Andreas Baader

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Berndt Andreas Baader (born May 6, 1943 in Munich ; † October 18, 1977 in Stuttgart-Stammheim ) was a German terrorist . He was a co-founder and one of the leading members of the first generation of the left-wing extremist terrorist organization Red Army Faction (RAF). His release from prison , to which he was sentenced because of his participation in the department store arson on April 2, 1968 in Frankfurt am Main , by Ulrike Meinhof and others on May 14, 1970 in Berlin is considered to be the birth of the RAF.

Baader, who was involved in five bomb attacks in 1972 with four fatalities and several bank robberies , was arrested in 1972 and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Stammheim trial in 1977 . He shot himself on October 18, 1977, on the so-called death night of Stammheim , with a weapon smuggled into the Stuttgart correctional facility .

The collective suicide of the imprisoned RAF leaders, including Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe , took their own lives, and the murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, kidnapped by the RAF , on the same day marked the end of what is known as the German Autumn , which is one of the most difficult Crises in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany applies.

Life

Childhood and youth in Munich

Baader grew up with his grandmother in Saalfeld / Saale for the first five years , from 1949 in Munich in a three-woman household with his mother Anneliese Hermine Baader (* December 21, 1916 in Saarburg; † August 23, 2004 in Hamburg), Grandmother and aunt. The youth went without the father, who had been missing in the war since 1945, the historian and archivist Berndt Philipp Baader (* August 8, 1913; † missing and subsequently declared dead on December 31, 1945 in 1955). An important reference person was his uncle, the dancer and actor Michael Kroecher , with whom he stayed in contact for a long time as an adult. Although he was considered a gifted boy, he failed at school: Baader was expelled from several schools for undisciplined and violent behavior. Among other things, he was at the renowned Maximiliansgymnasium in Munich in 1956 , but did not reach the class goal and left school in the same year. Eventually his mother paid him to attend a private school. But even here he showed too little performance and had to end his school career with secondary school leaving certificate. As a result, he did not begin any professional training, but drew and pottery. He also developed a passion for fast vehicles, which he stole and with which he was guilty of various traffic offenses . Since he refused to get his driver's license - according to Karin Wieland a symptomatic revolt against the authorities - he repeatedly came into conflict with the traffic police. Several penalties were the result.

Baader took part in the Schwabing riots in 1962 . According to his mother, he is said to have drawn the conclusion from the police's actions that “something is wrong” in the state. The publicist Butz Peters sees the events of the Munich city summer in 1962 as “a shocking experience for the nineteen year old”.

Baader's typewriter with letters of confession in the House of History in Bonn

West Berlin

At the age of twenty Baader moved from Munich to West Berlin, supposedly to do an artistic education. He worked as a construction worker and - unsuccessfully - as a tabloid journalist. Baader cultivated a bisexual aura, put on make-up, visited gay clubs and posed half-naked for the gay star photographer Herbert Tobias around 1965 . The good-looking and charismatic Baader was also popular with women, although he often treated them disrespectfully. From his temporary partner, the married painter Ellinor Michel (1939–2007), with whom he lived together with her husband, the painter Manfred Henkel (1936–1988), in a ménage à trois in a Berlin villa, he was considered violent and described provocatively. With her he fathered a daughter who was born in 1965. Baader did not take care of her, the child was raised by Henkel. In 1967 he came into contact with the student movement and the extra-parliamentary opposition . He knew Commune 1 , a photo from August 1967 shows him at a happening on Kurfürstendamm , dancing with Dorothea Ridder and Rainer Langhans . Nevertheless, he remained an outsider in these circles: partly because of his more elegant than hippiesque style of clothing and his short hair, partly because he could not keep up in the intellectual debates of the Communards. During this time he began a love affair with Gudrun Ensslin, who was three years older than him, a Marxist whose view of the world was adopted by Baader, who was previously untrained in ideology.

Department store arson foundation

After 323 people died in a fire in the À l'innovation department store in Brussels in May 1967 , Commune 1 celebrated this catastrophe in several leaflets as an anti-imperialist signal (“Brussels will be Hanoi ”) and asked: “When are the department stores burning in Berlin ? “Baader and Ensslin then decided not to stop at verbal provocations, but also to set fire to a department store in Germany. According to the memories of Bommi Baumann , the rivalry between Baader and the men of Commune 1 played a central role in the decision: "The arson is of course also a story of competition [...] Whoever does the toughest deeds indicates the direction".

On April 2, 1968, together with Ensslin, Thorwald Proll and Horst Söhnlein , Baader laid incendiary devices in Frankfurt department stores . The arson caused damage of almost DM 675,000. People were not injured. Baader and his accomplices were sentenced on October 31, 1968 to three years in prison each.

As a result of a petition for revision, Baader was initially released and, together with Ensslin, took part in the “ home campaign ” of the Extra-Parliamentary Opposition (APO) in Frankfurt am Main . After the verdict became final in November 1969, he did not begin his sentence and went into hiding in Paris and later in Italy. In February 1970 he returned to Berlin with Ensslin on the initiative of his lawyer Horst Mahler . On April 4, 1970, Baader was arrested there during a fictitious traffic control and taken to the Tegel correctional facility to serve his sentence . The information was provided by the undercover agent Peter Urbach , who had previously had Ensslin and him dig in a cemetery in Alt Bukow in the GDR after a supposed hiding place for buried weapons from the Second World War.

Liberation and establishment of the RAF

Gravesite Baader, Raspe, Ensslin

During an execution requested by his lawyer Horst Mahler in the German Central Institute for Social Issues because of an alleged research date for a planned book with Ulrike Meinhof , Baader was freed at gunpoint by Meinhof, Irene Goergens , Ingrid Schubert and an unidentified accomplice on May 14, 1970 . The 63-year-old institute employee Georg Linke was seriously injured in the shooting. The so-called Baader liberation is considered to be the hour of birth of the RAF. It was the first attack by the RAF in which firearms were used and people were sometimes critically injured.

After his liberation, Baader traveled with about 20 other people in hiding to a training camp run by the Palestinian organization Al-Fatah in Jordan . There the Germans were trained in the use of weapons and explosives. In the training camp, Baader managed to establish himself as the leader of the group by harassing other members or thinking out loud about liquidating them. With this attitude and with his refusal to wear a combat suit (he kept his fashionable velvet trousers on even during paramilitary exercises) he came into conflict with the Palestinian fighters, who finally asked him to leave the camp. But Baader did not comply.

In 1972, Baader was involved in four of the five bomb attacks, which the RAF itself described as the May Offensive , and a whole series of break-ins for the purpose of document theft, bank robberies and vehicle thefts in various German cities. Baader was later convicted for his direct involvement in the following acts: On May 11, 1972, three bombs exploded in the headquarters of the V Corps of the American Armed Forces in Frankfurt am Main, one day later bombings were carried out in Augsburg and Munich , on May 15 the wife of the criminal investigation judge at the Federal Court of Justice Wolfgang Buddenberg was seriously injured in a bomb attack on his vehicle, and on May 24 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the 7th US Army in Heidelberg . For all acts taken together, there were four fatalities and over 70 injured.

Baader, Raspe and Meins were arrested on June 1, 1972 in front of this apartment building at Hofeckweg 2-4 in Frankfurt am Main

After the attacks in spring 1972, Baader was one of the most wanted terrorists in Germany. Together with RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins , he was arrested on June 1, 1972 in Frankfurt am Main after a two-hour exchange of fire in which he was hit in the buttocks.

Trial, imprisonment and death

On April 28, 1977, after almost two years of negotiations and 192 days of negotiations in the Stammheim trial , Baader was sentenced to life imprisonment for four murders and 54 attempted murders . His lawyers submitted revision against the judgment so that it until his death was not final.

The second generation of the RAF tried to free Baader and other terrorists through the hostage-taking of Stockholm in 1975 as well as the Schleyer kidnapping and the parallel hijacking of the plane “Landshut” in the so-called German autumn 1977. However, the federal government under Helmut Schmidt did not give in.

On the night of October 18, 1977, the hijacked plane in Mogadishu was stormed by the German special unit GSG 9 and all hostages were freed. The detained terrorists found out about this and died of suicide in their cells that same night. The morning after the so-called night of death in Stammheim , Baader was found shot dead in his cell in the high-security wing of the Stuttgart prison. Later investigations showed that the RAF lawyer Arndt Müller had smuggled weapons into the prison in hiding in the files. Baader had hidden a pistol made by the Hungarian manufacturer FÉG , caliber 7.65 mm, in his cell, at times in his record player, and shot himself with it. Theses that flare up again and again about an outside influence or even a state-ordered liquidation of Baader are now considered refuted and are often classified as conspiracy theory .

Baader was buried together with Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe in the Dornhaldenfriedhof in Stuttgart.

multimedia

Audio documents

The Baden-Württemberg State Archives contain tapes that were recorded between August 1975 and February 1977 during the trial in Stuttgart-Stammheim and were intended to help the clerks with their work. The sound documents, some of which have now been published, include a. various explanations by Andreas Baader. This is the so far only known sound bites Baader. The culture broadcaster of the Südwestrundfunk SWR2 makes two verbal contributions by Baader available on its website:

Movies

literature

  • Uwe Backes : Terrorist biographies: Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader . In: Ders .: Leaden years. Baader-Meinhof and afterwards (= series Extremism and Democracy . Vol. 1). Straube, Erlangen a. a. 1991, ISBN 3-927491-36-5 , p. 129 ff.
  • Dorothea Hauser: Baader and Herold: Description of a fight. Paperback edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1998. (New edition supplemented: Rowohlt, Reinbek 2007, ISBN 978-3-499-62279-3 ).
  • Harvey W. Kushner: Baader, Andreas (1943–1977) . In: same: Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks / London / New Delhi 2003, pp. 65 f.
  • Klaus Stern , Jörg Herrmann: Andreas Baader: The life of a public enemy. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-423-24584-5 .
  • Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma : Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936096-54-6 .

Web links

Commons : Andreas Baader  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ André Gottschling: Biographical portrait: Andreas Baader In: Jahrbuch Extremismus & Demokratie 16 (2004) p. 187 ( online on zeitgeschichte-online.de , accessed on October 1, 2017).
  2. ↑ Dr. Berndt Philipp Baader (1913–1945): (art) historian, archivist and father of Andreas Baader (1943–1977) ( Memento from September 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Marco Stahlhut: Who was Andreas Baader really? In: The world . dated January 3, 2007.
  4. ↑ Dr. Berndt Philipp Baader (1913–1945): (art) historian, archivist and father of Andreas Baader (1943–1977).
  5. ↑ Chronicle of the Maximiliansgymnasium under the aegis of Hans Lindemann
  6. ↑ Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma : Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, p. 53.
  7. ↑ Karin Wieland: Andreas Baader. In: Wolfgang Kraushaar (ed.): The RAF and left-wing terrorism. Volume 1. Edition Hamburg, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-936096-65-1 , p. 333.
  8. ↑ Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma : Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, p. 53 f.
  9. ↑ Michael Sturm: Authorities gone wild? In: Gerhard Fürmetz (Ed.): Schwabinger riots. Essen 2006, p. 84 ff.
  10. ^ Butz Peters: RAF: Terrorism in Germany. Stuttgart 1991, p. 39.
  11. ↑ Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, p. 55 f .; Herbert Tobias: Forgotten and rediscovered (with the Baader photo) on focused.com, accessed on March 19, 2017.
  12. ↑ Harvey W. Kushner: Baader, Andreas (1943–1977) . In: same: Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks / London / New Delhi 2003, p. 65.
  13. ↑ suhrkamp.de: Ensslin, Gudrun / Vesper, Bernward »Emergency laws from your hand«
  14. ↑ Karin Wieland: Andreas Baader. In: Wolfgang Kraushaar (Ed.): Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. Edition Hamburg, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936096-54-6 , p. 56 f.
  15. ↑ Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, p. 65 f .; The photo of the dancing Baader on Blackca, accessed on March 21, 2017; .
  16. ↑ Harvey W. Kushner: Baader, Andreas (1943–1977) . In: same: Encyclopedia of Terrorism. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks / London / New Delhi 2003, p. 65.
  17. ^ Sara Hakemi: attack and spectacle. Leaflets from Commune I, declarations from Ensslin / Baader and the early RAF. Posth, Bochum 2008, pp. 47-54.
  18. ↑ Bommi Baumann: How it all started. Trikont, Munich 1975, s. 30, quoted from Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, p. 69.
  19. ↑ a b The history of the RAF ( Memento from December 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Part 1/6, ZDFinfo from August 2, 2015
  20. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Stasi files illuminate the hour of the RAF . In: The world . May 14, 2010.
  21. ↑ Hans-Dieter Schwind : Causes of Terrorism in the Federal Republic of Germany. P. 31.
  22. ↑ Karin Wieland: a. In: the same, Wolfgang Kraushaar and Jan Philipp Reemtsma : Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, pp. 84, 88.
  23. ^ Butz Peters: RAF terrorism in Germany. Knaur, ISBN 3-426-80019-5 , p. 268 ff .; same: fatal error. Argon, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-87024-673-1 , p. 222 ff .; Stefan Aust : The Baader Meinhof complex. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1985, ISBN 3-426-03874-9 , p. 412 ff.
  24. ^ RAF suicides: Conspiracy theory invalidated. In: Münchner Merkur , June 28, 2008; Stammheim: RAF suicide plans unknown. In: Focus , June 26, 2008; Gisela Diewald-Kerkmann: The Red Army faction in the original tone. The tape recordings from the Stuttgart Stammheim trial . In: Contemporary historical research . Volume 5, 2008, Issue 2; Hanno Balz: About terrorists, sympathizers and the strong state. The public debate about the RAF in the 1970s. Campus, Frankfurt am Main, p. 316; Petra Terhoeven : German autumn in Europe. Left-wing terrorism in the 1970s was a transnational phenomenon. Oldenbourg, Munich 2014, p. 443; Beatrice de Graaf: Terrorism as a performative act. In: Johannes Hürter (Hrsg.): Combating Terrorism in Western Europe. Democracy and Security in the 1970s and 1980s. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2015, p. 114.
  25. ^ German autumn 1977: Dornhaldenfriedhof terminus. In: Stuttgarter Zeitung , October 30, 2012.
personal data
SURNAME Baader, Andreas
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Baader, Berndt Andreas
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German terrorist, co-founder of the Red Army faction
DATE OF BIRTH May 6, 1943
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH October 18, 1977
Place of death Stuttgart