Churchill War Government

Winston Churchill, 1942

The war government Churchill ( English Churchill was ministry ) under the leadership of the Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill ruled the United Kingdom in the period of the Second World War from May 10, 1940 to May 23, 1945. It was after the resignation of the previous Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain as a result of Norwegian debate formed and included all political groups represented in Parliament . The government was dissolved as a result of the termination of the coalition by the second largest party, the Labor Party , with the resignation of Churchill. Churchill immediately formed a new interim government to rule the country until the final results of Churchill's scheduled general election in 1945 on July 26th, in which Labor won the day.

History and formation of a government

The fourth National Government , which ruled under Neville Chamberlain from 1937, was followed on the day the United Kingdom entered the Second World War by the predominantly conservative Chamberlain War Government , in which Churchill had again assumed an office (that of Minister of the Navy) for the first time from 1929. In May 1940, as a result of the decision of the Chamberlain government to withdraw troops from Norway , which had previously been attacked by the German Reich in Operation Weser Exercise and had received support from the Allies , there was a debate on Norway in the British House of Commons , in which the government and Chamberlain in particular suffered a clear setback. It became clear that Chamberlain had little chance of successfully leading the country through the trial of a great war. Of the successor candidates , mainly Churchill and Foreign Minister Lord Halifax , Churchill had a better chance from the start of integrating the previous opposition parties (Labor and the Liberal Party ) into a government. In contrast, the Chamberlain supporters still dominating within the Conservative Party - the "honorable current" - had reservations about Churchill and his closest supporters, who were decried as "Glamor Boys". In view of the discrediting of the appeasement politicians who had prevailed until 1939 , to whom he himself had belonged, Halifax let Churchill precede in forming a government.

Members of the Churchill Government

The formation of the government fell on the day of the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg , the beginning of the western campaign . Chamberlain's attempts to broaden his government by including Labor ultimately failed that morning due to the refusal of its party leader Clement Attlee . Chamberlain, who had concerns about resigning at such a point, nevertheless immediately drove to Buckingham Palace to resign and propose Churchill as his successor. The BBC broadcast Chamberlain's resignation speech at 9 p.m., and Churchill went to bed at 3 a.m. the next morning after naming his internal war cabinet and the most important ministers of the new government.

War Cabinet

Like his predecessor, Churchill formed a scaled-down war cabinet that made the most important decisions. In addition to Churchill, who took over the office of Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, this originally included the following ministers:

• Neville Chamberlain ( Lord President of the Council )
• Clement Attlee ( Lord Seal Keeper )
• Edward Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (Secretary of State)
• Arthur Greenwood (Minister without Portfolio)

The composition of the War Cabinet was subject to major changes in the following five years, which are therefore summarized here:

Surname	Political party		Government offices	Time in the war cabinet
Winston Churchill		Conservative	First Lord of the Treasury Minister of Defense	May 1940 to May 1945
Neville Chamberlain		Conservative	Lord President of the Council	May to October 1940
Clement Attlee		Labor	Lord Seal Keeper Deputy Prime Minister Lord President of the Council	May 1940 to February 1942 February 1942 to May 1945 September 1943 to May 1945
Lord Halifax		Conservative	Foreign minister	May to December 1940
Arthur Greenwood		Labor	Minister with no portfolio	May 1940 to February 1942
Lord Beaverbrook		Conservative	Minister for Aircraft Production Minister of State for Supply Minister Minister for War Production	August 1940 to May 1941 May to June 1941 June 1941 to February 1942 February 1942
Sir John Anderson		independently	Lord President of the Council Chancellor of the Exchequer	October 1940 to September 1943 September 1943 to May 1945
Ernest Bevin		Labor	Minister for Labor and Military Service	October 1940 to May 1945
Anthony Eden		Conservative	Foreign minister	December 1940 to May 1945
Oliver Lyttelton		Conservative	Minister-Resident for the Middle East Minister for War Production	February to March 1942 March 1942 to May 1945
Stafford Cripps		Labor	Lord Seal Keeper	February to October 1942
Richard Casey		independently	Minister-Resident for the Middle East	March 1942 to January 1944
Herbert Morrison		Labor	Interior minister	October 1942 to May 1945
Lord Woolton		Conservative	Minister for Reconstruction	November 1943 to May 1945
Lord Moyne		Conservative	Minister-Resident for the Middle East	January to November 1944

1. ↑ resigned due to illness, died on November 9, 1940
2. ↑ became ambassador to the USA
3. ↑ became opposition leader in the lower house
4. ↑ ^{a b} left the war cabinet
5. ↑ became governor of Bengal
6. ↑ was killed in an attack in Cairo

List of public officials

(Cabinet ministers appear in bold .)

Office	Surname	Political party		Duration, if different	Remarks
Prime Minister , First Lord of the Treasury , Secretary of Defense	Winston Churchill		Conservative
Lord Chancellor	John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon		Liberal National
Lord President of the Council	Neville Chamberlain		Conservative	until October 3, 1940	Resignation due to illness
	Sir John Anderson		independently	October 3, 1940 - September 24, 1943	became Chancellor of the Exchequer
	Clement Attlee		Labor	from September 24, 1943
Lord Seal Keeper	Clement Attlee		Labor	until February 19, 1942	became Minister for the Dominions
	Stafford Cripps		Labor	February 19, 1942 - November 22, 1942	became Minister for Aircraft Production
	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne		Conservative	November 22, 1942 - September 24, 1943	became (again) Minister for the Dominions
	Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook		Conservative	from September 24, 1943
Chancellor of the Exchequer	Sir Kingsley Wood		Conservative	until September 21, 1943	died in office
	Sir John Anderson		independently	from September 24, 1943
Parliamentary State Secretary for the Treasury	David Margesson		Conservative	May 17, 1940 - December 22, 1940
	Sir Charles Edwards		Labor	May 17, 1940 - March 12, 1942
	James Stuart		Conservative	January 14, 1941 - May 23, 1945
	William Whiteley		Labor	March 12, 1942 - May 23, 1945
Treasury Secretary of State for the Treasury	Harry Crookshank		Conservative	until February 7, 1943
	Ralph Assheton		Conservative	from February 7, 1943
	Osbert Peake		Conservative	from October 29, 1944
Lords of the Treasury	Stephen Furness		Liberal National	May 12, 1940 - May 18, 1940
	James Stuart		Conservative	May 12, 1940 - January 14, 1941
	Patrick Munro		Conservative	May 12, 1940 - March 13, 1942
	Patrick Buchan-Hepburn		Conservative	May 12, 1940 - June 26, 1940 December 6, 1944 - May 23, 1945
	William Boulton		Conservative	May 12, 1940 - March 13, 1942
	Wilfred Paling		Labor	May 18, 1940 - February 8, 1941
	James Thomas		Conservative	June 26, 1940 - September 25, 1943
	Thomas Dugdale		Conservative	February 8, 1941 - February 23, 1942
	William Murdoch Adamson		Labor	March 1, 1941 - October 2, 1944
	Arthur Young		Conservative	February 23, 1942 - July 3, 1944
	John McEwen		Conservative	March 13, 1942 - December 6, 1944
	Leslie Pym		Conservative	March 13, 1942 - May 23, 1945
	Alec Beechman		Liberal National	September 25, 1943 - May 23, 1945
	Cedric Drewe		Conservative	July 3, 1944 - May 23, 1945
	William John		Labor	October 2, 1944 - May 23, 1945
Foreign minister	Edward Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax		Conservative	until December 22, 1940	also from October 3, 1940 Leader of the House of Lords; became ambassador to the USA
	Anthony Eden		Conservative	from December 22, 1940	also from 1942 to 1945 Leader of the House of Commons
Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs	Rab butler		Conservative	until July 20, 1941
	Richard Law		Conservative	July 20, 1941 - September 25, 1943
	George Hall		Labor	from September 25, 1943
Minister of the Interior and Minister of Homeland Security	Sir John Anderson		National Independent	until October 2, 1940	became Lord President of the Council
	Herbert Morrison		Labor	from October 2, 1940
Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of the Interior	Osbert Peake		Conservative	until October 31, 1944
	Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster		Conservative	from October 31, 1944
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of the Interior	William Mabane		Liberal National	until June 3, 1942
	Ellen Wilkinson		Labor	from June 3, 1942
First Lord of the Admiralty	Albert Alexander		Labor
Parliamentary and Finance Secretary of State of the Admiralty	Sir Victor Warrender , Bt		Labor		ennobled as a peer during his tenure
Admiralty Civil Lord	Sir Austin Hudson , Bt		Conservative	until March 4, 1942
	Richard Pilkington		Conservative	from March 4, 1942
Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries	Robert Hudson		Conservative
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Agriculture	Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne		Conservative	May 15, 1940 - February 8, 1941
	Tom Williams		Labor	May 15, 1940 - May 23, 1945
	Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk		Conservative	February 8, 1941 - May 23, 1945
Aviation Minister	Sir Archibald Sinclair , Bt		Liberal
Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Aviation	Harold Balfour		Conservative	May 15, 1940 - November 21, 1944
	Hugh Seely, 1st Baron Sherwood		Liberal	July 20, 1941 - May 23, 1945
	Rupert Brabner		Conservative	November 21, 1944 - March 27, 1945
	Quintin Hogg		Conservative	April 12, 1945 - May 23, 1945
Minister for Aircraft Production	Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook		Conservative	until May 1, 1941	became Minister of State
	John Moore-Brabazon		Conservative	May 1, 1941 - February 22, 1942
	John Llewellin		Conservative	February 22, 1942 - November 22, 1942	became Minister-Resident in Washington
	Sir Stafford Cripps		Labor	from November 22, 1942
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Aircraft Production	John Llewellin		Conservative	until May 1, 1941	became Minister for Aircraft Production
	Frederick Montague		Labor	May 1, 1941 - March 4, 1942
	Ben Smith		Labor	March 4, 1942 - November 11, 1943
	Alan Lennox-Boyd		Conservative	from November 11, 1943
Minister for Civil Aviation	Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton		Conservative	from October 8, 1944	new office
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Civil Aviation	Walter Perkins		Conservative	from March 22, 1945
Secretary of State for the Colonies	George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd		Conservative	until February 4, 1941	also from December 22, 1940 Leader of the House of Lords; died in office
	Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne		Conservative	February 8, 1941 - February 22, 1942	at the same time Leader of the House of Lords
	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne		Conservative	February 22, 1942 - November 22, 1942	also Leader of the House of Lords; became Lord Seal Keeper
	Oliver Stanley		Conservative	from November 22, 1942
State Secretary in the Colonial Ministry	George Hall		Labor	until February 4, 1942
	Harold Macmillan		Conservative	February 4, 1942 - January 1, 1943
	Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire		Conservative	from January 1, 1943
Minister for the Dominions	Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote		Conservative	until October 3, 1940	also Leader of the House of Lords; became Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne		Conservative	October 3, 1940 - February 19, 1942	became Secretary of State for the Colonies
	Clement Attlee		Labor	February 19, 1942 - September 24, 1943	became Lord President of the Council
	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne		Conservative	from September 24, 1943	at the same time Leader of the House of Lords
State Secretary in the Dominion Ministry	Geoffrey Shakespeare		Liberal National	until March 4, 1942
	Paul Emrys-Evans		Conservative	from March 4, 1942
Minister for Economic Warfare	Hugh Dalton		Labor	until February 22, 1942	became Minister for Trade and Industry
	Roundell Palmer, Viscount Wolmer		Conservative	from February 22, 1942
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Economic Warfare	Dingle Foot		Liberal
Minister of Education	Herwald Ramsbotham		Conservative	until July 20, 1941
	Rab butler		Conservative	from July 20, 1941
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Education	James Chuter-Ede		Labor
Minister of Food	Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton		Conservative	until November 11, 1943	became Minister for Reconstruction
	John Llewellin		Conservative	from November 11, 1943
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Food	Robert Boothby		Conservative	until October 22, 1940
	Gwilym Lloyd George		Liberal	October 22, 1940 - June 3, 1942
	William Mabane		Liberal National	from June 3, 1942
Energy minister	Gwilym Lloyd George		Liberal	from June 3, 1942	new office
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Energy	Geoffrey Lloyd		Conservative	from June 3, 1942
	Tom Smith		Labor	from June 3, 1942
Minister of Health	Malcolm MacDonald		National Labor	until February 8, 1941	became High Commissioner in Canada
	Ernest Brown		Liberal National	February 8, 1941 - November 11, 1943	became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
	Henry Willink		Conservative	from November 11, 1943
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Health	Florence Horsbrugh		Conservative
Secretary of State for India and Burma	Leopold Amery		Conservative
State Secretary in the Ministry of India	Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire		Conservative	until January 1, 1943
	Geoffrey FitzClarence, 5th Earl of Munster		Conservative	January 1, 1943 - October 31, 1944
	William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel		Labor	from October 31, 1944
Information minister	Duff Cooper		Conservative	until July 20, 1941	became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
	Brendan Bracken		Conservative	from July 20, 1941
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Information	Harold Nicolson		National Labor	until July 20, 1941
	Ernest Thurtle		Labor	from July 20, 1941
Minister of Labor	Ernest Bevin		Labor
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Labor	Ralph Assheton		Conservative	until February 4, 1942
	Malcolm McCorquodale		Conservative	from February 4, 1942
	George Tomlinson		Labor	from February 8, 1942
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster	Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey		independent	until July 20, 1941	became Paymaster General
	Duff Cooper		Conservative	July 20, 1941 - November 11, 1943	became a contact for the French government in exile
	Ernest Brown		Liberal National	from November 11, 1943
Minister-Resident for North West Africa	Harold Macmillan		Conservative	from December 30, 1942
Minister-Resident for the Middle East	Oliver Lyttelton		Conservative	February 19, 1942 - March 19, 1942
	Richard Casey		independent	March 19, 1942 - January 28, 1944
	Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne		Conservative	January 28, 1944 - November 6, 1944
	Sir Edward Grigg		Conservative	from November 21, 1944
Deputy Minister of State	Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne		Conservative	August 27, 1942 - January 28, 1944
Minister-Resident in Washington	John Llewellin		Conservative	November 22, 1942 - November 11, 1943	became Minister of Food
	Ben Smith		Labor	from November 11, 1943
Minister-Resident for West Africa	Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton		Conservative	June 8, 1942 - November 21, 1944
	Harold Balfour		Conservative	from November 21, 1944
Minister with no portfolio	Arthur Greenwood		Labor	until February 22, 1942	became Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons
	Sir William Jowitt		Labor	from February 22, 1942
Paymaster General	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne		Conservative	until October 3, 1940	became Minister for the Dominions; Office vacant in the meantime
	Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey		independent	July 20, 1941 - March 4, 1942
	Sir William Jowitt		Labor	March 4, 1942 - December 30, 1942
	Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell		Conservative	from December 30, 1942
Pension Minister	Sir Walter Womersley		Conservative
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Pensions	Ellen Wilkinson		Labor	until October 8, 1940
	George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon		Conservative	October 8, 1940 - February 8, 1941
	Wilfred Paling		Labor	from February 8, 1941
Post Minister	William Morrison		Conservative	until February 7, 1943
	Harry Crookshank		Conservative	from February 7, 1943
Deputy Minister of Post	Charles Waterhouse		Conservative	until March 1, 1941
	Allan Chapman		Conservative	March 1, 1941 - March 4, 1942
	Robert Grimston		Conservative	from March 4, 1942
Minister for Reconstruction	Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton		Conservative	from November 11, 1943
Scotland Minister	Ernest Brown		Liberal National	until February 8, 1941
	Thomas Johnston		Labor	from February 8, 1941
Secretary of State in the Ministry of Scotland	Joseph Westwood		Labor	May 17, 1940 - May 23, 1945
	Henry Scrymgeour-Wedderburn		Conservative	February 8, 1941 - March 4, 1942
	Allan Chapman		Conservative	March 4, 1942 - May 23, 1945
Minister of Shipping	Ronald Cross		Conservative	May 14, 1940 - May 1, 1941	went on in the Ministry of War Transportation
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Shipping	Sir Arthur Salter		independently
Minister for Social Security	Sir William Jowitt		Labor	from October 8, 1944	new office
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Social Insurance	Charles Peat		Conservative	from March 22, 1945
Minister of State	Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook		Conservative	May 1, 1941 - June 29, 1941
	Oliver Lyttelton		Conservative	from June 29, 1941	Office vacant from March 12, 1942
Minister of Supply	Herbert Morrison		Labor	until October 3, 1940
	Sir Andrew Rae Duncan		Conservative	October 3, 1940 - June 29, 1941
	Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook		Conservative	June 29, 1941 - February 4, 1942
	Sir Andrew Rae Duncan		Conservative	from February 4, 1942
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Supply	Harold Macmillan		Conservative	May 15, 1940 - February 4, 1942
	Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal		Conservative	September 4, 1940 - February 22, 1942
	Ralph Assheton		Conservative	February 4, 1942 - February 7, 1943
	Charles Peat		Conservative	March 4, 1942 - March 22, 1945
	Duncan Sandys		Conservative	February 7, 1943 - November 21, 1944
	John Wilmot		Labor	November 21, 1944 - May 23, 1945
	James de Rothschild		Liberal	March 22, 1945 - May 23, 1945
Minister for Urban and Spatial Planning	William Morrison		Conservative	from December 30, 1942	Minister-designate until February 7, 1943
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Planning	Henry Strauss		Conservative	December 30, 1942 - March 22, 1945
	Arthur Jenkins		Labor	from March 22, 1945
Minister for Trade and Industry	Sir Andrew Rae Duncan		Conservative	until October 3, 1940
	Oliver Lyttelton		Conservative	October 3, 1940 - June 29, 1941
	Sir Andrew Rae Duncan		Conservative	June 29, 1941 - February 4, 1942
	John Llewellin		Conservative	February 4, 1942 - February 22, 1942
	Hugh Dalton		Labor	from February 22, 1942
Parliamentary State Secretary Ministry of Trade and Industry	Gwilym Lloyd George		Liberal	until February 8, 1941
	Charles Waterhouse		Conservative	from February 8, 1941
State Secretary for Foreign Trade	Harcourt Johnstone		Liberal
State Secretary for Mining	David Grenfell		Labor
State Secretary for the Oil Industry	Geoffrey Lloyd		Conservative	until June 3, 1942	Office taken up in the Ministry of Energy, where Lloyd moved
Transport Minister	Sir John Reith		independently	until October 3, 1940	became Minister for Buildings and Public Works
	John Moore-Brabazon		Conservative	October 3, 1940 - May 1, 1941	became Minister for Aircraft Production
	Frederick Leathers, 1st Viscount Leathers		Conservative	from May 1, 1941	renamed the Ministry of War Transport on taking office
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Transport	Frederick Montague		Labor	May 18, 1940 - May 1, 1941
	John Llewellin		Conservative	May 1, 1941 - February 4, 1942
	Sir Arthur Salter		independently	June 29, 1941 - February 4, 1942
Minister for War Production	Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook		Conservative	February 4, 1942 - February 19, 1942	The position was temporarily vacant afterwards
	Oliver Lyttelton		Conservative	from March 12, 1942	renamed Ministry of Production
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Production	George Garro-Jones		Labor	from September 10, 1942
Minister of War	Anthony Eden		Conservative	until December 22, 1940	became foreign minister
	David Margesson		Conservative	December 22, 1940 - February 22, 1942
	Sir Percy James Grigg		independently	from February 22, 1942
State Secretary in the War Ministry	Sir Henry Page Croft		Conservative	May 17, 1940 - May 23, 1945	ennobled as a peer during his tenure
	Sir Edward Grigg		Conservative	May 17, 1940 - March 4, 1942
	Arthur Henderson		Labor	March 4, 1942 - February 7, 1943
Finance Secretary in the War Department	Richard Law		Conservative	May 17, 1940 - July 20, 1941
	Duncan Sandys		Conservative	July 20, 1941-1944
	Arthur Henderson		Labor	from February 7, 1943
Minister for Buildings and Public Works	George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon		Conservative	until October 3, 1940	became Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Pensions
	Sir John Reith		independently	October 3, 1940 - February 22, 1942	ennobled as a peer during his tenure
	Wyndham Portal, 1st Viscount Portal		Conservative	February 22, 1942 - November 21, 1944
	Duncan Sandys		Conservative	from November 21, 1944
Parliamentary State Secretary in the Ministry of Construction	George Hicks		Labor	November 19, 1940 - May 23, 1945
	Henry Strauss		Conservative	March 4, 1942 - December 30, 1942
Attorney General for England and Wales	Sir Donald Somervell		Conservative
Solicitor General for England and Wales	Sir William Jowitt		Labor	until March 4, 1942
	Sir David Maxwell Fyfe		Conservative	from March 4, 1942
Lord Advocate	Thomas Cooper		Conservative	until June 5, 1941
	James Reid		Conservative	from June 5, 1941
Solicitor General for Scotland	James Reid		Conservative	until June 5, 1941
	David King Murray		Conservative	from June 5, 1941	Knighted during his tenure
Treasurer of the Household	Robert Grimston		Conservative	until March 12, 1942
	Sir James Edmondson		Conservative	from March 12, 1942
Comptroller of the Household	William Whiteley		Labor	until March 12, 1942
	William John		Labor	March 12, 1942 - October 2, 1944
	George Mathers		Labor	from October 2, 1944
Vice-Chamberlain of the Household	Sir James Edmondson		Conservative	until March 12, 1942
	Sir William Boulton		Conservative	March 12, 1942 - July 13, 1944
	Arthur Young		Conservative	from July 13, 1944
Captain of the Gentlemen-at-Arms	Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell		Labor	May 31, 1940 - April 21, 1944
	Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue		Conservative	from March 22, 1945
Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard	Arthur Chichester, 4th Baron Templemore		Conservative	from May 31, 1940
Lords-in-Waiting	Hugh Fortescue, 5th Earl Fortescue		Conservative	May 31, 1940 - March 22, 1945
	Francis Agar-Robartes, 7th Viscount Clifden		Liberal	from May 31, 1940
	Robert Munro, 1st Baron Alness		Liberal National	from May 31, 1940
	Oswald Phipps, 4th Marquess of Normanby		Conservative	from March 22, 1945

literature

• David Butler: Twentieth-Century British Political Facts, 1900-2000. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, ISBN 978-1-349-62733-2 .
• Roger Hermiston: All Behind You, Winston - Churchill's Great Coalition 1940–45. Aurum Press, 2016.