Nobiling	Berlin	On June 2, 1878, the farmer Karl Eduard Nobiling carried out an assassination attempt on Kaiser Wilhelm I, in almost the same place as Max Hödel three weeks earlier . Nobling shot a double-barreled shotgun at the Kaiser driving past in an open carriage from the window of a house on Unter den Linden . Wilhelm I survived this attack, seriously injured. Since Nobling attempted suicide immediately after the crime and injured himself so badly that he could hardly be questioned, the motives for the crime are unclear. Although Nobling had contact with socialist agitators before the act , there is much to suggest that the act was not politically motivated. Nevertheless, Bismarck used this and the previous Hödel assassination attempt to enforce the socialist law in the Reichstag .
1878	Nikolai Vladimirovich Mesentsov	Head of the Tsarist Secret Police	Sergei Kravchinsky	St. Petersburg	Nikolai Mesentsow, head of the Tsarist secret police , was stabbed to death on August 16, 1878 by the anarchist Sergei "Stepniak" Kravchinsky in the street in Saint Petersburg. The act came in response to the execution of Ivan Kowalski .
1878	Alfonso XII	King of Spain		Madrid	On October 25, 1878 and December 30, 1879 were assassinations on the Spanish King Alfonso XII in Madrid. perpetrated, but failed.
1878	Umberto I.	King of Italy	Giovanni Passannante	Naples	On November 17, 1878, the anarchist Giovanni Passannante tried to murder the Italian King Umberto I and his Prime Minister Benedetto Cairoli with a saber during a parade in Naples; however, this failed.
1879	Dmitri Nikolayevich Kropotkin	Governor of Kharkov	Grigori Goldenberg		On February 21, 1879, the Russian revolutionary Grigori Goldenberg, son of a Jewish merchant from Berdychiv and a member of the Narodnaya Volya , shot the governor of Kharkov, Prince Dmitri Kropotkin, a cousin of the anarchist Peter Kropotkin .
1879	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia	Alexander Konstantinowitsch Solowjow	St. Petersburg	On April 14, 1879, the Russian revolutionary Alexander Solovyov fired five shots at Tsar Alexander II. The attack failed; the tsar was unharmed. Soloviev belonged to the conspiratorial association Narodnaja Wolja and campaigned, among other things, for the abolition of the Tsar's sole rule.
1879	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia		Moscow	On December 1, 1879, Narodniki attempted an explosives attack on the train of Tsar Alexander II; this failed.
1880	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia		St. Petersburg	On February 17, 1880, the Narodniki tried again to assassinate Tsar Alexander II with explosives, this time on the Winter Palace . However, this attempted murder also failed.
1880	Michael Loris-Melikow	Russian general and politician			On March 3, 1880, an assassination attempt by Russian nihilists on General Michail Loris-Melikow failed. Loris-Melikow was unharmed.
1881	Alexander II	Tsar of Russia	Nikolai Ryssakov , Ignati Grinevitsky and others	St. Petersburg	On March 13, 1881, a group of revolutionaries from the Narodnaya Volya, led by Nikolai Ryssakov, carried out a bomb attack on Tsar Alexander II. After the tsar survived the detonation of a first explosive device that Ryssakov had thrown on his carriage, he was fatally wounded shortly afterwards by a second explosive device thrown by Ignati Grinewizki.
1881	James A. Garfield	President of the United States	Charles J. Guiteau	Washington, DC	On July 2, 1881, the mentally ill Charles Guiteau shot at American President Garfield when he was about to board a train with his two sons at a station in Washington. One of the two shots hit the president in the back and seriously injured him. The president died eleven weeks later on September 19 of an infection caused by non-sterile instruments. The attack was personally motivated: after he had supported Garfield in the election campaign, Guiteau had repeatedly unsuccessfully requested his appointment as consul general in Paris . See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1882	Lord Frederick Cavendish	Chief Secretary for Ireland		Dublin	→ Main article : Phoenix Park murders On May 6, 1882, Lord Frederick Cavendish and Undersecretary for Ireland Thomas Henry Burke were murdered in Phoenix Park in Dublin by members of the Irish nationalist underground group, Irish National Invincibles .
1883	Wilhelm I.	German emperor	Franz Reinhold Rupsch and Emil Küchler	Rudesheim am Rhein	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on the Niederwald monument In 1883 August Reinsdorf planned an explosives attack on Kaiser Wilhelm I, Crown Prince Friedrich and the other federal princes present on the occasion of the inauguration of the Niederwald monument near Rüdesheim. However, the execution failed because the fuse got wet. The perpetrators were anarchists .
1887	Alexander III	Tsar of Russia	Alexander Ilyich Ulyanov and others	St. Petersburg	In 1887 a group of the Narodnaja Volja around Lenin's brother Alexander Ulyanov and the brothers Bronisław Piłsudski and Józef Piłsudski planned an assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander III. However, the assassins were discovered early on and were no longer able to carry out the attack.
1891	Nicholas II	Tsarevich of Russia	Tsuda Sanzo	Ōtsu	→ Main article : Ōtsu incident On May 11, 1891, the Japanese policeman Tsuda Sanzo slightly injured the heir to the Russian throne and later Tsar Nicholas II in an assassination attempt on the occasion of a state visit to Japan . Sanzo tried to stab the Tsarevich with his saber; he was overpowered by two rickshaws .
1893	French National Assembly		Auguste Vaillant	Paris	On December 9, 1893, V. threw a nail bomb at parliamentarians from the stands of the parliament building. He pleaded guilty to the trial and was executed
1894	Marie François Sadi Carnot	President of France	Sante Geronimo Caserio	Lyon	On June 24, 1894, Carnot was stabbed to death by the Italian anarchist Caserio after a speech in Lyon . The background to the act was the protest of the socialists against the laws passed by the Carnot government to curb the anarchist attacks and the agitation of the trade unions .
1896	Naser al-Din Shah	Shah of Persia	Mirza Reza Kermani	Tehran	On May 1, 1896, the Shah Naser al-Din was shot by Mirza Reza Kermani after visiting a mosque near Tehran. As a motive, Kermani stated that the social and economic situation in Iran could only be changed if the absolutist rule of the Qajars was ended.
1897	Antonio Cánovas del Castillo	Prime Minister of Spain	Michele Angiolillo	Mondragón	On August 8, 1897, the Italian anarchist Michele Angiolillo shot and killed the Spanish Prime Minister Cánovas in the spa complex of Santa Agueda de Gesalibar in Mondragón because of his tough crackdown on anarchists, socialists and republicans.
1898	José María Reina Barrios	President of Guatemala	Edgar Zollinger	Guatemala City	On February 8, 1898, the Guatemalan President José María Reina Barrios was shot while leaving a hotel in downtown Guatemala City by Edgar Zollinger, a British man of Swiss origin, who had recently arrived from Costa Rica . Zollinger himself also fell victim to a bullet shortly after the crime. Whether this came from a police officer who was chasing him or a mysterious third party is controversial. The background to the crime is also unclear. While one theory suspects the interior minister and successor Reinas Manuel José Estrada Cabrera behind the attack , according to another version Zollinger is said to have had a personal motive for revenge.
1898	Elisabeth of Austria-Hungary	Empress of Austria	Luigi Lucheni	Geneva	On September 10, 1898, Empress Elisabeth, known as "Sisi", was stabbed to death in Geneva by the anarchist Luigi Lucheni with a file he had sharpened on her way from the Hotel Beau-Rivage to the pier . Lucheni said he originally wanted to murder Prince Henri Philippe d'Orléans during interrogation . However, since he changed his travel plans at short notice and did not arrive in Geneva, Lucheni chose Elisabeth as his victim, whose presence he happened to read in a newspaper in which she was listed as a guest under the title 'Countess von Hohenems'.

20th century

1900s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1900	Edward VII	Prince of Wales , Crown Prince of the United Kingdom and the Empire of India	15 year old teenager	Brussels North Railway Station	On April 4, 1900, the prince and his wife, Alexandra , were on their way from one of the French canal ports to the relatives of Alexandra in Denmark in a saloon car . As the train was about to leave Brussels North Station, the assassin shot the prince through a car window, but he was not injured.
1900	Umberto I.	King of Italy	Gaetano Bresci	Monza	On July 29, 1900, the Italian King Umberto I was murdered by the anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza with three shots. The trigger for the act was the bloody suppression of a demonstration against high bread prices in Milan two years earlier, for which the responsible general Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris was awarded by the king.
1900	Wilhelm II.	German emperor	Selma Schnapka	Wroclaw	On November 16, 1900, the lunatic, threw peddler Selma Schnapka during a visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II. In Wroclaw on the ride from the station to Breslauer Kürassier barracks an ax after the car in which the emperor and his cousin, the Hereditary Prince Bernhard of Saxe Meiningen , sat. The ax ricocheted off the left rear wheel of the car and fell onto the road. Nobody was hurt.
1901	Nikolai Pavlovich Bogolepov	Russian Minister of National Education	Pyotr Vladimirovich Karpovich	St. Petersburg	On February 27, 1901, the Russian Minister for National Education Nikolai Bogolepow was seriously injured by a shot in the neck when the relegated Moscow student Peter Karpovich was assassinated . He succumbed to his injuries two weeks later. The attack was related to serious student unrest in Russia and the government's crackdown on it, in particular a government decree passed last year on the initiative of Finance Minister Sergei Witte according to which protesting students were to be conscripted into the army as a punishment. On the basis of this ordinance, shortly before the attack, Bogolepov ordered the forced conscription of 183 students from the University of Kiev to the army.
1901	Wilhelm II.	German emperor	Diedrich Weiland	Bremen	On March 6, 1901, the 20-year-old worker Johann Diedrich Weiland in Bremen threw an iron strap on the carriage of Kaiser Wilhelm II. The Kaiser was hit in the cheekbone under the right eye and was slightly wounded. Weiland was apparently deranged. More detailed background information is not known.
1901	William McKinley	President of the United States	Leon Czolgosz	Buffalo	On September 6, 1901, the Polish-born American anarchist Leon Czolgosz fired two shots at close range at the American President William McKinley at the Pan-American exhibition in Buffalo. McKinley succumbed to severe internal injuries a few days later. The act was inspired by the assassination attempt by Gaetano Bresci on the Italian King Umberto I in the previous year. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1902	Dmitri Sergeyevich Sipyagin	Russian Minister of the Interior	Stepan Valerianowitsch Balmaschow	St. Petersburg	On April 2, 1902, the Kiev student Stepan Balmaschow murdered the Russian Interior Minister Dmitri Sipjagin in the Mariinsky Palace in Saint Petersburg. Like the attack on Education Minister Nikolai Bogolepov in the previous year, this attack was motivated by the serious student unrest across Russia and the government's crackdown on it.
1903	Aleksandar and Draga Obrenović	King and Queen of Serbia	Dragutin Dimitrijević and other officers	Belgrade	On June 11, 1903, the Serbian King Aleksandar Obrenović and his wife Draga fell victim to a conspiracy of officers around Dragutin Dimitrijević. Because of his friendly attitude towards Austria , his marriage to the widowed and scandalous Draga and the appointment of his brother Lunjevic Obrenović as heir to the throne, the king incurred the rejection of the political and military elite.
1904	Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov	Governor General of Finland	Eugene Schauman	Helsinki	On June 16, 1904, the Finnish nationalist and assistant chamberlain in the Finnish Senate, Eugen Schauman, son of Lieutenant General and former Finnish Senator Fredrik Waldemar Schauman , shot the Russian Governor General of Finland General Nikolai Bobrikow in the building of the Senate in Helsinki. Bobrikov died of serious injuries the following day. The background to the act was the Finnish aspirations for independence and Bobrikov's policy of increasing Russification of Finland.
1904	Vyacheslav Konstantinovich von Plehwe	Russian Minister of the Interior	Yegor Sergejewitsch Sosonow , Iwan Platonowitsch Kaljajew and others	St. Petersburg	On July 28, 1904, the Russian Interior Minister Vyacheslav von Plehwe was killed in a bomb attack on the way from the police department to the Warsaw train station in St. Petersburg. The attack was prepared by Yevno Asef and Boris Savinkov and carried out by Yegor Sosonov with the participation of Ivan Kalyayev. Plehwe had previously been condemned in a manifesto of the Social Revolutionary Party for “crimes against the people and the fatherland, against civilization and humanity”.
1905	Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov	Russian Grand Duke	Ivan Platonowitsch Kalyayev	Moscow	On February 17, 1905, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich Romanov, an uncle of Tsar Nicholas II , was killed by a bomb in the Moscow Kremlin by the Social Revolutionary Ivan Kaljajew. Kaljajew had already attempted an assassination attempt on Grand Duke Sergei at the Bolshoi Theater two days earlier , but broke it off because his wife and nephew were also in the carriage.
1905	Abdülhamid II.	Sultan of the Ottoman Empire	Zareh	Istanbul	→ Main article : Yıldız assassination The Armenian Revolutionary Federation wanted to kill Abdülhamid II in the Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque by bombing it. A total of 26 people died, including the assassin. The sultan survived the assassination attempt.
1906	Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugénie	King and Queen of Spain	Mateu Morral Roca	Madrid	On May 31, 1906, the wedding day of King Alfonso XIII. and Victoria Eugénie von Battenberg, the Spanish anarchist Mateu Morral dropped a bomb from a balcony onto the carriage in which the newlyweds drove from the monastery of San Jeronimo back to the palace . Numerous onlookers and members of the royal guard were killed. The bridal couple survived unharmed.
1907	Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián	Former President of Guatemala	Florencio Reyes Morales and Bernardo Mora	Mexico city	In 1907, the former Guatemalan President Manuel Lisandro Barillas Bercián was assassinated in Mexico City by Florencio Reyes Morales and Bernardo Mora. The Guatemalan government under President Manuel José Estrada Cabrera was apparently behind the attack . Background indeed was that Barillas, who under President Estrada to Mexico had been forced to go into exile, had organized from there in 1906 an uprising against the Guatemalan government, which ultimately triggered a Central American war. This war could only be ended with the mediation of the Presidents of the USA and Mexico, Theodore Roosevelt and Porfirio Díaz .
1908	Karl I. and Ludwig Philipp	King and Crown Prince of Portugal	Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça	Lisbon	On February 1, 1908, the militant republicans Alfredo Luís da Costa and Manuel Buiça fired several shots at the carriage on the Praça do Comércio in Lisbon, in which the Portuguese King Charles I and his family were returning from the summer residence of Vila Viçosa drove from the Cais do Sodré jetty to the city ​​palace . The king was dead immediately, the heir to the throne Ludwig Philipp was fatally injured and died 20 minutes later in the marine arsenal. The king's younger son, Prince Manuel , was slightly injured by a shot in the arm. The background to the act was the massive loss of reputation of the monarchy in Portugal under Charles I and the tough course of action pursued by Prime Minister João Franco against the increasing number of republicans.
1909	Itō Hirobumi	Japanese General Resident in Korea	To Chung-gun	Harbin	On October 26, 1909, Itō Hirobumi, who had been Prime Minister of Japan four times between 1885 and 1901 and was the first Japanese General Resident in Korea since 1906, was shot dead by the Korean nationalist An Chung-gun at the train station in Harbin in Manchuria . Itō Hirobumi had previously sounded through military pressure and the Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty of 1905 to gain considerable influence on Korean foreign and domestic policy and finally to persuade the Korean Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong .

1910s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1911	Pyotr Arkadievich Stolypin	Russian Prime Minister	Dmitri Grigoryevich Bogrov	Kiev	On September 14, 1911, the Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin was shot in a theater in Kiev by the Social Revolutionary Dmitry Bogrov. A bomb attack had already been carried out on him five years earlier, in which 27 people died and Stolypin was easily injured and his daughter was seriously injured.
1912	Theodore Roosevelt	President of the United States	John's closet		Cabinet shot at Roosevelt at close range during an election rally on October 14, 1912 . He was only slightly injured and gave his campaign speech before going to the hospital. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1912	José Canalejas Méndez	President of Spain	Manuel Pardiñas Serrano		Méndez was walking along the Puerta del Sol in Madrid and was looking at the new literary publications in the window of a bookstore when he was shot by the anarchist Serrano on November 12, 1912. The perpetrator then turned the gun on himself. Méndez's murder led to a serious crisis within the Partido Liberal.
1913	Franz Schuhmeier	Austrian politician	Paul Kunschak	Vienna	On February 11, 1913, the Social Democratic member of the Austrian Reichsrat and Lower Austrian Landtag, Franz Schuhmeier, was shot dead by Paul Kunschak on his return from an election rally in Stockerau in the hall of the Vienna Northwest Station. The mentally confused Kunschak was the brother of the later President of the National Council Leopold Kunschak .
1913	George I.	King of Greece	Alexander Schinas	Thessaloniki	On March 18, 1913, the Macedonian anarchist Alexander Schinas killed King George I of Greece in Thessaloniki. The details of the crime are not known. There are theories according to which Schinas was a Bulgarian , German or Turkish agent.
1914	Gaston Calmette	Editor-in-chief of the newspaper " Le Figaro "	Henriette Caillaux	Paris	On March 16, 1914, Henriette Caillaux, the wife of French Finance Minister Joseph Caillaux , fired several shots at Gaston Calmette, editor-in-chief of the conservative newspaper "Le Figaro", who died shortly afterwards from his injuries. The motive for the attack was Calmette's threat to publish love letters that Henriette Caillaux had written to her future husband when he was still married to another woman.
1914	Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie	Austrian heir to the throne	Gavrilo Princip	Sarajevo	→ Main article : Assassination attempt in Sarajevo On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian " Black Hand " . This attack was one of the triggers of the First World War .
1914	Grigory Efimovich Rasputin	Russian monk	Kinia Gussowa	Pokrovskoye	On June 28, 1914, Kinia Gussowa stabbed the monk Rasputin at the instigation of the monk Iliodor in his hometown Pokrovskoje. Rasputin survived, however, seriously injured. Motive for the attack was a violent church dispute: Rasputin, who thanks to several miraculous healings of at hemophilia suffering Tsarevich Alexei at the court of Tsar . Nicholas II great influence had initially appointing Iliodor was bishop of Tobolsk prevented and led later that Bishop Hermogen was transferred from Saint Petersburg to the province of Grodo and Iliodor - with the status of abbot being withdrawn - to a remote monastery in the Vladimir district.
1914	Jean Jaurès	Member of the French National Assembly	Raoul Villain	Paris	On July 31, 1914, the French nationalist Villain shot and killed the socialist Jean Jaurès sitting there through the window of the “ Café du Croissant ” in Paris. Jaurès was one of the most prominent pacifists shortly before the First World War . After his assassination, the socialists also turned to war.
1916	Karl Reichsgraf von Stürgkh	Prime Minister of Austria-Hungary	Friedrich Adler	Vienna	On October 21, 1916, the pacifist socialist politician Friedrich Adler, son of the chairman of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) Victor Adler , shot and killed Kk Prime Minister Karl von Stürgkh during lunch in the restaurant of the Vienna Hotel Meissl & Schadn . Background indeed been made since the adjournment of the Reichstag in March 1914 largely absolutist out war policy of Austria under the government Stürgkh.
1916	Grigory Efimovich Rasputin	Russian monk	Felix Felixowitsch Jussupow , Wladimir Mitrofanowitsch Purischkewitsch , Dmitri Pawlowitsch Romanow	Petrograd	On December 30, 1916, the monk Grigori Rasputin was murdered by a group of noblemen under the leadership of Felix Jussupow in his palace and thrown into the Moika Canal. The exact course of events has not been clarified because, at the insistence of Tsar Nicholas II's closest relatives, neither a police investigation nor a conviction of the perpetrators took place. The motive for the act was that Rasputin, thanks to several miraculous healings of Tsarevich Alexei , who suffered from hemophilia, had a great influence, especially on Tsarina Alexandra , and this influence of the declared war opponent Rasputin, according to the Russian upper class, was responsible for the defeats of the Russian army in the First World War was.
1918	Mojsej Markowitsch Goldstein (W. Volodarskij)	Russian revolutionary	S. Sergeev	Petrograd	On June 20, 1918, the revolutionary Moisei Goldstein, known under the code name V. Volodarsky, at that time a member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Commissioner for the Press in Petrograd, was shot by right-wing social revolutionaries . The attack was planned by Grigory Semyonov and carried out by S. Sergeyev.
1918	Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff	German diplomat	Jakow Grigoryevich Bljumkin and Nikolai Andrejew	Moscow	On July 6, 1918, the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the German Empire in Soviet Russia Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff was shot by the left Social Revolutionaries Bljumkin and Andrejew in the building of the German legation in Moscow. The party of the left Social Revolutionaries rejected the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk concluded between Soviet Russia and the German Reich and hoped to revise it through the attack on von Mirbach-Harff.
1918	Hermann von Eichhorn	German Field Marshal General	Left Social Revolutionaries	Kiev	On July 30, 1918, the German field marshal and army group commander Hermann von Eichhorn was murdered by left-wing social revolutionaries in occupied Kiev. The motive for the act - as in the case of the assassination attempt on the German ambassador Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff three weeks earlier - was probably the rejection and the desire for a revision of the peace treaty of Brest-Litovsk on the part of the left Social Revolutionaries.
1918	Moissej Solomonowitsch Uritski	Russian revolutionary	Leonid Kannegiesser	Petrograd	On August 30, 1918, the young cadet Leonid Kannegiesser shot and killed the former head of the secret police (Cheka) of Petrograd Moissej Solomonowitsch Urizki. With his act, Kannegiesser wanted to avenge the execution of some friends and other officers by the Cheka.
1918	Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)	Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR	Fanny Kaplan	Moscow	On August 30, 1918, Lenin was shot when he was leaving a Moscow factory after a speech. Lenin was shot twice and seriously injured. The Social Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan was arrested as the perpetrator and, after interrogation by the Cheka, shot without trial. Kaplan cited the violent dissolution of the constituent assembly in January 1918 as the trigger for their decision to kill Lenin . But there are doubts as to whether Kaplan was actually the perpetrator. This attack and the attack on Moissej Uritsky on the same day served the Bolsheviks as justification for the so-called Red Terror .
1918	Nicholas II (Russia)	Last Russian emperor	With the toleration of the Bolshevik party and state leadership (including Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Jakow Mikhailovich Sverdlov ) by guarding soldiers	Ekaterinburg	The royal family was executed on July 17, 1918, during the evacuation of the city of Yekaterinburg , with the approval of the Bolshevik party and state leadership by the soldiers guarding them. The corpses were then placed in a disused shaft. A day later, two of the dead were cremated and the others buried in a pit disguised as a pavement. It is certain that Vladimir Ilyich Lenin as party leader and head of government as well as the then head of state Sverdlov , chairman of the secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviks) and chairman of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee (GZEK), as well as other members of the party and state leadership, will advance the shootings had agreed and then everyone approved it.
1919	Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg	Founder of the KPD	Horst von Pflugk-Harttung , Heinrich Stiege , Ulrich von Ritgen , Rudolf Liepmann and Hermann Souchon	Berlin	On January 15, 1919, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, the initiators of the founding of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), were arrested by Freikorps soldiers in an apartment on Mannheimer Strasse in Berlin-Wilmersdorf . After interrogation and mistreatment in the headquarters of the Guard Cavalry Rifle Division in the Hotel Eden, Liebknecht was initially shot on the banks of the New Lake in the Tiergarten by shots from Lieutenant von Pflugk-Harttung, Lieutenant Stiege, Lieutenant von Ritgen and Lieutenant Liepmann and a short time later a few Meters from the entrance of the Eden Hotel , Luxembourg was murdered by Lieutenant Souchon when he was shot in the temple. Both murders were carried out on orders from Captain Waldemar Pabst . The murder of Liebknecht and Luxemburg was related to the violent suppression of the Spartacus uprising by the provisional imperial government under Friedrich Ebert .
1919	Kurt Eisner	Prime Minister of the Free State of Bavaria	Anton Graf von Arco on Valley	Munich	On February 21, 1919, the first Prime Minister of the Free State (Republic) of Bavaria, Kurt Eisner ( USPD ), was on leave of absence from the Volkisch - nationalist student and lieutenant Anton Graf von on the way to the constituent session of the Bavarian state parliament, where he wanted to offer his resignation Arco on Valley shot at close range with two shots. There are various theories about the motives for the attack. It is possible that von Arco, who had been excluded from the Thule Society because of his Jewish mother, wanted to prove his national convictions by murdering the Jewish social democrat Eisner. As a result of the attack on the same day in the state parliament, the bar waiter Alois Lindner was shot at the SPD chairman Erhard Auer , injuring Auer and killing Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß . An unknown perpetrator also shot the Conservative MP Heinrich Osel . The session of the state parliament was then postponed.
1919	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary leader	Jesús Guajardo	Chinameca	On April 10, 1919, the Mexican revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata died in a hail of bullets on the hacienda of Colonel Jesús Guajardo. Colonel Guajardo had ambushed Zapata on the orders of General Pablo González and President Venustiano Carranza under a pretext because Zapata was continuing his fight in southern Mexico after the victory of the Carranza-led revolution against Carranza.
1919	Hugo Haase	Chairman of the USPD	Johann Voss	Berlin	On October 8, 1919, Hugo Haase , chairman of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD), was seriously injured in an assassination attempt in Berlin by two shots by the allegedly deranged worker Johann Voss and died on November 7, 1919. The assassination attempt is in connection with the to see revolutionary events in Germany and especially Berlin after the end of the First World War . In these disputes, Haase stood for a strengthening of the power of the workers 'and soldiers' councils and for negotiated solutions in dealing with the revolutionary People's Navy Division and the rebels of the Spartacus uprising .

1920s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1921	Talaat Pasha	Turkish politician	Soghomon Tehlirian	Berlin	On March 15, 1921, the former Turkish Interior Minister and Grand Vizier Talaat Pascha, who was in exile in Germany, was murdered by the Armenian student Soghomon Tehlirian near his apartment in Berlin-Charlottenburg . The motive for the act was Talaat's joint responsibility for the Armenian genocide , in the course of which Tehlirian had lost several relatives.
1921	Matthias Erzberger	Former German finance minister	Heinrich Tillessen and Heinrich Schulz	Bad Griesbach in the Black Forest	On August 26, 1921, the two former naval officers Tillessen and Schulz shot dead Matthias Erzberger, a Reichstag member of the German Catholic Center Party and former Reich Finance Minister, while walking near Bad Griesbach . The Reichstag MP Carl Diez , who was accompanying the Erzberger, was seriously wounded in this attack . The two perpetrators belonged to the nationalist environment and were members of the Consul organization , the Oberland Freikorps and the Teutonic Order . As early as January 26, 1920, the former ensign Oltwig von Hirschfeld tried to shoot Erzberger while leaving the courthouse in Berlin-Moabit, but injured him only slightly. The motives for the attacks on Erzberger were his support for the Versailles Treaty and his politics as finance minister, which made him the target of right-wing extremist propaganda.
1921	Hara Takashi	Prime Minister of Japan		Tokyo	On November 4, 1921, Japanese Prime Minister Hara Takashi was stabbed to death by a switchman in Tokyo station .
1922	Walther Rathenau	German Foreign Minister	Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer	Berlin	On June 24, 1922, Erwin Kern and Hermann Fischer, members of the right-wing extremist organization Consul , shot Reich Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau. The assassination attempt on Rathenau was the first of the so-called Fememorde in the Weimar Republic , which was not only politically motivated (Rathenau was the epitome of the " fulfillment politician "), but also decidedly anti-Semitic .
1922	Michael Collins	Irish independence fighter	Dennis O'Neill (controversial)	Béal na mBláth	On August 22, 1922, Michael Collins, at that time Commander in Chief of the Army of the Young Republic of Ireland in the Irish Civil War , was ambushed with his motorcade in the village of Béal na mBláth near Bandon in County Cork. Collins was the leader of the proponents of the Anglo-Irish Treaty , which gave the Republic of Ireland independence but remained part of the British Empire as Dominion . The attack was carried out by members of the opposing parties. Whether Dennis O'Neill, mentioned in some history books, was actually the shooter, cannot be determined with certainty in view of the fact that the fatal shot was fired in the course of a half-hour exchange of fire.
1922	Gabriel Narutowicz	President of Poland	Eligiusz Niewiadomski	Warsaw	On December 16, 1922, a week after his election as the first constitutionally elected President of the Second Polish Republic , Gabriel Narutowicz was shot by the painter and nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski on the way to an art exhibition on the steps of the Zachęta . As a representative of a center-left coalition, Narutowicz had previously been the target of nationalist agitation.
1923	Alois Rašín	Finance Minister of Czechoslovakia	Josef Šoupal	Prague
1923	Franz Birnecker	Member of the works council of Semperit AG	Members of the Ostara Defense Formation	Vienna	On February 17, 1923, Franz Birnecker, social democratic works council member of Semperit AG, was shot by members of the monarchist , paramilitary defensive formation Ostara while trying to rush to the aid of fellow members of the Baumgartner Sportklub . Birnecker was the first victim of political violence in the Republic of Austria. The attack leads to the establishment of the social democratic, paramilitary republican protection alliance .
1923	Juan Soldevila y Romero	Archbishop of Saragossa	Los Solidarios ( Buenaventura Durruti , Francisco Ascaso , Gregorio Jover and others)	Saragossa / Spain	On June 4, 1923, Los Solidarios , one of the best-known anarchist grupos de afinidad close to the largest Spanish trade union, the CNT , murdered Juan Soldevila y Romero, Archbishop of Zaragoza. The attack was intended in retaliation for the role of the church, and specifically the archbishop, in the suppression of the CNT and the funding of pistolero groups against striking workers. An indirect consequence of the attack a few months later was the establishment of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera .
1923	Francisco "Pancho" Villa	Mexican revolutionary leader	Jesus Salas Barrazas and others	Parral	On July 20, 1923, the former Mexican bandit and revolutionary leader Pancho Villa was shot with 47 bullets by a group of gunmen under Jesus Salas Barrazas in Parral, Chihuahua . Villa's secretary Miguel Trillo, his personal assistant Daniel Tamayo and Claro Hurtado were also killed in the attack, while Rafael Medrano and Ramón Contreras were injured. The background to the attack is unclear. However, there is some evidence that the Mexican government under Álvaro Obregón was behind the attack .
1924	Ignaz Seipel	Austrian Federal Chancellor	Karl Jaworek	Vienna	On June 1, 1924, Karl Jaworek carried out an assassination attempt on the Catholic prelate and Austrian Chancellor Ignaz Seipel at Vienna's Südbahnhof . Seipel then resigned as Federal Chancellor. Seipel was criticized because his policies had led to a sharp drop in real income and a sharp rise in unemployment.
1925	Hugo Bettauer	writer	Otto Rothstock	Vienna	On March 10, 1925, the writer, journalist and editor of the magazine "Er und Sie" Hugo Bettauer was so badly injured in his office in Vienna by the National Socialist dental technician Otto Rothstock with six bullets in the chest that he suffered his injuries on March 26th he laid. The assassin named the alleged immorality of Bettauer as the motive for the act, who among other things carried out sexual education in his magazine and advocated the impunity of homosexuality among adults and modern divorce law. Rothstock was close to the NSDAP and Brettauer was of Jewish origin; possibly the act was (also) anti-Semitically motivated.
1926	Benito Mussolini	Italian dictator	Gino Lucetti	Rome	On September 11, 1926, the anarchist Gino Lucetti carried out a bomb attack on Benito Mussolini in front of the Porta Pia in Rome, but he was unharmed.
1926	Benito Mussolini	Italian dictator	Anteo Zamboni	Bologna	Six weeks after Gino Lucetti's assassination attempt on October 31, 1926, the 15-year-old anarchist Anteo Zamboni tried to shoot Mussolini in Bologna on the occasion of a parade commemorating the march on Rome . He missed Mussolini and was lynched by nearby fascists . Mussolini took this and the previous attack as an opportunity to dissolve the remaining parties and limit political freedoms.
1928	Zhang Zuolin	Chinese general in the Beiyang Army , warlord and ruler of Manchuria	Kômoto Daisaku	Huanggutun District	Zhang, at that time the most powerful man in China with Japanese support, was killed on June 4, 1928 during a train ride from Beijing not far from his Manchuk residence Mukden by a bomb placed on the railway line by a colonel of the Japanese Kwantung Army . The Huanggutun incident is seen as one of the decisive factors for the subsequent ending of the warlord era and the reunification of China.
1928	Álvaro Obregón	President of Mexico	José de León Toral	Mexico city	The assassin, a Catholic candidate for the priesthood, murdered Mexican President Obregón, who had just been elected for a second term, in a restaurant in Mexico City on July 17, 1928. The trigger for this was the anti- Catholic policy in Mexico that Obregón had pursued during his first term in office.
1928	Stjepan Radić	Co-founder and chairman of the Croatian Peasant Party	Puniša Račić	Parliament in Belgrade	After the assassination, King Aleksandar had all political parties outlawed and declared a royal dictatorship .

1930s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1930	Horst Wessel	SA leader	Albrecht Höhler	Berlin	On January 14, 1930 the SA leader Horst Wessel was shot in Berlin by the Communist Red Front member Albrecht Höhler; he died on February 23 of his injuries. The shots were fired in the course of a fistfight between several Red Front members and Wessel who were in connection with rent debts that Wessel had with the widow of a communist. Wessel was posthumously stylized as a “national martyr” by Reich Propaganda Minister Goebbels .
1930	Hamaguchi Osachi	Prime Minister of Japan	A right-wing extremist	Tokyo	On November 14, 1930, a young right-wing extremist assassinated Japanese Prime Minister Hamaguchi Osachi in Tokyo train station , in which he was injured. After Hamaguchi's health deteriorated in April of the following year, after initially recovering well, he resigned from office on April 14, 1931 and died a few months later as a result of the assassination attempt.
1931	Ernst Henning	Member of the Hamburg Parliament	Albert Jensen , Hans Höckmeier and Otto Bammel	Hamburg	On March 14, 1931 , on the way back from a party event in Kirchwerder , the KPD member of the Hamburg parliament, Ernst Henning, was attacked and shot in the bus by SA men Jensen, Höckmeier and Bammel. Henning's party colleague Louis Cahnbley and an uninvolved vocational school teacher were injured.
1931	Fritz von Twardowski	Counselor in Moscow	Judas Miranowitsch Stern, Sergej Sergejewitsch Wassiljew	Moscow	On the morning of March 5, 1932, several shots were fired at von Twardowski during a revolver attack in Moscow. He was injured by a graze shot in the neck and a bullet in the hand. Ambassador Herbert von Dirksen was the target of the attack . The perpetrator, Judas Miranowitsch Stern, was sentenced to death and shot together with the instigator, Sergej Sergejewitsch Wassiljew, after a two-day trial in the same year.
1932	Paul Doumer	President of France	Pavel Timofejewitsch Gorgulow	Paris	On May 6, 1932, the French President was shot by the young Russian right-wing extremist Pawel Gorgulov at a book fair in the Hotel Salomon de Rothschild in Paris and died in hospital on May 7. The assassin was sentenced to death on July 27th. He was guillotined on September 14th in Paris after a petition for insanity was rejected .
1933	Theodor Lessing	German writer	Rudolf Max Eckert , Rudolf Zischka and Karl Hönl	Marienbad	On August 30, 1933, the National Socialists Eckert, Zischka and Hönl shot the German writer and philosopher Theodor Lessing from a window in the Czech town of Marienbad , who died of serious injuries the following day. Because of his Jewish origins and his socialist worldview, Lessing became a target of National Socialist agitation. In particular after the publication of an article in which he warned against the election of Paul von Hindenburg as Reich President , there were massive protests against him.
1933	Anton Cermak	Mayor of Chicago	Giuseppe Zangara	Miami	On February 15, 1933, the Italian-American Giuseppe Zangara shot and killed the Mayor of Chicago Anton Cermak in Belmont Park in Miami during a speech by the newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt and injured him so badly that he succumbed to his injuries two weeks later. It is generally assumed that Zangara actually aimed at Roosevelt, but missed it and therefore only killed Cermak by accident. But there is also the theory that the attack was actually against Cermak. At the end of 1932, he had messed with the Chicago outfit (the Chicago mafia ) and in particular with Al Capone's successor Frank Nitti and therefore left Chicago.
1933	Engelbert Dollfuss	Austrian Federal Chancellor	Robert Dertil	Vienna	On October 3, 1933, Engelbert Dollfuss was struck down with two shots and wounded in the arm by the National Socialist Robert Dertil.
1933	Mohammed Nadir Shah	King of Afghanistan	Abdul Khaliq Hazara	Kabul	On November 8, 1933, the Afghan King Mohammed Nadir Shah was murdered by the student Abdul Khaliq Hazara during the graduation ceremony of a high school in Kabul. The background to the attack may have been Nadir Shah's modernization policy and his close relationship with the British .
1933	Ion Duca	Prime Minister in the Kingdom of Romania	three members of the Iron Guard	Sinaia	On December 10, 1933, the Liberal Prime Minister Duca disbanded the Iron Guard and arrested thousands; 19 days later he was shot on a train platform.
1934	Augusto César Sandino	Nicaraguan rebel leader	Members of the National Guard	Managua	On February 23, 1934, after a banquet given for them by President Juan Bautista Sacasa , Nicaraguan rebel leaders Sandino and several of his officers were shot dead in front of the Presidential Palace in Managua by members of the National Guard under the orders of Anastasio Somoza García .
1934	Bronislaw Pieracki	Polish Minister of the Interior	Hryhorij Maciejko	Warsaw	On June 15, 1934, a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists tried to carry out a bomb attack on Bronisław Pieracki, Minister of the Interior in Kozłowski's cabinet , in front of a nightclub in the Wołowski Palace in Warsaw . When the flawed bomb failed to explode, he fired a revolver three times at Pieracki. Two shots hit him in the back of the head; he died in hospital the same day. The assassin managed to escape abroad.
1934	Ernst Röhm , Gregor Strasser , Gustav von Kahr , Kurt von Schleicher and numerous other people	Members of the SA leadership and members of the opposition	Members of the SS and SD	Munich	As part of the so-called Röhm Putsch , at least 200 SA leaders and members of the opposition were killed in the days from June 30 to July 2, 1934, including SA leader Ernst Röhm, ex-Reich organizer of the NSDAP Gregor Strasser, and the former Bavarian Prime Minister Gustav von Kahr and ex-Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher murdered by members of the SS and SD on behalf of Adolf Hitler .
1934	Engelbert Dollfuss	Austrian Federal Chancellor	Otto Planetta	Vienna	On July 25, 1934, the SS man Otto Planetta and a second unknown perpetrator shot and seriously injured the Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in the course of the Nazi coup attempt known as the " July Coup " during the occupation of the Federal Chancellery. Since he was denied medical help, Dollfuss bled to death. The attack is to be seen in the context of the political conflicts of that time in Austria. In the previous year, the Dollfuss government had switched off the National Council and banned the NSDAP in Austria. As a result, on October 3, 1933, the National Socialists carried out an assassination attempt on Dollfuß, in which Dollfuss was only slightly injured.
1934	Alexander I.	King of Yugoslavia	Vlado Chernozemsky	Marseille	On October 9, 1934, the Yugoslavian King Alexander I and the French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou were shot in Marseille by the Bulgarian IMRO member Chernosemsky, known as “Vlada the Chauffeur”, on behalf of the Croatian Ustasha leader Ante Pavelić . Background indeed was the endeavor of the Croatian nationalists , their land from the I. Alexander founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to resolve.
1934	Sergei Mironovich Kirov	Soviet politician	Leonid Vasilyevich Nikolayev	Leningrad	On December 1, 1934, Leonid Nikolayev shot the high party functionary of the CPSU and long-time confidante of Stalin Sergei Kirov in front of his office in the Smolny Institute in Leningrad. The background to the offense is unclear. According to Nikolayev's own statements, it was a relationship act, as Kirov allegedly had a love affair with his wife Milda Draule . In the trial against him, however, he was accused of political motives. The attack was one of the triggers for the Stalinist purges in the following years.
1935	Huey Long	US Senator	Carl Austin Weiss	Baton Rouge	On September 8, 1935, the Senator and former Governor of the US state of Louisiana Huey Long was seriously injured in an assassination attempt by the doctor Carl Austin Weiss in the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge and died two days later.
1936	Wilhelm Gustloff	Head of the NSDAP / AO in Switzerland	David Frankfurter	Davos	On February 4, 1936, the Jewish medical student David Frankfurter shot and killed Wilhelm Gustloff, head of the NSDAP foreign organization in Switzerland, in his apartment in Davos. Frankfurter fled the persecution of Jews to Switzerland in 1933 and witnessed the abuse of Jewish relatives on a later visit to Germany. As in the case of Horst Wessel , Gustloff was declared a “national martyr” by Nazi propaganda after his death.
1936	Moritz Schlick	Professor at the University of Vienna	Hans Nelböck	Vienna	On June 22, 1936, the philosophy professor Moritz Schlick was shot by his former student Hans Nelböck on the Philosophenstiege in the University of Vienna. Nelböck gave the theses of anti-metaphysical positivism represented by Schlick and a dispute over a student named Sylvia Borowiczka as the motive for the act. However, the justification of a petition for clemency formulated two years later (after the “Anschluss” of Austria) also allows the conclusion that anti-Semitic motives may have existed, because Schlick was of Jewish descent.
1936	Edward VIII	King of Great Britain	Jerome Bannigan	London	On July 16, 1936, the King of Great Britain was threatened with a revolver by the Irish anarchist Jerome Bannigan while riding in London. The police then overpowered the assailant and arrested him. The revolver fell to the ground, a shot was released and injured the king's horse in the hind leg
1938	Ernst Eduard vom Rath	German diplomat	Herschel Grynszpan	Paris	On November 7, 1938, the Polish Jew Herschel Grynszpan fired five shots at the Legation Secretary Ernst Eduard vom Rath in the rooms of the German Embassy in the Palais Beauharnais in Paris . He died two days later from his serious injuries. The background to the fact is not entirely clear. One motive was certainly that Grynspan's parents, who had lived in Hanover for 27 years , had been deported to the Polish border shortly before as part of the so-called Poland campaign . However, there are also indications that vom Rath and Grynspan had known each other for a long time from the homosexual milieu. In his interrogations, Grynspan stated that he had been sexually abused by vom Rath.
1939	Armand Călinescu	Romanian Prime Minister	Dumitru Dumitrescu , Cezar Popescu , Traian Popescu , Ion Moldoveanu , Ion R. Ionescu and Ion Vasiliu	Bucharest	On September 21, 1939, the Romanian Prime Minister Călinescu was stopped by members of the Iron Guard on his way back from the Cotroceni Palace near today's metro station Eroilor in the Bucharest district of Cotroceni and murdered with over twenty shots. In addition to Călinescu, his bodyguard and driver were also killed in the attack. The attack was organized by Horia Sima , the leader of the Iron Guard, and presumably also monitored by him on the spot. Călinescu was seen by the Iron Guard as one of the main responsible for the repression of this group and in particular for the arrest and extra-legal execution of Sima's predecessor Corneliu Codreanu and several of his supporters in November 1938.
1939	Adolf Hitler	German dictator	Georg Elser	Munich	On November 8, 1939, the carpenter Georg Elser attempted to kill Hitler by bombing him during a speech in the Bürgerbräukeller . For this purpose, Elser had hollowed out a pillar behind the lectern and placed a time bomb in it. The attack failed, however, because due to the weather, Hitler did not have to return to Berlin by plane but by train and therefore spoke shorter than usual. Hitler left the Bürgerbräukeller 13 minutes before the explosion, in which eight people died and 63 were injured, some seriously. See also : List of attacks on Adolf Hitler

1940s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1940	Leon Trotsky	Former CPSU chairman	Ramón Mercader	Coyoacan	On August 20, 1940, Mercader, an agent of the Soviet secret service NKVD, murdered Trotsky on behalf of Stalin . Trotsky lived in exile in a heavily secured estate in Mexico . Mercader sneaked into the property through his engagement to Trotsky's secretary Sylvia Ageloff and injured Trotsky so badly with an ice ax that he died in hospital the next day. Trotsky had lost a power struggle against Stalin in the 1920s; he was expelled from the Politburo in 1926 and from the CPSU in 1927 and banned in 1928. Since he was still agitating against Stalin from there, the secret service had him pursued. An assassination attempt had already been made on May 24, 1940 under the leadership of David Alfaro Siqueiros .
1941	Karl Hotz	Lieutenant Colonel and Field Commander of Nantes	Gilbert Brustlein, Parti communiste français , Jeunesse Communiste de Paris	Nantes	Shot in Nantes on October 20, 1941. This was followed by the shooting of 48 French hostages, the execution of 48 people after three follow-up trials, the deportation and murder of at least 14 other people, and the shooting of 95 hostages after one of the subsequent trials. The act and its consequences are considered to be the trigger for the armed struggle of the Resistance .
1942	Reinhard Heydrich	High officer of the Gestapo	Jan Kubiš and Jozef Gabčík	Libeň	→ Main article : Operation Anthropoid On May 27, 1942, Kubiš and Gabčik carried out an assassination attempt on the head of the Reich Security Main Office and Deputy Reich Protector in Bohemia and Moravia, Reinhard Heydrich, in the Prague suburb of Libeň . He was seriously injured and died a week later. Kubiš and Gabčik were agents of the British special unit SOE and acted on behalf of the Czechoslovak government in exile under Edvard Beneš and the British government . The Nazi regime carried out acts of revenge such as the  destruction of Lidice  and  Ležáky  . The assassination was filmed in 1976 as Operation Daybreak .
1942	François Darlan	Admiral Darlan was head of government under Marshal Pétain from February 10, 1941 to April 18, 1942 .		Algiers (Algeria)	On December 24, 1942, a young man shot and killed Darlan at his headquarters in Algiers ; he was executed two days later. On December 21, 1945, the appeal chamber of the Court of Appeal in Algiers rehabilitated him and received the death sentence. The act was done in the interests of the liberation of France.
1944	Franz Kutschera	High officer of the SS	Bronisław Pietraszewicz , Stanisław Huskowski and Michał Issajewicz	Warsaw	On the morning of February 1, 1944, the SS auxiliary officer of the Warsaw District in the General Government was shot dead in his car by Polish militant scouts (" Szare Szeregi ") in the square in front of his office .
1944	Adolf Hitler	German dictator	Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg	Rastenburg	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 On July 20, 1944, General Staff Officer Stauffenberg attempted to kill Hitler by bombing Hitler at a staff conference at the Fuehrer's headquarters in Wolfsschanze in East Prussia . Since the staff conference took place earlier and not in the Führer's bunker but in a lightly built barrack, the bomb did not have the expected effect. Of the 24 participants in the meeting, four died, two were seriously injured and five - including Hitler - were slightly injured. See also : List of attacks on Adolf Hitler
1944	Walter Edward Guinness	British Secretary of State for the Middle East	Eliahu Hakim and Eliahu Bet-Zuri	Cairo	On November 6, 1944, the British Minister of State for the Middle East, Walter Guinness, was murdered in Cairo by the Jewish Lechi members Hakim and Bet-Zuri. The radical Zionist underground organization Lechi accused Guinness of being primarily responsible for “closing the gates of Palestine to the Jewish refugees by rejecting Heinrich Himmler's proposal to allow up to a million Jewish people to leave Hungary for delivery of Allied goods and weapons to Palestine " to be.
1946	Ahmad Kasravi	Iranian linguist , historian and lawyer	Hossein Emami	Tehran	On March 11, 1946, the Iranian linguist, historian and lawyer Ahmad Kasravi and his assistant were victims of an assassination attempt by Hossein Emami and another member of Fedajin-e Islam . A high-ranking Islamic cleric had previously issued a fatwa against Kasravi for his writings critical of Islam . On April 28, 1945, the founder of the Fedayeen-e Islam, Navvab Safavi , carried out an assassination attempt on Kasravi, but it failed. The assassin Emami also carried out the successful assassination attempt against the Iranian court minister Abdolhossein Hazhir three years later .
1946	Ananda Mahidol	King of Thailand		Bangkok	On June 9, 1946, King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand was killed while handling handguns . It is still unclear whether it was an accident , suicide or an assassination attempt. There is a theory that it was a conspiracy involving his private secretary.
1946	Mahmud an-Nukraschi Pasha	Prime Minister of Egypt (under King Faruq )	a member of the Muslim Brotherhood	Cairo	The assassin, disguised as a soldier, killed him with two shots on December 28, 1948. Pasha had banned the Muslim Brotherhood just three weeks earlier.
1947	Karol Świerczewski	Polish Deputy Minister of Defense	Members of the UPA (disputed)	at Baligród	On March 28, 1947, the Polish Army General and Deputy Minister of Defense Świerczewski was shot dead in an ambush allegedly by members of the UPA .
1947	Aung San	Head of Government of Burma	U Saw (alleged mastermind)	Rangoon	On July 19, 1947, five supporters of the former Prime Minister of the colonial government U Saw Aung San and six other members of the government shot dead during a meeting of the Executive Council (cabinet of the transitional government) in Rangoon. The background was power struggles in the wake of Burma's aspirations for independence.
1948	Mahatma Gandhi	Leader of the Indian independence movement	Nathuram Godse	New Delhi	On January 30, 1948, the fanatical , nationalist Hindu Nathuram Godse shot and killed Mahatma Gandhi. The motive was Gandhi's advocacy for reconciliation and equality between Hindus and Muslims in India.
1948	Folke Bernadotte	Swedish diplomat	Lechi	Jerusalem	On September 17, 1948, the Swedish diplomat and UN mediator Bernadotte and the UN observer Colonel André Serot were shot by members of the Jewish extremist organization Lechi in Jerusalem. Before that, Bernadotte had campaigned for a right of return for Palestinian refugees to Israel , for an international administration of Jerusalem and for a cession of the Negev to the Arabs.
1949	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Shah of Iran	Nasser Fakhr Araï	Tehran	On February 4, 1949, Fakhr Araï, a member of the communist Tudeh party , shot and slightly injured Mohammad Reza Pahlavi five times during an official visit to Tehran University . See also : Assassinations on Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1949	Abdolhossein Hazhir	Court Minister of the Shah of Iran	Hossein Emami	Tehran	On November 4, 1949, Hossein Emami, a member of Fedajin-e Islam and already involved in the assassination attempt against Ahmad Kasravi , ambushed Hazhir as he entered a mosque. He stabbed him so badly that he soon died. The motive for the act was the accusation of Islamic circles that Hazhir was a British spy.

1950s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1951	Ali Razmara	Prime Minister of Iran	Chalil Tahmasbi	Tehran	On March 7, 1951, the Iranian Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmara was fatally wounded with three gunshots by Khalil Tahmasbi, a member of Fedajin-e Islam , on his way from parliament to the memorial service for Ayatollah Fajz in the Soltani mosque . Shortly before, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani , the spiritual leader of the Fedayeen-e Islam, had issued a fatwa against Razmara. The background to this was a power struggle between Razmara and Mohammad Mossadegh , which was sparked primarily by the attitude towards the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC).
1951	Abdallah ibn Husain I.	King of Jordan	Mustafa Shukri Usho	Jerusalem	On July 20, 1951, the Palestinian tailor Mustafa Shukri Usho shot and killed the Jordanian King Abdallah I in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. The motive for the act was Abdallah's moderate stance towards Israel and in particular his recognition of the United Nations' partition plan for Palestine .
1951	Liaquat Ali Khan	Prime Minister of Pakistan	Syed Azbar Khan	Rawalpindi	On October 16, 1951, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated by the Muslim fanatic Syed Azbar Khan during a speech in Rawalpindi. The motive for the crime is unknown, as the perpetrator was killed on the scene.
1952	Konrad Adenauer	German Chancellor	Jakob Farshtej , Elieser Sudit and Josef Kronstein	Bonn	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Konrad Adenauer, Otto Küster and Franz Böhm On March 27, 1952, a package bomb addressed to Konrad Adenauer exploded in the Munich police headquarters and killed the police officer Karl Reichert . The suspected perpetrators were Jakob Farshtej as the head of the group, Elieser Sudit as the bomb maker and Josef Kronstein as the carrier of the package bomb. The group was associated with the Jewish underground organization Irgun Tzwa'i Le'umi . Since all three directly involved left Germany immediately, the public prosecutor closed the investigation and the case was treated with the greatest discretion in order to avoid anti-Semitic reactions. According to information published later by Elieser Sudit, the person who commissioned this attack was the former commandant of Irgun and later Israeli prime minister and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Menachem Begin .
1956	Anastasio Somoza García	President of Nicaragua	Rigoberto López Pérez	Leon	On September 21, 1956, the young poet Rigoberto López fired five shots at the head of state of Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza during an election rally in León and seriously injured him. López was shot dead by the bystanders by the national guards at the scene , and Somoza died eight days later in the US military hospital Hospital Gorgas in the Panama Canal zone. The background to the act was the resistance to Somoza's dictatorial rule in Nicaragua.
1957	Rudolf Kasztner	Knesset candidate of the Mapei		Tel Aviv	On March 3, 1957, Rudolf Kasztner, at that time candidate of the Israeli Labor Party (Mapei) for a mandate in the Knesset, was gunned down by three assassins on his doorstep in Tel Aviv. He died ten days later. The motive for the act was Kasztner's controversial role in the rescue of Jews from Hungary in 1944.
1957	Carlos Castillo Armas	President of Guatemala	Romeo Vásquez Sánchez	Guatemala City	On July 26, 1957, Guatemalan President Carlos Castillo Armas was shot dead by Romeo Vásquez Sánchez, a soldier in his bodyguard, in the Presidential Palace in Guatemala City. The exact motives for the crime are unclear, as Vásquez himself died shortly after the crime, presumably by suicide . There is a theory that Vásquez is said to have acted at the instigation of the dictator of the Dominican Republic , Rafael Trujillo .
1957	Lew Rebet	Nationalist Ukrainian politician	Bogdan Staschinski	Munich	An agent of the KGB killed Rebet on October 12, 1957 at Karlsplatz  8 in Munich at the tram stop at the time with a pistol-like weapon that sprayed hydrogen cyanide gas.
1959	SWRD Bandaranaike	Prime Minister of Ceylon	Talduwa Somaran's Thero	Colombo	On September 25, 1959, the Buddhist monk Talduwa Somarans Thero killed the Prime Minister of Ceylon SWRD Bandaranaike. Some politicians, including members of the government, were suspected of being behind the crime.
1959	Stepan Bandera	Nationalist Ukrainian politician and partisan leader	Bogdan Staschinski	Munich	An agent of the KGB killed Bandera on October 15, 1959 in the entrance of his house at Kreittmayrstrasse 7 with a pistol-like weapon that sprayed hydrogen cyanide gas. He was still alive when he was found, but died a little later.

1960s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1960	Asanuma Inejirō	Chairman of the Socialist Party of Japan	Yamaguchi Otoya	Tokyo	On 12 October 1960, the chairman was the Socialist Party of Japan (SPJ) Inejiro Asanuma during the Japanese television NHK transmitted campaign speech in Hibiya Hall year 17 in Tokyo by the nationalists Yamaguchi Otoya with a Wakizashi stabbed -Sword.
1960	Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello	President of Venezuela	Agents of the Dominican Republic Secret Service	Caracas	On June 24, 1960, the Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt was bombed during a parade in Caracas on the occasion of the anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo, which he survived, seriously injured. The attack was staged by the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo and carried out by agents of the Military Intelligence Service of the Dominican Republic (SIM) and right-wing extremist Venezuelans. The background to the act was Trujillo's political and personal aversion to the socialist President Betancourt.
1961	Patrice Lumumba	Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo	Moïse Tschombé (alleged mastermind)	Katanga Province	On January 17, 1961 , Katang soldiers under Belgian command murdered the first Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba. The background to the fact were power struggles after the independence of the Congo from Belgium. Just two weeks after independence, on July 11, 1960, the resource-rich province of Katanga under the leadership of Moïse Tschombé - like the province of South Kasai - declared its independence from the Republic of the Congo. In September Lumumba was overthrown in a coup by Colonel Joseph Mobutu in agreement with President Joseph Kasavubu and shortly thereafter captured and extradited to Chombé.
1961	Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina	Rulers of the Dominican Republic	Luis Amiama Tió , Pedro Livio Cedeño Herrera , Antonio de la Maza Vásquez , Luis Salvador Estrella Sadhalá , Amado García Guerrero , Antonio Imbert Barrera , Roberto Rafael Pastoriza Neret and Huáscar Antonio Tejeda Pimentel	Santo Domingo	On May 30, 1961, Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic, was attacked by a group of assassins consisting of General Antonio Imbert, Lieutenant Amado García, entrepreneur Antonio de la Maza, Luis Amiama, Pedro Livio Cedeño, Salvador Estrella and Roberto Pastoriza and Huáscar Tejeda killed by machine gun fire. In addition to the actual attackers, the then Defense Minister General José René Román Fernández , General Juan Tomás Díaz as well as Modesto Díaz Quezada and Luis Manuel Cáceres Michel belonged to the group of conspirators. With their deed, the conspirators wanted to end the more than 30-year-old dictatorship of Trujillo.
1961	Charles de Gaulle	President of France		Pont-sur-Seine	→ Main article : Assassination attempt in Pont-sur-Seine Perpetrated on September 8, 1961 by six men (presumably OAS members) with a bomb.
1962	Charles de Gaulle	President of France	Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry and other members of the OAS	Petit-Clamart	→ Main article : Assassination of Petit-Clamart On August 22, 1962, Colonel Bastien-Thiry, together with eleven other members of the Organization de l'armée secrète (OAS), carried out an assassination attempt on French President Charles de Gaulle. This failed because due to the darkness, the agreed signal was not seen in time. The assassins fired a total of 187 shots at de Gaulle's motorcade, but just missed it. The motive for the attack was the dissatisfaction of Bastien-Thire and the OAS with de Gaulle's Algeria policy . This assassination attempt served Frederick Forsyth as a template for his novel The Jackal .
1963	Medgar Evers	American civil rights activist	Byron De La Beckwith	Jackson, Mississippi	On June 12, 1963, the black American civil rights activist Medgar Evers was shot and killed for racist motives by the white fertilizer salesman Byron De La Beckwith in Jackson, Mississippi. De La Beckwith was acquitted in two lawsuits in 1964. This sparked protests and prompted several artists to erect a musical monument to Evers. For example, Bob Dylan's song Only a Pawn in their Game and Nina Simone's song Mississippi Goddamn deal with the attack and its aftermath.
1963	John F. Kennedy	President of the United States	Lee Harvey Oswald (alleged perpetrator)	Dallas	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on John F. Kennedy On November 22, 1963, US President John F. Kennedy was shot dead in an open convertible while driving through Dallas / Texas . According to the prevailing opinion, Oswald was a lone perpetrator. A final clarification was and is not possible, among other things, because Oswald himself was assassinated two days later. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1963	Lee Harvey Oswald	Suspected Kennedy assassin	Jack Ruby	Dallas	Two days after the assassination attempt on John F. Kennedy , on November 24, 1963, the nightclub owner Jack Ruby shot and killed the alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald on the occasion of his transfer to the state prison in front of the camera.
1965	Hassan Ali Mansour	Prime Minister of Iran	Mohammad Bokharaii	Tehran	On January 22, 1965, a few days before the first anniversary of the White Revolution , the Iranian Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansour was shot three times by Mohammad Bokharaii, a member of Fedayeen Islam , in front of the parliament building in Tehran. Behind the attack were conservative Islamic circles, above all Ayatollah Khomeini , who was exiled by Mansour, and Akbar Hāschemi Rafsanjāni, who later became President of the Islamic Republic of Iran . The specific trigger for the act was the approval of the Status of Forces Agreement with the USA by the Mansour administration.
1965	Malcolm Little (Malcolm X)	American civil rights activist	Thomas Hagan , Norman Butler and Thomas Johnson	New York City	On February 21, 1965, Hagan, Butler and Johnson, supporters of the leader of the Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad , shot and killed American civil rights activist Malcolm X while performing at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, New York . The motive for the act was Malcolm's break with the Nation of Islam and his public criticism of the extramarital affairs of Muhammad.
1965	Mohammad Reza Pahlavi	Shah of Iran	Reza Shams Abadi	Tehran	On April 10, 1965, the guard Reza Schams Abadi carried out an assassination attempt on Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in ​​front of the Marble Palace in Tehran. The Shah survived unharmed, probably because, contrary to his custom, he did not come to the Marble Palace on foot that day, but in the car. The guards Mohammad Ali Babaian and Ayat Lashgari fell victim to the attack, and the Shah's valet was injured. At first, several members of a Maoist group were accused of being behind the attack. Two of them were sentenced to death and a third to life imprisonment, but all three were pardoned by the Shah a short time later. Today it is known that the Islamist underground organization Fedayeen-e Islam was actually behind the attack. See also : Assassinations on Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1966	Maximiliano Hernández Martínez	Former dictator of El Salvador	Cipriano Morales	Jamastrán Honduras	Hernández, who lived in exile in Honduras, was killed with 17 stab wounds on May 15, 1966 in the dining room of his house by his driver, Cipriano Morales. Hernández had come to power in a military coup in El Salvador in 1931 and ruled as a dictator until his overthrow in 1944. Among other things, he had bloodily suppressed a peasant uprising in western El Salvador in early 1932, killing an estimated 25,000 people.
1966	Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd	Prime Minister of South Africa	Demetrios Tsafendas	Cape Town	On September 6, 1966, the parliamentary clerk Demitrios Tsafendas stabbed Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd with four stabs in the plenary hall of the South African Parliament in Cape Town. The motive for the act was probably the apartheid policy developed and implemented by Verwoerd . Tsafendas was the son of a Greek and a Mozambican woman and was therefore considered a hybrid under the South African racial laws.
1968	Martin Luther King	American civil rights activist	James Earl Ray	Memphis	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Martin Luther King On April 4, 1968, the American civil rights activist Martin Luther King was shot dead by an assassin on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. James Earl Ray, who had several criminal records and who had confessed to the act immediately after his arrest in London , but later revoked the confession, was convicted for the crime . Despite numerous conspiracy theories, the prevailing opinion to this day assumes that Ray committed the act as a lone perpetrator for racist motives.
1968	Rudi Dutschke	German Marxist student leader	Josef Bachmann	Berlin	On April 11, 1968, the right-wing extremist unskilled worker Josef Bachmann shot and seriously injured the Marxist student leader Rudi Dutschke three times in front of the SDS office on Kurfürstendamm in West Berlin. Eleven years later, on December 24, 1979, Dutschke drowned in the bathtub of his apartment due to an epileptic fit . The epileptic seizure was a late consequence of the brain injuries sustained in the assassination attempt.
1968	Robert F. Kennedy	US Senator	Sirhan Bishara Sirhan	los Angeles	On June 5, 1968, following a speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles , the US Senator and Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was shot and critically injured by the Palestinian immigrant Sirhan Bishara Sirhan. Kennedy died the next day. The motive for the act are emphatically Israel-friendly statements by Kennedy.

1970s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1970	Daniel A. Mitrione	American CIA agent	Guerrillas of the Tupamaros	Montevideo	On August 10, 1970, members of the Uruguayan guerrilla organization Tupamaros shot dead CIA agent and security advisor to the Uruguayan interior authorities, Daniel A. Mitrione, after they had held him hostage for ten days. After the kidnapping of Mitrione, Claude L. Fly and the Brazilian Vice Consul Aloysio Mares Dias Gomide , the Tupamaros initially tried to persuade the government to release 150 like-minded prisoners. After the negotiations failed, they shot Mitrione. The other two hostages were later released.
1972	George Wallace	Governor of Alabama	Arthur Bremer	Laurel	In May 1972, the Governor of the US state of Alabama and then candidate for the Democratic Party nomination for president, George Wallace, was shot and seriously injured by Arthur Bremer during an election rally. As a result of the attack he remained paralyzed and dependent on a wheelchair. The attack was apparently not politically motivated, but rather through Bremer's desire to become famous.
1972	Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume	Vice President of Tanzania		Zanzibar City	On April 7, 1972, the former President of the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba and - since its union with Tanganyika - Vice-President of Tanzania Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume, was shot dead by four assassins during a backgammon game at the headquarters of the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). The Marxist politician Abdulrahman Mohammad Babu , who was largely disempowered by Karume and who then left Tanzania, was suspected of being the mastermind behind the act .
1972	David Mark Berger , Zeev Friedman , Yossef Gutfreund , Eliezer Halfin , Josef Romano , André Spitzer , Amitzur Schapira , Kehat Shorr , Mark Slavin , Yakov Springer and Mosche Weinberg	Members of the Olympic team of Israel	Members of the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September	Munich	→ Main article : Munich Olympic assassination attempt During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich on September 5, 1972, eight terrorists from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September broke into the Olympic Village and took the 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team hostage. The hostage takers demanded the release of 232 Palestinians imprisoned in Israeli prisons, the two German terrorists Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof and the Japanese terrorist Kōzō Okamoto . While the hostages Romano and Weinberg died right at the beginning of the hostage-taking, all the others died during an unsuccessful rescue operation at the Fürstenfeldbruck airfield .
1973	Luis Carrero Blanco	Prime Minister of Spain	Members of the ETA	Madrid	On December 20, 1973, the Spanish Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco was the victim of a bomb attack by the Basque terrorist organization ETA. The detonation of the remotely detonated explosive charge under his armored car was so violent that the car was thrown 35 meters into the air, over the church of San Francisco de Borja and a five-story apartment building, and hit a balcony on the second floor of this building. In addition to Carrero Blanco, his driver and bodyguard were also killed in the attack. Four other people were injured. There are also reasonable suspicions that the CIA was also involved in the assassination in addition to the ETA , as Carrero Blanco had drawn displeasure from the US government almost three months earlier during the Yom Kippur War when he banned the American armed forces to operate from bases in Spanish territory.
1975	Faisal ibn Abd al-Aziz	King of Saudi Arabia	Faisal ibn Musa'id	Riad	On March 25, 1975, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia was shot dead by his nephew Faisal ibn Musa'id during an audience in the presence of representatives of the government of Kuwait . The exact motives are unknown. According to one theory, it was supposed to have been revenge for the death of Faisal bin Musa'id's brother Chalid , who died during violent protests against King Faisal's modernization policy (especially against the introduction of television in Saudi Arabia). However, this event was many years ago.
1975	Ross McWhirter	Political activist	Member of the IRA	Enfield	On November 27, 1975, Ross McWhirter, co-founder and editor of the Guinness Book of Records , was shot dead by an IRA member in his home in Enfield, London . The trigger for the attack was that, after a series of IRA bombings in London, McWhirter advocated greater surveillance of Irish people in the UK and offered a reward of £ 50,000 for information that would lead to the arrest and conviction of IRA members. who carried out the attacks.
1975	Gerald Ford	President of the United States	Lynette Fromme	Sacramento	On September 5, 1975, the 26-year-old Lynette Fromme, a supporter of the violent criminal Charles Manson , tried to shoot the American President Gerald Ford in Capitol Park in Sacramento. Before she could fire a shot, however, she was overpowered by Secret Service agents . The motives for the attack are unknown. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1975	Gerald Ford	President of the United States	Sara Jane Moore	San Francisco	Just 17 days after Lynette Fromme's attempted assassination attempt in Sacramento , 45-year-old housewife and “revolutionary” Sara Jane Moore committed an assassination attempt on US President Gerald Ford in front of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco on September 22, 1975 The shot missed because the passerby fell into Oliver Sipple Moore's arms. Moore said he wanted to "cause chaos" by murdering Ford. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1976	Christopher Ewart-Biggs	British Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland	Member of the IRA	Sandyford	In 1976, British Ambassador to the Republic of Ireland, Christopher Ewart-Biggs, died when his car hit an IRA-laid land mine in Sandyford, a suburb of Dublin .
1976	Jean-Marie Le Pen	Chairman of the Front National		Paris	On November 2, 1976, a bomb attack was carried out on Le Pen's apartment building in the 15th arrondissement . Nobody got hurt. The perpetrator or perpetrators could never be identified.
1976	Orlando Letelier	Chilean diplomat and politician		Washington, DC	On September 21, 1976, Letelier was murdered by a car bomb in Washington DC. The attack was carried out on the orders of the dictator Augusto Pinochet by agents of the Chilean secret police DINA.
1977	Enrique Valdevira Ibáñez , Luis Javier Benavides Orgaz , Francisco Javier Sauquillo Pérez del Arco , Serafín Holgado de Antonio and Ángel Rodríguez Leal	Union lawyers	José Fernández Cerrá , Carlos García Juliá and Fernando Lerdo de Tejada	Madrid	On January 24, 1977 members of a late-Frankist right-wing extremist terrorist group stormed a law firm specializing in labor law, which worked for the Comisiones Obreras union and whose members belonged to the - then still banned - Communist Party of Spain and opened fire on those present there. In this attack, known as the Atocha bloodbath (after the street where the offices were located), lawyers Valdevira, Benavides and Sauquillo, law student Holgado and law firm employee Rodríguez were killed and four other people were injured. In addition to the actual perpetrators Fernández, García and Lerdo, the secretary of the Frankist union Sindicato Vertical del Transport Privado de Madrid Francisco Abadalejo Corredera and three other people were identified as accomplices. According to an official report by Italian authorities from 1990, Carlo Cicuttini , a member of the neo-fascist Movimento Sociale Italiano party and the terrorist group Ordine Nuovo who had fled to Spain, was also involved in the attack.
1977	Kamal Jumblat	Lebanese Druze leader		Baaqlin	On March 16, 1977, the Lebanese Druze leader and opposition politician Kamal Jumblat was shot in his car near the village of Baaqlin south of Beirut . The perpetrators are unknown, but it is believed that they were agents of the Syrian secret service .
1977	Mary Ngouabi	President of the Republic of the Congo		Brazzaville	On March 18, 1977, the Congolese President Marien Ngouabi was shot in his residence in Brazzaville. Ngouabi's predecessor, Alphonse Massemba-Débat , who was overthrown in a coup in 1968 , was convicted and executed as the mastermind . However, this was rehabilitated in 1991.
1977	Émile Cardinal Biayenda	Archbishop of Brazzaville		Brazzaville	On March 23, 1977, the Archbishop of Brazzaville Émile Cardinal Biayenda fell victim to a tribal dispute.
1977	Siegfried Buback	German Attorney General	Christian Klar , Knut Folkerts and Brigitte Mohnhaupt	Karlsruhe	On April 7, 1977, RAF terrorists shot and killed the Federal Prosecutor General Siegfried Buback, his driver Wolfgang Göbel and the judicial officer Georg Wurster at an intersection in Karlsruhe . The terrorists Klar, Folkerts and Mohnhaupt were convicted for this act. However, the details of the act have not yet been conclusively clarified.
1977	Jürgen Ponto	Board spokesman for Dresdner Bank	Susanne Albrecht , Brigitte Mohnhaupt and Christian Klar	Oberursel	On July 30, 1977, the spokesman for the Dresdner Bank board, Jürgen Ponto , was murdered by RAF terrorists Albrecht, Mohnhaupt and Klar while attempting a kidnapping in his house in Oberursel (Taunus) . Susanne Albrecht, whose father was a college friend of Pontos, gave herself and her accomplices access to Ponto's house. After Ponto resisted the attempt to kidnap him, Klar and Mohnhaupt shot him.
1977	César Augusto Guzzetti	Foreign Minister of Argentina	Members of the urban guerrilla Montoneros	Buenos Aires	On May 5, 1977, members of the Peronist urban guerrilla Montoneros shot at the Foreign Minister and Vice Admiral César Guzzetti when he was in a doctor's office. Guzzetti was hit in the face and seriously injured. As a result of the act, Guzzetti remained silent and paralyzed for the rest of his life . He died in 1988 of long-term consequences of the crime.
1977	Hanns Martin Schleyer	German employer president	Stefan Wisniewski and Rolf Heissler	Hem	On October 18, 1977, employer president Hanns Martin Schleyer was murdered in Hem near Lille after weeks of being held hostage by RAF terrorists . According to the terrorist Peter-Jürgen Boock , who was involved in the kidnapping of Schleyer but was not an eyewitness to his murder, Wisniewski and Heissler were the perpetrators. In return for the release of Schleyer, the terrorists had demanded the release of 11 imprisoned RAF members, including Andreas Baader , Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe , from the German government. The government did not respond to this. After the GSG 9 had ended the hijacking of the Lufthansa aircraft “Landshut” at Mogadishu airport in the early morning of October 18, 1977 and the terrorists Baader, Ensslin and Raspe had committed suicide that same night in the Stuttgart correctional facility (so-called death night of Stammheim ), the kidnappers shot Schleyer.
1978	Larry Flynt	American publisher	Joseph Paul Franklin	Lawrenceville	After a court hearing in Gwinnett County , Georgia , Larry Flynt, editor of the pornographic magazine Hustler , and his attorney Gene Reeves Jr. were shot outside the Lawrenceville courthouse on March 6, 1978. The shooter is the racist murderer Joseph Paul Franklin , who admitted the shots. However, he was never brought to trial by the public prosecutor because of an existing life sentence . As a result of the gunshot wounds, Flynt has been paralyzed from the waist down since the attack.
1978	Aldo Moro	Chairman of the Christian Democratic Party of Italy	Mario Moretti	Rome	On May 9, 1978, the chairman of the Democrazia Cristiana and former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro was murdered with eight shots by the terrorist of the Red Brigades, Mario Moretti, after being held hostage for 55 days . The Red Brigades tried to use the kidnapping of Moro to force the release of imprisoned like-minded people, but the government did not respond.
1978	Georgi Markov	Bulgarian writer and journalist	Francesco Giullino	London	→ Main article : Umbrella attack On September 11, 1978, Francesco Giullino, an Italian-born Dane who worked as an agent for the Bulgarian secret service, carried out an attack known as an umbrella attack on the Bulgarian writer and journalist Georgi Markov, who lived in London. He used a converted umbrella (the so-called Bulgarian umbrella ) to inject the victim with a small ball of poisonous ricin . The motive for the murder was Markov's public criticism of the communist regime in his home country.
1978	George Moscone and Harvey Milk	Mayor and Councilor of San Francisco	Dan White	San Francisco	On November 27, 1978, resigning San Francisco City Councilor Dan White shot and killed Mayor George Moscone and City Councilor Harvey Milk. This was preceded by a dispute over White's request to reinstate him as a city councilor. Moscone had refused this, among other things on Milk's recommendation.
1979	Airey Neave	British MP	Irish National Liberation Army	London	On March 30, 1979, Airey Neave, MP and Northern Ireland spokesman for the British Conservative Party , fell victim to a car bombed by the Irish National Liberation Army while leaving the parking garage of the Palace of Westminster .
1979	Lord Louis Mountbatten	British Grand Admiral ret. D.	Thomas McMahon	Sligo	On August 27, 1979, the IRA terrorist McMahon carried out a bomb attack on Lord Mountbatten's yacht Shadow V in the bay off Sligo . In addition to Mountbatten, three other people died - including his 14-year-old grandson Nicolas Knatchbull - and several other family members were injured, some seriously.

1980s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1980	Walter Rodney	Guyanese historian and politician	Gregory Smith	Georgetown	On June 13, 1980, the Marxist Guyanese historian and politician Walter Rodney fell victim to a bomb attack in the Guyanese capital Georgetown. The suspected perpetrator was NCO Gregory Smith, the alleged mastermind was the then Guyanese President Forbes Burnham .
1980	Anastasio Somoza Debayle	Former President of Nicaragua	Enrique Haroldo Gorriarán Merlo , Hugo Alfredo Irurzún and others	Asunción	On September 17, 1980, the former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza was murdered in exile in the Paraguayan capital Asunción together with his Colombian financial advisor Jou Baittiner and his driver César Gallardo by members of the Argentine guerrilla organization Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP) led by Enrique Gorriarán. His murder was probably initiated by the Sandinista , who had overthrown him a year earlier. The Cuban government under Fidel Castro may also have been involved in the attack.
1980	John Lennon	Musician	Mark David Chapman	new York	Late in the evening of December 8, 1980, the deranged Mark David Chapman shot the singer and ex- Beatle John Lennon five times in front of his apartment in the Dakota Building in New York.
1981	Ronald Reagan	President of the United States	John Hinckley, Jr.	Washington, DC	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan On March 30, 1981, insane college student John W. Hinckley Jr. fired six shots at President Ronald Reagan outside the Washington Hilton Hotel. Reagan was slightly injured by a ricochet. In addition, his press secretary James Brady was seriously injured and security officers Thomas Delahanty and Timothy McCarthy were slightly injured. Hinckley was obsessed with the actress Jodie Foster and wanted to impress her with an assassination attempt based on the model of the main character in the film Taxi Driver . He had intended to assassinate Reagan's predecessor, Jimmy Carter , a few years earlier , but had been arrested for illegally possessing weapons and prevented from carrying it out. See also : List of Assassinations on the President of the United States
1981	Heinz Nittel	Vienna City Council	Hesham Mohammed Rajeh	Vienna	On May 1, 1981, Heinz Nittel, Vienna City Councilor, President of the Austrian-Israeli Society and co-founder of the Jewish Welcome Service Vienna , was in front of his house in Vienna- Hietzing by the Iraqi Hesham Mohammed Rajeh on behalf of Bahij Younis , a member of the Palestinian terrorist organization Abu Nidal , shot. Younis was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment on three jury trials in 1981 and was released early in 1995.
1981	Heinz-Herbert Karry	Hessian Minister of Economics	Members of the Revolutionary Cells (alleged perpetrators)	Frankfurt am Main	On May 11, 1981, the FDP politician and Hessian Minister of Economic Affairs, Heinz-Herbert Karry, was fatally wounded in his sleep with six gunshots by strangers in his home in Frankfurt-Seckbach . Later, a letter of confession from the revolutionary cells emerged in which they assumed responsibility for the attack. The perpetration of the Revolutionary Cells has not yet been clearly proven. The background to the act was probably Karry's vehement support for the construction of the West Runway at Frankfurt Airport .
1981	John Paul II	Pope	Mehmet Ali Agca	Rome	On May 13, 1981, during a general audience , the Turkish right-wing extremist Mehmet Ali Ağca fired three shots at close range at Pope John Paul II, who was driving across St. Peter's Square in a popemobile , and seriously injured him. Agca did not comment on the background to the crime herself. An investigation committee of the Italian parliament came to the conclusion in 2006 that the attack had been organized by the Russian secret service GRU in cooperation with the Bulgarian secret service and the Stasi on behalf of the Soviet state and party leader Leonid Brezhnev . The motive is likely to have been the public partisanship of John Paul II for the anti-communist trade union Solidarność in his home country Poland .
1981	Anwar as-Sadat	President of Egypt	Chalid al Islambuli	Cairo	On October 6, 1981, four members of the Islamist organization Al-Jihad, led by Lieutenant Khalid al Islambuli, carried out an assassination attempt on Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat during a military parade in Cairo. In addition to Sadat, ten other people, including the Cuban ambassador to Egypt, an Omani general and a Coptic Orthodox bishop, fell victim to the attack. 28 other people, including Sadat's Vice President Husni Mubarak and Irish Defense Secretary James Tully , were injured. Before the act, the spiritual leader of al-Jihad, the mufti Umar Abd al-Rahman, issued a fatwa justifying the act. In it, Sadat was accused of being an illegitimate ruler because he did not rule on the basis of Sharia law . The concrete background to the act, however, is likely to have been the peace treaty concluded with Israel two years earlier .
1982	John Paul II	Pope	Juan María Fernández y Krohn	Fatima	On May 12, 1982, John Paul II was assassinated again. The perpetrator was a sedevacantist priest who had been expelled from the Pius Brotherhood in 1979 . The Pope survived the attempted murder with minor injuries, the perpetrator was caught and sentenced to six and a half years in prison. The motive for the crime was the papal support for resolutions of the Second Vatican Council , which the perpetrator rejected as modernist .
1982	Bachir Gemayel	President-elect of Lebanon	Habib Tanious Shartouni	Ashrafiya	On September 14, 1982, the Lebanese President-elect Bachir Gemayel was murdered along with 25 other people in a bomb attack at the headquarters of the Kata'ib party. The bomb was planted by the Lebanese Christian Shartouni. The alleged mastermind behind the attack was the Syrian secret service . Shartouni himself cited the motive for the act that Gemayel wanted to sell off Lebanon to Israel . This statement refers to the fact that Gemayel is said to have met shortly before with the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in order to prepare the conclusion of a peace treaty between the two countries.
1983	Benigno Aquino, Jr.	Filipino Senator	Rogelio Moreno	Manila	On August 21, 1983, when he returned from exile, the Philippine Senator Benigno Aquino was shot dead at Manila airport immediately after leaving the plane. At the time of his murder, Aquino was accompanied by members of the Filipino armed forces who had arrested him on the plane and led him to a military vehicle. The security forces shot dead the communist Rolando Galman at the scene , and only hours after the crime , the government of President Ferdinand Marcos accused the general secretary of the Communist Party, Rodolfo Salas , of being the mastermind behind the attack. However, later investigations came to the conclusion that Aquino had become the victim of a military conspiracy and that the real assassin was the military policeman Rogelio Moreno. Sixteen members of the armed forces, some of them senior, were finally sentenced to life imprisonment by a special court after the fall of Marcos in 1986. The motive for the act was probably Aquino's sharp criticism of the government.
1984	Indira Gandhi	Prime Minister of India	Beant Singh and Satwant Singh	New Delhi	On October 31, 1984, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was interviewed by Beant Singh and Satwant Singh, members of her Sikh , in the front yard of her house in New Delhi on the way to an interview that Peter Ustinov wanted to conduct with her as part of the documentary film series Ustinov's People - Bodyguard, shot. The background to the act was the violent crackdown by the Indian military , known as Operation Blue Star , against separatist Sikhs, who under the leadership of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale had holed up in the Golden Temple in Amritsar and in which, according to eyewitness reports, 2,000 Sikhs were allegedly killed and some of them of the temple was completely destroyed.
1986	Olof Palme	Prime Minister of Sweden	Stig Engström (according to the Swedish Public Prosecutor's Office)	Stockholm	On February 28, 1986, the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme was shot dead on the way home after going to the cinema in downtown Stockholm. The search for the culprit lasted until June 2020, when graphic designer Stig Engström, who died in 2000, was named as the most likely culprit by the Swedish public prosecutor's office and the investigation closed.
1986	Karl Heinz Beckurts	Member of the Management Board of Siemens AG	Members of the RAF (alleged perpetrators)	Straßlach	On July 9, 1986, Karl Heinz Beckurts, member of the Management Board of Siemens AG, and his chauffeur Eckhard Groppler were killed in a bomb attack in Straßlach near Munich . A “Mara Cagol Command” of the RAF confessed to the attack. However, the culprit is uncertain.
1986	Gerold von Braunmühl	German diplomat	Members of the RAF	Bonn	On October 10, 1986, the German diplomat Gerold von Braunmühl was shot by two people in front of his home in Bonn-Ippendorf . According to a letter of confession left near the scene of the crime, the perpetrators were members of an "Ingrid Schubert Command" of the RAF. Horst Ludwig Meyer and his wife at the time Barbara Meyer were suspected . However, there is no evidence of the perpetrator.
1986	Georges Besse	French industrialist	Nathalie Ménigon and Joëlle Aubron	Paris	On November 17, 1986, Nathalie Ménigon and Joëlle Aubron, members of the " Pierre Overney Command " of Action Directe in Paris, shot the director of the Renault works in France, Georges Besse. The background to the act were mass layoffs at Renault, for which Action Directe Besse was responsible.
1987	Rashid Karami	Prime Minister of Lebanon	Samir Geagea and other members of the Forces Libanaises		On June 1, 1987, the Lebanese Prime Minister Rashid Karami was killed when an explosive device detonated in his helicopter. All the other people who were on board the helicopter, including Interior Minister Abdullah al-Rasi, survived the attack. In 1999 the leader of the Forces Libanaises (FL), Samir Geagea, and ten other members of this Christian militia were convicted for this and other attacks. The lack of the rule of law in this procedure makes it doubtful whether the allegation is actually justified.
1987	Leopold Wagner	Governor of Carinthia	Franz Rieser	Klagenfurt	On October 6, 1987, the Carinthian governor and SPÖ politician Leopold Wagner was seriously injured by two gunshots in the toilet of the Klagenfurt Volkskeller by a former work colleague, the secondary school teacher Franz Rieser, because he felt that he had been passed over when filling a post.
1987	Thomas Sankara	President of Burkina Faso		Ouagadougou	On October 15, 1987, Thomas Sankara, President of Burkina Faso, was murdered together with 12 other officers in a coup of his former companion Blaise Compaoré .
1988	Dulcie September	Representative of the ANC in France		Paris	On March 29, 1988, unknown persons shot dead the ANC representative Dulcie September in front of the ANC office in Paris. It is considered likely that the South African government was behind the attack .
1989	Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou	Chairman of the DPK-I	Mohammed Jafar Sahraroudi , Hadji Moustafawi and Amir Mansur Bozorgian	Vienna	On July 13, 1989, the chairman of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan-Iran (DPK-I), Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, together with his two companions, the DPK-I central council member Abdullah Ghaderi-Azar and the Iraqi university professor and mediator Fadhil Rassoul , joined in negotiations Representatives of the Iranian government shot dead by members of the Iranian negotiating delegation in Vienna. The background to this was the violent clashes over Kurdish aspirations for autonomy in Iran.
1989	Alfred Herrhausen	Spokesman for the Board of Management of Deutsche Bank AG	Members of the RAF	bad Homburg	On November 30, 1989, the spokesman for the board of Deutsche Bank, Alfred Herrhausen, was murdered by an explosive device set off by a light barrier while driving to work near his home in Bad Homburg . His driver Jakob Nix was slightly injured in the attack. In a phone call to confess and a letter of confession found two days after the crime near the scene of the crime, a "Wolfgang Beer Command" of the RAF confessed to the attack. However, the perpetrators are still unknown to this day after the investigations into two people accused of the crime were closed in 1992 for lack of evidence.

1990s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
1990	Oskar Lafontaine	Chancellor candidate of the SPD	Adelheid Streidel	Cologne	On April 25, 1990, the mentally disturbed Adelheid Streidel carried out a knife attack on the SPD chancellor candidate Oskar Lafontaine during an election campaign event of the SPD in the town hall in Cologne-Mülheim and injured him critically.
1990	Wolfgang Schäuble	Federal Minister of the Interior	Dieter Kaufmann	Oppenau	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Wolfgang Schäuble On October 12, 1990, Federal Interior Minister Wolfgang Schäuble ( CDU ) was gunned down by the schizophrenic Dieter Kaufmann during an election campaign in Oppenau, Baden-Württemberg and has been paralyzed since then . The bodyguard Klaus-Dieter Michalsky was injured in the attack.
1991	Detlev Rohwedder	President of the Treuhandanstalt	Members of the RAF	Dusseldorf	On April 1, 1991, the President of the Treuhandanstalt Detlev Rohwedder was shot dead by strangers with an assault rifle from a distance of 63 meters at the window of his house in Düsseldorf-Niederkassel. His wife Hergard was slightly injured. At the scene of the crime there was a letter of confession with which a “Kommando Ulrich Wessel ” confessed to the crime. The perpetrators have not yet been identified.
1991	Rajiv Gandhi	Former Prime Minister of India	Thenmuli Rajaratnam	Sriperumbudur	On May 21, 1991, the former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was killed in a suicide bombing by the Tamil woman Thenmuli Rajaratnam while campaigning in support of a member of parliament of the Congress Party in Sriperumbudur near Madras . The assassin was assigned to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The motive for the attack is said to have been the role of the Indian peacekeepers deployed during Gandhi's government in the civil war in Sri Lanka .
1992	Giovanni Falcone	Italian public prosecutor	Giovanni Brusca a leader of the Cosa Nostra	Capaci near Palermo	On May 23, 1992 Giovanni Falcone, his wife Francesca Morvillo and three bodyguards were killed by a bomb, an activist fighting the Cosa Nostra and a symbol in the fight against organized crime in Sicily. The bomb with 500 kg TNT was deposited in a tube under the motorway and detonated remotely.
1992	Sadegh Sharafkandi	Chairman of the DPK-I	Kazem Darabi and Abbas Rhayel	Berlin	→ Main article : Mykonos assassination On September 17, 1992, the Iranian Kazem Darabi and the Lebanese Abbas Rhayel murdered the chairman of the Kurdistan-Iran Democratic Party (DPK-I), Sadegh Scharafkandi, on behalf of the Iranian secret service VEVAK in the Greek restaurant "Mykonos" in Berlin-Wilmersdorf Representatives of the DPK-I in France and Germany , Fatah Abdoli and Homayoun Ardalan , as well as the interpreter Nouri Dehkordi . Scharafkandi and his companions were at the invitation of the Federal Chairman of the SPD Björn Engholm as guests of a congress of the Socialist International in Berlin. Three years earlier, Sharafkandi's predecessor, Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou , was the victim of an attack by the Iranian government in Vienna .
1993	René Bousquet	French police chief of the Vichy regime and alleged Holocaust supporter	Christian Didier	Paris	Bousquet was shot dead by Christian Didier on June 8, 1993. Bousquet died on the scene. Didier received psychiatric treatment in previous years.
1993	Ugur Mumcu	Turkish journalist and writer		Ankara	On the morning of January 24, 1993, Mumcu, an investigative journalist who mainly wrote for the Cumhuriyet newspaper , was murdered in a bomb attack outside his home in Ankara. The bomb exploded in his car. The crime has not yet been resolved and the perpetrators have not been caught. There are numerous theories about the motive and the perpetrators, ranging from the so-called " deep state " to CIA and Mossad to Iran . The day after his death, tens of thousands of people protested in various major cities in Turkey.
1993	Chris Hani	General Secretary of the SACP	Janusz Walus	Boksburg	On April 10, 1993, the General Secretary of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and Chief of Staff of the Umkhonto we Sizwe Chris Hani was shot in Boksburg by the Polish immigrant Janusz Waluś at the instigation of the right-wing extremist politician Clive Derby-Lewis . The motive for the act was the attempt to bring about the failure of the negotiations between the government and the ANC to end apartheid by killing Hani, who is popular with the black population .
1993	Monica Seles	Tennis player	Günter Parche	Hamburg	On April 30, 1993, the mentally disturbed Steffi Graf fan Günter Parche stabbed the tennis player and then world number one Monica Seles with a knife in the back during a tournament match at Rothenbaum in Hamburg against Magdalena Maleewa while changing sides. As a result of the assassination, Seles did not play any tournaments for two years and was never able to return to her previous form.
1993	Ranasinghe Premadasa	President of Sri Lanka		Colombo	On May 1, 1993, Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated by an LTTE suicide bomber on his way to a May rally in Colombo . The background to the act was the civil war between the Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka.
1993	Helmut Zilk	Mayor of Vienna	Franz Fuchs	Vienna	On December 5, 1993, the mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, was seriously injured in the hand in a letter bomb attack by right-wing extremist terrorist Franz Fuchs. The letter bomb addressed to Zilk was one of nine letter bombs in the first series that Fuchs sent. In addition to Zilk, pastor August Janisch and TV presenter Silvana Meixner were injured by letter bombs from this series. In the years that followed, up to his arrest in 1997, Fuchs dispatched five more series of letter bombs and carried out an attack that killed four Roma .
1994	Luis Donaldo Colosio	PRI presidential candidate	Mario Aburto Martínez	Tijuana	On March 23, 1994, Luis Donaldo Colosio, presidential candidate of the Mexican Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), was murdered with two gunshots at the end of a campaign appearance in Tijuana, Baja California . The investigation came to the conclusion that the mechanic Mario Aburto Martínez had shot Colosio as a lone perpetrator. Aburto was sentenced to 42 years in prison. Both Colosio's bereaved relatives, Aburto's family and various other groups still reject the results of the investigation and argue that the Mexican government at the time was behind the attack.
1994	Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira	Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi		Kigali	On April 6, 1994, the plane in which the Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana, his Burundian counterpart Cyprien Ntaryamira and the chief of staff of the Rwandan army Déogratias Nsabimana returned from a meeting of African heads of state in Dar es Salaam to Kigali, fell from two ground while approaching Kigali airport -Air missiles hit. All inmates were killed. The background to the attack was the existing tribal conflicts between Hutu and Tutsi in both Rwanda and Burundi . Both presidents were Hutu, but were considered moderate. It is still unclear whether the attack was carried out by Tutsi or radical Hutu. It marked the beginning of the genocide of the Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda, which killed an estimated 800,000 people.
1994	Andrés Escobar	Colombian national soccer player	Humberto Muñoz Castro	Medellin	On July 2, 1994, Andrés Escobar, a defender of the Colombian national football team , was shot six times in the parking lot of the “El Indio” nightclub in Medellín by Humberto Muñoz. The motive for the act was that Escobar had scored an own goal ten days earlier in the last preliminary round match at the 1994 World Cup against hosts USA , which meant that Colombia lost this game 2-1 and was eliminated from the tournament. It is unclear whether Muñoz, who worked as a bodyguard and driver for two suspected drug trafficking entrepreneurs, carried out the attack as a disappointed fan or on behalf of the Colombian gambling mafia.
1995	Yitzhak Rabin	Prime Minister of Israel	Jigal Amir	Tel Aviv	On November 4, 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin was shot dead by the extremist Jewish student Jigal Amir after speaking at a rally for the Oslo peace process in the Square of the Kings of Israel (now Rabin Square) in Tel Aviv . Amir viewed Rabin as a traitor and the peace process as a threat to the very existence of the State of Israel.
1998	Galina Wassiljewna Starowoitowa	Russian human rights activist, ethnologist and politician	Yuri Kolchin and others	St. Petersburg	On November 20, 1998, Starovoitova was shot dead in her stairwell in Saint Petersburg. According to official information, the attack was organized by the GRU contract killer Yuri Kolchin. The masterminds behind the murder have not yet been identified.
1999	Luis Maria Argaña	Vice President of Paraguay	Pablo Vera Esteche , Luis Rojas , Fidencio Vega and Reinaldo Servín	Asunción	On March 23, 1999, the Paraguayan Vice President Luis Maria Argaña was stopped by a vehicle while driving through Asunción in the Diagonal Molas López street and shot by the four assassins Pablo Vera, Luis Rojas, Fidencio Vega and Major Reinaldo Severin. In addition to Argaña, his bodyguard was also killed in the attack and his driver was injured. The man behind the attack is said to have been the former Paraguayan general and politician Lino Oviedo . Oviedo was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment in 1996 for a failed coup attempt against then President Juan Carlos Wasmosy , but was pardoned in 1998 by his successor Raúl Cubas Grau . This was sharply criticized by the opposition and also by Argaña. The opposition parties threatened impeachment proceedings against Cubas, which would have made Argaña president. The death of Argaña exacerbated the political crisis and forced Cubas to resign six days after the attack and, like Oviedo, to leave the country.
1999	Wasken Zarkissyan	Prime Minister of Armenia	Nairi Hunanjan and others	Yerevan	On October 27, 1999, the Armenian Prime Minister Wasken Sarkissjan and Karen Demirtschjan , the assembly president , were in the Armenian National Assembly when a group of assassins led by Nairi Hunanjan entered and shot both politicians and three others. The attackers surrendered to the police on October 28, and 40 hostages were released.

21st century

2000s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
2000	Željko Ražnatović	Founder of the Serbian Volunteer Guard		Belgrade	On January 15, 2000, Željko Ražnatović, founder and leader of the paramilitary "Serbian Volunteer Guard" during the Yugoslav wars , was shot together with two bodyguards in the Hotel Intercontinental in Belgrade. Since 2001 , Dragan Nikolić , Dobroslav Gavrić , Milan Đuričić and Zoran Nikolić have been charged as alleged perpetrators . However, the judgments were always overturned by the Supreme Court of Serbia.
2000	Said Hajjarian	Reform politician and former secret service employee	Said Asgar	Tehran	On March 12, 2000, Said Hajjarian was shot in the face by Said Asgar at close range on a street in Tehran. He survived but has been paralyzed since then. The right-wing offender was later sentenced to fifteen years in prison, four co-defendants received sentences between ten and less than seven years, and three other men were acquitted.
2000	Žika Petrović	Director of the airline JAT and confidante of the Milošević family		Belgrade	On the night of April 25, 2000, the 61-year-old JAT director Žika Petrović was shot dead in front of his house in Belgrade. In media reports there was talk of two perpetrators who escaped undetected. Petrović was the fourth murder victim in a series of attacks on people close to Slobodan Milošević since the beginning of the year. The case has not yet been resolved.
2001	Laurent-Désiré Kabila	President of the Congo	Rashidi Mizele	Kinshasa	On January 16, 2001, the Congolese President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by his bodyguard Rashidi Mizele in his palace in Kinshasa. The background to the crime has not yet been clarified. The assassin was shot dead by other bodyguards immediately after the crime.
2001	Ahmad Shah Massoud	Leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance	Dahmane Abd al-Sattar and Rachid Bouraoui el-Ouaer	Tachar Province	On September 9, 2001, Ahmad Shah Massoud, military and religious leader of the National Islamic United Front for the Rescue of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance), was killed in a suicide bombing by Al-Qaeda members Dahmane Abd al-Sattar and Rachid Bouraoui el-Ouaer in the northern Afghan province of Tachar to the victim. Al-Sattar and el-Ouaer pretended to be Belgian journalists and detonated an explosive device hidden in the camera during an interview with Massoud. The motive was the religious and political disputes between the various parties in the Afghan war .
2001	Peter Bossard , Monika Hutter-Häfliger , Jean-Paul Flachsmann and 11 other people	Members of the government and cantonal councils of the Swiss canton of Zug	Friedrich Leibacher	train	→ Main article : Assassination attempt in Zug On September 27, 2001, the commercial clerk Friedrich Leibacher disguised himself as a policeman during a meeting of the Cantonal Council and got access to the parliament building of the Canton Zug and shot the members of the Cantonal Council Peter Bossard, Monika Hutter-Häfliger and Jean-Paul Flachsmann, the President of the Cantonal Council, with a total of 91 shots Herbert Arnet and the cantonal councilors Martin Döbeli , Dorly Heimgartner , Kurt Nussbaumer , Rolf Nussbaumer , Konrad Häusler , Erich Iten , Karl Gretener , Willi Wismer , Heinz Grüter and Käthi Langenegger . Then Leibacher shot himself. The motive for this act of violence, which became known as the “Zug assassination” , was evidently that Leibacher, who had previously been noticed for years through excessive use of legal remedies, felt cheated by the rule of law and felt himself to be the victim of a plot by a “Zug mafia”.
2002	Marco Biagi	Adviser to the Italian Government	Members of the Red Brigades (alleged perpetrators)	Bologna	On March 19, 2002, the professor of labor law and advisor to the Italian government Marco Biagi was shot dead by strangers in Bologna. The attack is attributed to the left-wing extremist Red Brigades. The alleged motive for the act was Biagi's participation in the relaxation of protection against dismissal planned by the Berlusconi government .
2002	Pim Fortuyn	Dutch politician	Volkert van der Graaf	Hilversum	On May 6, 2002 the fanatical vegan and animal rights activist Volkert van der Graaf shot and killed right-wing populist politician Pim Fortuyn in the parking lot of a radio studio in Hilversum . According to van der Graaf, he wanted to "protect Muslims" by the act.
2002	Jacques Chirac	President of France	Maxime Brunerie	Paris	On July 14, 2002, the 25-year-old right-wing radical Maxime Brunerie attempted to shoot President Jacques Chirac during the parade on the French national holiday. However, he was overwhelmed by three spectators and prevented from carrying out the act. The motive was obviously Brunerie's endeavor to end his life in a spectacular way after a failed love affair and thereby become famous.
2003	Zoran Đinđić	Prime Minister of Serbia	Zvezdan Jovanović	Belgrade	On March 12, 2003, the Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić was shot by Zvezdan Jovanović, the deputy commander of the police special unit “ Red Berets ”, from 180 meters from the rear window of a building in the courtyard of the government headquarters. Đinđić's bodyguard was also seriously injured in the attack. In addition to Jovanović, the commander of the “Red Berets” Milorad Ulemek was convicted as a mastermind and ten other people were convicted as accomplices. The motive for the act may have been the extradition of the former head of state Slobodan Milošević to the Hague War Crimes Tribunal .
2003	Sergei Yushenkov	Chairman of the Liberal Russia Party		Moscow	On April 17, 2003, unidentified persons shot and killed Sergei Yuschenkov, the former Russian Minister for Information and Chairman of the Liberal Russia Party, in front of his apartment in Moscow.
2003	Alichan Guliev	Russian journalist		Moscow	On July 19, 2003, journalist Alichan Gulijew, known for his coverage of Chechnya, was shot dead at his front door in Moscow.
2003	James E. Davis	Member of the New York City Council	Othniel Askew	new York	On July 23, 2003, New York City Councilor James E. Davis was shot dead by Othniel Askew during a city council meeting at New York City Hall . Askew had been Davis's rival for the Democratic Party's nomination for the city council two years earlier , which Davis eventually won. The exact motives for the act are not clear, since Askew was shot immediately after the assassination by Richard Burt , a bodyguard of the city council chairman Gifford Miller .
2003	Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim	Shiite leader		Najaf	On August 29, 2003, Shiite leader Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim , who had only returned from exile to Iraq a few months earlier after the fall of Saddam Hussein, fell victim to a bomb attack immediately after a Friday prayer in the Imam Ali mosque in Najaf. In addition to al-Hakim, over a hundred other people were killed in the attack. The perpetrators have not yet been identified. Presumably they were former members of Saddam Hussein's secret service .
2003	Anna Lindh	Swedish Foreign Minister	Mijailo Mijailović	Stockholm	On September 10, 2003, Mijailo Mijailovic, the son of Serbian immigrants, carried out a knife attack on the Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh in the Nordiska Kompaniet department store , in which she was seriously wounded and died the following day. The motive for the act is unclear.
2003	Aqila al-Hashimi	Iraqi politician		Baghdad	On September 20, 2003, six unidentified perpetrators fired multiple shots at Iraqi politician Aqila al-Hashimi near her home in western Baghdad. Al-Hashimi succumbed to her serious injuries five days later. She was one of three women and the sole representative of the former regime, which after the fall of Saddam Hussein in the United States used 25-member Iraqi Governing Council was appointed.
2003	Pervez Musharraf	President of Pakistan	Amjad Farooqi (alleged mastermind)	Rawalpindi	On December 14, 2003, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf was bombed, but it failed. The explosive charge attached to a bridge in Rawalpindi exploded a few minutes after Musharraf's convoy passed the bridge. This was the third attack on Musharraf since he came to power in 1999. A few days later, on December 25, another attempt followed, in which two suicide bombers blew themselves up. This attempt to kill Musharraf also failed, but sixteen passers-by and Musharraf's companions died. The alleged mastermind of two assassination attempts in 2003, the Al-Qaeda - terrorist Amjad Farooqi, was killed by Pakistani security forces of 2004. Two more attacks on Musharraf followed in 2007, but they also failed. The background to all the attacks was the religiously and politically tense situation in Pakistan, particularly in connection with the war in Afghanistan .
2003	Romano Prodi	President of the European Commission		Bologna	On December 22, 2003, two pipe bombs detonated in front of and on December 27, 2003 a letter bomb in the private apartment of the President of the European Commission Romano Prodi in Bologna. Prodi survived both attacks unharmed. The perpetrators have not yet been identified. The Italian police assume that they were Italian anarchists .
2004	Roger Kusch	Justice Senator of Hamburg	Yvonne C.	Hamburg	On February 11, 2004, the 42-year-old schizophrenic Yvonne C. injured the Hamburg Justice Senator Roger Kusch lightly on the thigh with a knife during an election campaign in a pedestrian zone in Hamburg's Neugraben district .
2004	Chen Shui-bian and Lu Hsiu-lien	President and Vice President of Taiwan	Chen Yi-hsiung	Tainan	On March 19, 2004, the day before the presidential elections in Taiwan, two shots were fired at the Taiwanese President Chen Shui-bian and his Vice President Lu Hsiu-lien during an election campaign event in Tainan, while they were standing in an open jeep drove a crowd. Both were slightly injured. A police investigation concludes that the act was perpetrated as a lone perpetrator of the unemployed Chen Yi-hsiung, who blamed President Chen for his economic misery. The suspected attacker committed two days after publication of photographs of a surveillance camera on which he can be seen at the crime scene, suicide . However, the results of the investigation are questioned by the majority of Taiwanese. Some of President Chen's opponents accuse him of having orchestrated the attack himself in order to increase his sympathy ratings just before the election. However, there is no evidence to support this claim.
2004	Mirwais Sadik	Afghan Minister		Herat	On March 21, 2004, the Afghan Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism Mirwais Sadik was shot dead by soldiers in his car in Herat in front of the home of the military commander of Herat Province Saher Naib Sada . According to Sada, the motive for the act was that Sadik wanted to release him from his command. Sadik was a son of the provincial governor Ismail Khan , who ran a large private army and was obviously fighting a power struggle with the commander of the Afghan national army . In addition to Sadik, two security guards, an intelligence officer and a relative of Sadik were also killed in the attack. As a result of the unrest triggered by the attack, which resulted in numerous deaths, Ismail Khan was forcibly removed from the position of governor of Herat province by President Hamid Karzai .
2004	Akhmat Kadyrov	President of Chechnya	Shamil Salmanowitsch Basajew (mastermind)	Grozny	On May 9, 2004, during Victory Day celebrations, Chechen President Akhmat Kadyrov was killed in a stadium in Grozny with a landmine installed under the stands . Reuters journalist Adlan Khassanov was also killed in the attack . The Chechen rebel leader Shamil Basayev was the mastermind behind the attack.
2004	Paul Klebnikov	American journalist and writer		Moscow	On July 10, 2004, the Russian-born American journalist and writer Paul Klebnikov was shot dead by unknown perpetrators in Moscow in front of the publishing house of the Russian Forbes magazine, of which he was the editor. In 2006, Chechens Kazbek Dukuzov and Valid Agayev and others were charged with the crime. After an initial acquittal, which was overturned by the Supreme Court, the case has been on hold since February 2007, as one of the suspects (Dukuzov) who was released after the acquittal has not reappeared to this day.
2004	Viktor Yushchenko	Ukrainian politician			In September 2004, the Ukrainian presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with the dioxin TCDD , but survived with severe scarring on his face and body. According to the attending physicians from the Rudolfinerhaus in Vienna and at the University Hospital in Geneva , Yushchenko took 2 to 5 milligrams of dioxin by mouth. There is “suspicion of third-party negligence”. The official investigation by the Ukrainian Public Prosecutor's Office has so far yielded no results. Yushchenko himself accuses the deputy head of the Ukrainian domestic intelligence service Volodymyr Sazjuk , with whom he had dinner the evening before the first symptoms of intoxication, and the staff who served him at this meal, of the act.
2004	Theo van Gogh	Dutch director and publicist	Mohammed Bouyeri	Amsterdam	On November 2, 2004, the Moroccan Islamist Mohammed Bouyeri murdered the Dutch director and publicist Theo van Gogh in the Linnaeusstraat in Amsterdam. Bouyeri initially fired several shots at Van Gogh and finally cut his throat when he was already on the ground. With two stab wounds, he then attached a five-page letter of confession to the body. The crime was related to van Gogh's film Submission , which he produced together with the Islamic critic Ayaan Hirsi Ali and which deals with the oppression of women in Islam. After the film was broadcast on August 29, 2004, both Van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats. The letter of confession that was pinned to van Gogh's body also contained a death threat against Hirsi Ali.
2005	Rafiq al-Hariri	Lebanese politician		Beirut	On February 14, 2005, the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri fell victim to an explosive attack on his convoy of vehicles on the Corniche in Beirut . In addition to Hariri, 22 other people were killed in the attack and over 100 people were injured. The explosion devastated a branch of the HSBC bank and a hotel. The perpetrators and the background to the crime have not yet been conclusively clarified. Years of investigations by the International Independent Commission of Inquiry of the United Nations (UNIIIC) under the leadership of the UN special investigators Detlev Mehlis and Serge Brammertz finally resulted in the establishment of the special tribunal for Lebanon , based in The Hague , which took on the legal processing of the case.
2005	Lakshman Kadirgamar	Foreign Minister of Sri Lanka		Colombo	On August 12, 2005, Sri Lanka's Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar was shot dead by a sniper near his home in Colombo . The perpetrator could not be identified. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were suspected of being responsible for the attack and for their part suspected the army of trying to create an excuse for the termination of the three-year ceasefire.
2005	Brother Roger	Founder of the Taizé Community		Taizé	On August 16, 2005, a mentally ill woman stabbed the founder of the Taizé Community, Brother Roger, with several knife stabs during the evening prayer in the Church of Reconciliation in Taizé , and injured him fatally.
2006	Anna Politkovskaya	Russian journalist	Rustam Machmudov (alleged perpetrator)	Moscow	On October 7, 2006, the Russian journalist and human rights activist Anna Politkovskaya was murdered with four shots in the elevator of her apartment building in Moscow. According to investigations by the Russian public prosecutor's office, the assassination attempt was allegedly carried out by the Chechen Rustam Machmudov. In addition to Machmudov, who was initially able to evacuate abroad and was only arrested in 2011, his brothers Ibrahim and Jabrail Machmudow, the lieutenant colonel of the Russian domestic intelligence service FSB Pavel Ryaguzov and the officer in the Ministry of the Interior Sergei Hadschikurbanov were charged as accomplices. The exact background and the masterminds of the act are so far unknown. However, there is much to suggest that the motive for the act is to be found in Politkovskaya's reporting on the Chechen war .
2006	Alexander Litvinenko	Russian author	Andrei Lugowoi (alleged perpetrator)	London	On November 1, 2006, the former Russian FSB agent , author and Putin critic Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned with polonium-210 while in exile in London . On November 23, 2006, he died in hospital as a result of poisoning. According to previous investigations by the British public prosecutor's office, Litvinenko was poisoned with tea containing polonium at a meeting with Russian businessmen and former KGB employees Andrei Lugowoi and Dmitri Kowtun in the bar of the Millennium Hotel in Lugowoi in London .
2007	Itchō Itō	Mayor of Nagasaki	Tetsuya Shiroo	Nagasaki	On April 17, 2007, after a campaign event for his third re-election, the mayor of Nagasaki Itchō Itō was gunned down by Yakuza member Tetsuya Shiroo in front of his campaign office in the immediate vicinity of Nagasaki train station and died the following day from the consequences.
2007	François al-Hajj	Lebanese Brigadier General		Baabda	On December 12, 2007, the Lebanese Brigadier General François al-Hajj fell victim to a bomb attack in Baabda in Mount Lebanon . The perpetrators and the details of the crime are so far unknown.
2007	Benazir Bhutto	Pakistani opposition leader		Rawalpindi	On December 27, 2007, the Pakistani opposition leader Benazir Bhutto was murdered while leaving an election rally in Rawalpindi. According to the findings of the Pakistani investigative authorities and a commission of inquiry from Scotland Yard , one or more people shot at Bhutto's armored vehicle before a suicide bomber blew himself up in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle. Bhutto, who was looking out of the vehicle's sunroof at the time of the attack and waving to her supporters, was shot twice and thrown against the sunroof by the blast, causing her skull to fracture. In addition to Bhutto, 24 other people were killed in the attack. While the Pakistani government accused the Islamist tribal leader Baitullah Mehsud , who is close to al-Qaeda , of being the mastermind behind the attack, Bhutto's Pakistani People's Party (PPP) and other groups suspect the Pakistani government under President Pervez Musharraf behind the attack. Two months earlier, immediately after Bhutto's return from exile, a serious suicide attack had occurred in Karachi on the way from the airport to the mausoleum of the founder of the state, Muhammad Ali Jinnah , in which 136 people were killed and at least 450 injured. Bhutto survived this attack unharmed. She herself blamed supporters of the former military ruler Mohammed Zia ul-Haq for this.
2008	José Ramos-Horta	President of East Timor	Rebels under Alfredo Alves Reinado	Dili	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on February 11, 2008 in Dili On February 11, 2008, the President of East Timor, José Ramos-Horta, was seriously injured in an attack by men of the rebel leader Alfredo Reinado in front of his house in the east of Dili. The rebels had entered the house of Ramos-Hortas and were awaiting his return when they were spotted by incoming guards. In the subsequent firefight, among others, rebel leader Reinado was killed. Ramos-Horta, who returned home shortly afterwards, was seriously injured by a rebel with two bullets in the chest and back. Ramos-Horta's bodyguard, Lieutenant Celestino Fili Gama , who drove his car into the line of fire, also suffered serious injuries. A short time later, another group of rebels tried to assassinate Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão , but this failed.
2008	Ruslan Yamadayev	Chechen politician	Aslanbek Dadajew and Elimpascha Chazujew	Moscow	On September 24, 2008, the Chechen politician Ruslan Jamadayev was shot ten times in his car by Dadayev and Khazoyev on the Smolensk bank in Moscow. Yamadayev was on his way back from a conversation in the Kremlin . Colonel General a, who is also in the vehicle . D. Sergei Kizyun was critically injured. Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov was suspected of being behind the crime, but there is no evidence.
2009	Stanislaw Markelow	Russian lawyer	Nikita Tichonow and Evgenia Chassis	Moscow	On January 19, 2009, Nikita Tikhonov and Yevgenia Chassis shot and killed the lawyer Stanislav Markelov on the street in downtown Moscow. Markelow was known, among other things, as legal advisor to the journalist Anna Politkovskaya . Immediately before the fact Markelov had announced at a press conference, against a release of at a murder Chechen sentenced Colonel Yuri Budanov use. At the time of the attack, Markelov was accompanied by the journalist Anastassija Baburowa from Novaya Gazeta , who was also killed in the process.
2009	Natalia Estemirova	Russian journalist		Gasi yurt	On July 15, 2009, the Russian historian, journalist and human rights activist Natalia Estemirova was kidnapped in front of her home in Grozny and found murdered in a forest near the village of Gasi-Yurt in Ingushetia late that afternoon . The perpetrators and the exact motive for the act are so far unknown. Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov is suspected of having commissioned the crime, but there is no evidence.
2009	Silvio Berlusconi	Prime Minister of Italy	Massimo Tartaglia	Milan	On December 13, 2009, after an election campaign in Milan, the 42-year-old, probably mentally confused, Massimo Tartaglia threw an alabaster statuette of the Milan Cathedral in the face of the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi and injured him slightly.

2010s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
2011	Salman Taseer	Governor of the Punjab Province	Mumtaz Hussain Qadri	Islamabad	On January 4, 2011, the governor of the Pakistani province of Punjab Salman Taseer was shot dead by his bodyguard Mumtaz Hussain Qadri near his home in Islamabad. The perpetrator gave Taseer's comments on the blasphemy law and the Asia Bibi case as the motive for the act .
2011	Gabrielle Giffords	MPs in the US House of Representatives	Jared Lee Loughner	Casas Adobes	→ Main article : Tucson assassination attempt On January 8, 2011, the Democratic MP in the US House of Representatives Gabrielle Giffords was critically injured by a targeted head shot at close range during a question and answer session in a shopping center in Casas Adobes, a suburb of Tucson . Then the probably mentally confused assassin Jared Loughner fired numerous more shots at the audience, killing six people and injuring 13 others, some seriously. Arizona federal judge John McCarthy Roll was among the fatalities .
2011	Shahbaz Bhatti	Pakistani Minister		Islamabad	On March 2, 2011, unknown persons shot and killed the Pakistani Minister for Minorities, Shahbaz Bhatti, while driving to his work in Islamabad. Bhatti was the only Christian in the Pakistani government. He had repeatedly spoken out in favor of reforming the blasphemy law and stood up for Christian Asia Bibi , who was sentenced to death on the basis of this law . A group called "Tehrik Taliban Fidayan Mohammad Punjab" actually claimed responsibility .
2011	Rola El-Halabi	German - Lebanese professional boxer	Hicham El-Halabi	Ulm	On April 1, 2011, the stepfather of the German-Lebanese professional boxer Rola El-Halabi, Hicham El-Halabi, shot his stepdaughter. The reason for this was that she was in a relationship with a non-Muslim, already married Greek. As a result, Hicham wanted to put his daughter in a wheelchair in revenge. Rola survived and can box again today.
2012	Daud Rajha	Defense Minister of Syria		Damascus	On July 18, 2012, the Syrian Defense Minister Daud Radschha fell victim to a bomb attack on the participants in a meeting of the Supreme Security Council. In addition to Rajha, several other members of the Supreme Security Council were killed or injured. Among others, the deputy defense minister and former head of the Syrian military intelligence service Assef Shawkat , brother-in-law of the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad , as well as the assistant to the vice president and minister without portfolio Hasan Turkmani died . The interior minister Mohammed Ibrahim al-Schaar and the head of the general secret service Hafes Makhlouf , a cousin of the president and close confidante of his brother Maher al-Assad , were probably also killed. The Free Syrian Army claimed responsibility for the attack . The background to the attack is the civil war in Syria .
2012	Mohammed Nasser Ahmed	Defense Minister of Yemen		Sanaa	On September 11, 2012, unknown persons carried out a bomb attack on the Yemeni Defense Minister Mohammed Nasser Ahmed. The defense minister was slightly injured, seven of his bodyguards and six passers-by were killed.
2012	Hassan Sheikh Mohamud	President of Somalia		Mogadishu	On September 12, 2012, three suicide bombers blew themselves up in a hotel where Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was staying. The president survived unharmed, and three soldiers were killed. The Islamist terrorist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack .
2012	Malala Yousafzai	Pakistani civil rights activist	Atta Ullah Khan	Mingora	On October 2, 2012, Taliban extremist Atta Ullah Khan shot 14-year-old Pakistani civil rights activist Malala Yousafzai when she tried to get on a bus. She survived seriously injured.
2012	Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz	President of Mauritania		Nouakchott	On October 13, 2012, Mauritanian soldiers shot at the Mauritanian President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz. Abdel Aziz suffered a minor injury to his arm.
2012	Wissam al-Hassan	Lebanese intelligence chief		Beirut	On October 19, 2012, terrorists bombed a Christian party headquarters in Beirut. The Lebanese secret service chief Wissam al-Hassan was killed.
2012	Jyrki Katainen	Prime Minister of Finland		Turku	On October 23, 2012, a man in the pedestrian zone in front of the University of Turku attempted to stab Finnish Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen, who was at an election rally there. The assassination failed, however, as Katainen's bodyguards overpowered the man.
2012	Abdullah al-Khalidi	Syrian Air Force General		Damascus	On October 29, 2012, Syrian rebels killed Air Force General Abdullah al-Khalidi. At the same time a sergeant major from the Luftwaffe secret service was also killed. The background to the attack is the civil war in Syria .
2012	Ahmed al-Jabari	Palestinian head of Hamas		Gaza	On November 14, 2012, Israeli soldiers shot at the car of the head of the Palestinian terrorist group Hamas Ahmed al-Jabari, who was killed in the process. Another Hamas member was also killed.
2012	Hector Camacho, Sr.	American professional boxer		San Juan	On November 20, 2012, strangers shot at the car of a friend of former boxing world champion Hector Camacho. Camacho was at the time as a passenger in his friend's car. The driver was killed in the shooting, and Hector Camacho died on November 24 of cardiac arrest as a result of the attack.
2012	Bargeeta Almby	Swedish missionary		Lahore	On December 3, 2012, strangers shot the Swedish missionary Bargeeta Almby on her way to work on a motorcycle. As a result of the injuries sustained, she died on December 12th.
2012	Asadullah Chalid	Afghan head of intelligence		Kabul	On December 6, 2012, a suicide bomber blew himself up in a guest house where the Afghan intelligence chief Asadullah Chalid was staying. He survived with injuries to the lower body.
2012	Nadia Sedikki	Head of Women's Department in Lagham Province Administration		Jalalabad	On December 10, 2012, Nadia Sedikki, head of the women's division of the Lagham Province Administration, was shot dead by strangers on her way to work.
2013	Sakine Cansız , Fidan Dogan and Leyla Söylemez	Kurdish PKK members		Paris	On January 9, 2013, PKK members Sakine Cansız, Fidan Dogan and Leyla Söylemez were shot dead by strangers in their office in the Kurdistan Information Center in Paris.
2013	Ahmed Dogan	Party leader of the DPS		Sofia	On January 19, 2013, a 25-year-old member of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria tried to shoot DPS party leader Ahmed Dogan with a gas pistol when he was giving a speech at a party congress. The attack failed because the gun jammed and the police were then able to overpower the man.
2013	Abdi Farah Shirdon Saaid	Prime Minister of Somalia		Mogadishu	On January 29, 2013, a suicide bomber blew himself up outside the office of Somali Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon Saaid. The Prime Minister survived unharmed, five people were killed and several injured. The Islamist terrorist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack .
2013	Parujr Ajrikjan	Armenian presidential candidate		Yerevan	On February 1, 2013, a stranger shot the Armenian presidential candidate Parujr Ajrikjan while he was in front of his home. He survived with a serious shoulder injury.
2013	Lars Hedegaard	Danish critic of Islam		Copenhagen	On February 5, 2013, during a scuffle in Copenhagen, a stranger shot the Islam critic Lars Hedegaard, who was unharmed. The perpetrator was hunted down in an immediately triggered large manhunt.
2013	Chokri Belaïd	Tunisian opposition politician		Tunis	On February 6, 2013, Tunisian opposition politician Chokri Belaïd was believed to have been shot dead by members of the Islamist Ennahda party while trying to leave his home. This led to riots across the country. Around 1,000 Tunisians protested in front of the Ministry of the Interior, shouting "Shame, shame!" And "Where is the government?" In Mezzouna , the Ennahda party office was set on fire, and in Gafsa , demonstrators devastated the party's offices.
2013	Hasan Shatiri	Iranian representative for development and building in Lebanon		Damascus	On February 14, 2013, the Iranian representative for development and building in Lebanon Hasan Shatiri was attacked and killed in his car by Syrian rebels on the way from Damascus to Beirut. The attack is said to have targeted Hezbollah .
2013	Nikolai Nesterenko	Anapa mayoral candidate		Anapa	On February 22, 2013, Anapa mayoral candidate Nikolai Nesterenko was shot by a stranger while he was in his car on an election campaign tour. His driver was killed and he suffered one wound on his arm and one on his body. The attack failed because the perpetrator was able to flee.
2013	Mohamed Yusuf al Magariaf	President of Libya		Tripoli	On March 5, 2013, strangers shot at the car of Libyan President Mohamed Yusuf al Magariaf as he was on his way home. Protesters had previously stormed the building where the MPs were meeting during a parliamentary session. Magariaf survived unharmed. The background to the attack was that the demonstrators wanted to force the parliamentarians to pass a law that forbids former officials from the era of long-term ruler Muammar al-Gaddafi to be politically active.
2013	Khalif Ahmed Erig	Somali security chief		Mogadishu	On March 18, 2013, an al-Shabaab terrorist blew up a car laden with explosives on a busy street in front of the presidential palace. The Somali security chief Khalif Ahmed Erig was killed.
2013	Rudiger Butte	District Administrator of the Hameln-Pyrmont district	Hans B.	Hamelin	On April 26, 2013, Rüdiger Butte was gunned down by a 74-year-old man with a single shot from a revolver at around 10 a.m. in his office in the district of Hameln-Pyrmont; he died on the scene. The perpetrator came from Nienstedt ; he then killed himself .
2013	Wael al-Halki	Prime Minister of Syria		Damascus	On April 29, 2013, a bomb exploded near the convoy of Syrian Prime Minister Wael al-Halki. The prime minister survived unharmed, six people were killed.
2013	Enrico Letta	Prime Minister of Italy	Luigi Preiti	Rome	On April 29, 2013, the 49-year-old tiler Luigi Preiti shot at the guards in front of the Palazzo Chigi and shouted “Kill me!” He injured two carabinieri and a pregnant passerby. The attack was aimed at Prime Minister Enrico Letta, who was meeting with his ministers just a kilometer away.
2013	Zara Shahid Hussain	Pakistani politician		Karachi	On May 18, 2013, the politician Zara Shahid Hussain was shot dead by two men in front of her home. The background was that the MQM party had insulted party members of the PTI party , to which Hussain belonged, and the violence was now escalating.
2013	Nand Kumar Patel	Chairman of the Chhattisgarh National Congress of India		Chhattisgarh	On May 25, 2013, Maoist rebels set off a bomb in front of a convoy of politicians from the Indian National Congress and then shot at the convoy. The Congress chairman was killed by Chhattisgarh Nand Kumar Patel.
2013	Mohamed Brahmi	Tunisian opposition politician		Ariana	On July 25, 2013, the Tunisian opposition politician Mohamed Brahmi was shot dead by strangers outside his home in Ariana. Thousands of Tunisians protested against politically motivated violence across the country. In Menzel Bouzaine , demonstrators set fire to the local headquarters of the Islamist Ennahda party .
2013	Ali Mohammad Jattack	Pakistani politician		Quetta	On August 9, 2013, unknown persons shot at the vehicle of the former Pakistani regional minister Ali Mohammad Jattack as it drove past a mosque in Quetta. Several people who came out of the mosque at the time were killed and 27 injured. Jattack was unharmed.
2014	Anja Niedringhaus	German photographer		Banda Khel	On April 4, 2014, the German photographer Anja Niedringhaus was shot dead by a police officer while she was driving through the streets in a car convoy to report on the presidential elections in Afghanistan . Before the act, the perpetrator is said to have shouted "Allahu akbar".
2014	Roy Ravana Junior	Fijian athlete		Fruitridge	On June 9, 2014, the athlete Roy Ravana Junior was killed by 2 young people on behalf of the Noreno street gang.
2014	Oleh Babayev	Ukrainian politician		Kremenchuk	On July 26, 2014, the Ukrainian politician Oleh Babayev was shot dead near his home.
2015	Boris Efimowitsch Nemtsov	Russian politician		Moscow	On February 27, 2015, Nemtsov was shot four times.
2015	Henriette Reker	German politician	Frank S.	Cologne	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Henriette Reker On October 17, 2015, Reker was seriously injured by knife wounds during an election campaign for the mayoral election in Cologne.
2016	Jo Cox	British politician	Thomas M.	Birstall	On June 16, 2016, after a public consultation on Market Street in Birstall, Cox was shot and stabbed by 52-year-old Thomas M. Cox died of the consequences that same day. The act was allegedly related to the British referendum on leaving the EU ( Brexit ). Cox campaigned for Great Britain to remain in the EU.
2016	Pavel Grigoryevich Sheremet	Belarusian journalist		Kiev	On July 20, 2016, Sheremet was killed by a car bomb on his way to work.
2016	Andrei Gennadjewitsch Karlow	Russian diplomat	Mevlut A.	Ankara	→ Main article : Assassination attempt on Andrei Gennadjewitsch Karlov On December 19, 2016, Karlov was shot and killed.
2017	Kim Jong-nam	Eldest son of Kim Jong-il		Sepang	On February 13, 2017, Kim Jong-nam was poisoned at Kuala Lumpur Airport in Malaysia after a liquid was splashed on his face. A few days later the nerve gas VX was detected.
2017	Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkow	Russian politician		Kiev	On March 23, 2017, Denis Nikolayevich Voronenkov was shot dead in the center of Kiev. The assassin later died in hospital from injuries inflicted by Voronenkov's bodyguard.
2017	Loukas Papadimos	Former Vice President of the European Central Bank and former Greek Prime Minister		Athens	A letter bomb exploded on May 25, 2017, injuring Loukas Papadimos and one of his security guards. Papadimos was operated on immediately.
2017	Daphne Caruana Galizia	Maltese journalist and blogger		Bidnija	On October 16, 2017, Daphne Caruana Galizia was killed in a car bomb.
2017	Andreas Hollstein	German politician (CDU) and mayor of Altena		Altena	Andreas Hollstein was injured in the neck by a xenophobic attacker with a knife on November 27, 2017 and operated on immediately.
2018	Oliver Ivanović	Kosovar Serb politician		Severna Kosovska Mitrovica	On January 16, 2018, Oliver Ivanović was shot dead by an unknown person in Mitrovica in northern Kosovo .
2018	Ján Kuciak	Slovak journalist	Miroslav Marček	Trnava	On February 21, 2018, Ján Kuciak and his girlfriend were shot dead in his home by the hit man and former soldier Miroslav Marček.
2018	Sergei Viktorovich Skripal	Russian colonel of the Russian military intelligence service GRU and agent of MI6		Salisbury	On March 4, Sergei Viktorovich Skripal and his daughter fell victim to the poisonous substance Novichok . Both were in mortal danger. Two Russian nationals and members of the GRU are suspected .
2019	Paweł Adamowicz	Mayor of the Polish city ​​of Gdansk from 1998 until his death	Stefan W.	Danzig	On January 13, 2019, a knife attack was carried out on Paweł Adamowicz during a charity event. He died in the hospital the next day.
2019	Nipsey Hussle	US-American rapper		los Angeles	Nipsey Hussle was shot dead outside his Marathon Clothing clothing store in Los Angeles on March 31, 2019 .
2019	Walter Lübcke	German politician	Stephen E.	Wolfhagen - Istha	→ Main article : Walter Lübcke murder case Walter Lübcke was killed with a head shot in front of his house on June 2, 2019.
2019	Fritz von Weizsäcker	German physician, son of the former Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker	Gregor S.	Berlin	On November 19, 2019, Fritz von Weizsäcker was stabbed to death by the mentally ill Gregor S. during a lecture in the Schlosspark Clinic .
2019	Selimchan Changoshvili	Chechens with Georgian citizenship	Vadim S.	Berlin	On August 23, 2019, Selimchan Changoshvili was shot dead by Vadim S. in Berlin's Kleiner Tiergarten . According to the German Federal Prosecutor General, the act was commissioned by Russia.

2020s

year	Victim	position	Perpetrator	place	Brief description	image
2020	Abdalla Hamdok	Prime Minister of Sudan		Khartoum	On March 9, 2020, Abdalla Hamdok survived an explosion near his vehicle convoy . A security officer was slightly injured.
2020	Hisham al-Hashimi	Iraqi historian and terrorism expert		Baghdad	On July 6, 2020, Hisham al-Hashimi was shot in his car by at least one assassin. al-Hashimi later died in hospital.

See also

• List of explosive attacks
• List of anarchist attacks
• List of attacks on the President of Liberia
• List of attacks on Saddam Hussein
• List of attacks on ambassadors

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Waterson, James, The Ismaili Assassins. A history of medieval murder (Yorkshire, 2008) 79
2. ^ Wolfram Siemann: 1848/49 in Germany and Europe. Event, coping, memory. Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2006, p. 212.
3. ↑ Apuntes juridicos con todos los detalles referentes al delito ya la persona del regicida D. Martin Merino y Gomez. 1852, Retrieved July 18, 2012 (Spanish). 
4. ↑ ^{a b} Napoleon III. In: Brockhaus' Konversationslexikon, Retro-Bibliothek. Retrieved August 6, 2012 . 
5. ↑ L'Affaire PIANORI! In: patamargerand.chez.com. December 12, 2007, accessed April 28, 2019 (French). 
6. ^ Annuaire historique universel ou histoire politique pour 1855 . Lagny, 1856, pp. 312 (French, full text in Google Book Search [accessed on March 14, 2020]).
7. ↑ Causa sobre supuesto atentado contra SM la Reina en la calle del Arenal, el día 29 de mayo último . In: El Faro Nacional . tape 2 . Madrid 1856, p. 149 ff . (Spanish, full text in Google Book Search [accessed August 26, 2020]).
8. ↑ Patrick Kingston: Royal Trains . London 1985. ISBN 0-7153-8594-1 , p. 140.
9. ↑ Politische Rundschau. (PDF; 223 kB) In: Liechtensteiner Volksblatt. November 23, 1900. Retrieved August 9, 2012 . 
10. ↑ 3-10 Assassination of Prime Minister HARA. In: ndl.go.jp. Retrieved April 3, 2019 (English, Japanese). 
11. ↑ Short message . In: Erich Alsringhaus (ed.): Socialist press service . Socialist Press Service, Berlin March 5, 1932, p. 7 ( Digital copy [PDF; accessed on April 26, 2015] Quote from the report: "Counselor von Twardowski was injured by a grazing shot in the neck and by a bullet in the hand. ... Under the circumstances, his condition is satisfactory.").
12. ↑ Ulrich Gutmair: Katja Petrowskaja on memory - I had two grandmothers. In: taz.de. March 29, 2014, accessed March 28, 2019 . 
13. ↑ Behind closed doors . In: The Compass . tape 31 , no. 61 . Der Kompass, Curityba June 2, 1932, p. 1 , col. 1 ff . ( Digital copy [PDF; accessed on April 27, 2015] Der Kompass was a German-language newspaper that appeared three times a week in Curitiba ( Brazil ) from 1902 to 1938 and was completely digitalized. Quoting from the article behind closed doors :
    “The attack on the German embassy counselor in Moscow, from Twardowski has learned of the court order. Judas Miranowitsch Stern and Sergej Sergejewitsch Wassiljew have already been shot and the carbines of the GPU executors have already been cleaned.… On March 5th, Judas Stern fired 5 shots from the Nagan revolver German listening car with the identification number 279 ... ... which were the subject of a two-day court hearing. We know the outcome of this trial. What we did not find out, however, is whether the trial clarified the motives for this reprehensible act. ... ... Stern stated literally: 'Me I confess guilty to the fact, but I have to declare that the wording of the indictment is incorrect not at them. This formulation (of the indictment) is the result of a non-European (uncivilized) preliminary investigation method. ' Stern also does not recognize the signature, which is supposed to be his on the preliminary investigation files! ”).
14. ↑ The Moscow Trial . In: Erich Alsringhaus (ed.): Socialist press service . Socialist Press Service, Berlin April 6, 1932, p. 1 f . ( Digital copy [PDF; accessed on April 26, 2015] Quotation from the report: “The two-day trial that ended with the death sentence against the two defendants Stern and Wassiljew did not provide any clarification whatsoever about the motives for the crime, even though the Soviet government has made the greatest effort to evaluate this act progaganistically for their purposes. ").
15. ^ George Andrew MacMahon: attempt on the life of King Edward VIII. In: The National Archives. Retrieved January 3, 2013 . 
16. ↑ Take off your beard . In: Der Spiegel . No. 49 , 1961 ( online ).
17. ↑ Лев Ребет - демократ в ОУН і перша жертва КГБ. Article on Lew Rebet. In: istpravda.com.ua . October 12, 2011, accessed June 13, 2020 (Ukrainian).
18. ↑ Bandera: Always afraid . In: Der Spiegel . No. 44 , 1959 ( online ).
19. ↑ Rudolf Balmer: Le Pen - a terribly political family. In: nzz.ch . March 24, 2017, accessed July 7, 2020.
20. ↑ Miguel González: Un informe oficial italiano implica en el crimen de Atocha al 'ultra' Cicuttini, relacionado con Gladio . In: El País . December 2, 1990 (Spanish, elpais.com [accessed December 10, 2019]).
21. ↑ Leading reformer shot in Iran . In: BBC News , March 12, 2000, accessed March 13, 2020.
22. ↑ Iran jails Hajjarian gunman . In: BBC News , May 17, 2000, accessed March 13, 2020.
23. ↑ Tagesschau 20 years ago, April 26, 2000 . In: tagesschau.de , accessed on May 2, 2020.
24. ^ Belgrade: Milosevic confidante shot . In: Spiegel Online , April 26, 2000, accessed on May 2, 2020.
25. ^ Wolfgang Libal: Renewed hearing in the Arkan murder case before the Belgrade District Court: 49 murders and no verdict yet . In: Wiener Zeitung Online , February 3, 2003, accessed on May 2, 2020.
26. ↑ Jan-Eric Lindner: Doctors: Kusch assassin suffers from schizophrenia. In: Abendblatt.de . February 16, 2004, accessed January 7, 2020 . 
27. ↑ Afghanistan - Minister killed in attack. In: Focus Online. March 21, 2004, accessed May 9, 2020 . 
28. ^ Civil war in Syria: Assad's followers die in attack. In: Spiegel Online. July 18, 2012, accessed July 18, 2012 . 
29. ↑ Assad's closest confidante die in an attack. In: Focus Online. July 18, 2012, accessed July 18, 2012 . 
30. ↑ Several dead in an attack on the Minister of Defense. In: Spiegel Online. September 11, 2012, accessed September 11, 2012 . 
31. ↑ Somalia's president survives attack two days after the election. In: welt.de. September 12, 2012, accessed March 12, 2020 . 
32. ↑ Dead and injured in Mogadishu. In: Stern . January 29, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013 . 
33. ↑ Ten dead in attack in Mogadishu. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . March 18, 2013, accessed March 18, 2013 . 
34. ↑ The perpetrator was a convicted gun fanatic . Bild.de, April 26, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
35. ^ Lower Saxony - man shoots district administrator of Hameln-Pyrmont. In: Spiegel Online . April 26, 2013, accessed July 15, 2020.
36. ↑ Damascus: Syria's head of government survives bomb attack. In: zeit.de. April 29, 2013, accessed December 10, 2018 . 
37. ↑ Fabio Ghelli: What drove the desperate man from Rome? In: The time . April 29, 2013, accessed May 1, 2013 . 
38. ↑ Reform politician killed in attack. In: kurier.at . May 19, 2013, accessed April 18, 2020 . 
39. ^ Rebels kill politicians in India. In: zeit.de . May 26, 2013, accessed February 3, 2020 . 
40. ^ Afghanistan - war photographer Anja Niedringhaus shot. In: tagesspiegel.de . April 5, 2014, accessed September 24, 2019 . 
41. ↑ Alleged murderer of Jo Cox: "My name is: Death to the traitors" . In: Spiegel Online . June 18, 2016, accessed June 20, 2016.
42. ↑ Russian spy: Highly likely Moscow behind attack, says Theresa May. In: bbc.com . March 13, 2018, accessed November 22, 2019.
43. ↑ Poland - Gdansk Mayor Adamowicz dies after a knife attack. In: Spiegel Online . January 14, 2019, accessed November 14, 2019 . 
44. ^ Sudan PM survives assassination attempt in Khartoum . In: Africanews , March 9, 2020, accessed March 10, 2020.