Military intelligence

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A military intelligence service or military intelligence service is an intelligence service that reports directly to either the Ministry of Defense , the military or a single branch of the armed forces of a country.

A military intelligence service is used to obtain and evaluate information about the armed forces, defense systems, supply facilities and weapons of potential or actual opponents. It can also serve as a defense against secret service activities of foreign states against their own armed forces.

The most important and first source in strategic news acquisition is the open source education about generally accessible sources of information in writing, sound and image as well as their systematic, long-term acquisition and evaluation. Espionage is a conditional form of strategic intelligence gathering.

The use of special forces to carry out armed raids, assaults and commandos as well as to kidnap enemy carriers of secrets or to obtain weapons, plans, documents, codes and code machines is part of the operational combat management.

Special forces of an intelligence service can be used to form so-called fifth columns with the task of destabilizing the enemy.

For general troop service, see Military Reconnaissance .

history

Military intelligence activities are arguably as old as warfare , as obtaining information about armament, strength, tactics, plans and locations of opposing troops is always a fundamental need in war.

Many of the worst defeats in the history of war were based on an incorrect assessment of the situation due to a lack of or incorrect information about the actual situation. Many victories were won because the military leaders managed to actively deceive the enemy.

The longest tradition and the highest esteem are enjoyed by secret service means and the deception of the enemy in China, whose classics of the art of war Sun Tzu's work placed these methods at the center of his considerations. This also applies to Sun Bin and the 36 stratagems known to every educated person in China , many of which are aimed at deceiving the enemy.

The Mongols were known for the extensive use of intelligence resources , see Mongolian Warfare .

The great German military scientist Carl von Clausewitz dealt in separate chapters in his work Vom Kriege with the topics of news in war (1st book, 6th chapter), but also with List (3rd B., 10th C.), People's armament (6. B., 26. K.) ( partisans ) and diversion (7. B., 20. K.).

Military intelligence services from different countries

Denmark

"Military Secret Service" ( Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste , FE)

Germany

Federal Republic of Germany

Germany's military intelligence service is the Federal Intelligence Service (BND). With the affiliated Office for Military Studies, it has a military component. Since the change in the statutory range of tasks (2005), the Bundeswehr's central situation management for the enemy situation has also been taken over by the BND (previously at the Bundeswehr Intelligence Center ). In return, the Bundeswehr makes staff available to the BND, both time and permanent users .

The Strategic Reconnaissance Command is not an intelligence service, but one of the Bundeswehr's (open) intelligence and intelligence agencies . Among other things, it controls the reconnaissance satellites of the Bundeswehr ( SAR-Lupe ) and collects information obtained from various Bundeswehr agencies.

The Military Counter-Intelligence Service (MAD) performs similar tasks to the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution within the Bundeswehr and is responsible for defending against military espionage, sabotage and disintegration against the Bundeswehr. He carries out these tasks even after the statutory expansion of his range of tasks within the Bundeswehr contingents abroad.

GDR

France

The Direction du Renseignement Militaire (DRM) is the French military intelligence service subordinate to the General Staff, which primarily deals with evaluation and analysis. The Direction de la Protection et de la Sécurité de la Défense (DPSD) is responsible for counter-espionage and the security of staff and facilities. The Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) is the foreign intelligence service subordinate to the Ministry of Defense .

Italy

The intelligence service of the General Staff is the Centro Intelligence Interforze (J2).

The military intelligence service SISMI , subordinated to the Ministry of Defense, was dissolved in 2007 or transferred to the civilian foreign intelligence service AISE .

See also: List of Italian intelligence services

Israel

The military intelligence service is the aman .

Lithuania

The military intelligence service is the Antrasis operatyvinių tarnybų departamentas (AOTD).

Netherlands

The military intelligence service of the Netherlands is the Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst (MIVD).

Austria

For the history see: Imperial reports .

In Austria the military intelligence service exists

Poland

Sweden

Subordinate to the Ministry of Defense:

Switzerland

  • Military Intelligence Service (MND)
  • Air Force Intelligence Service (LWND)

Soviet Union and Russia

USSR

During the Cold War there was a military counterintelligence TGU KGB USSR (Third Headquarters of the KGB of the USSR ).

The military intelligence and reconnaissance service of the armed forces of the Soviet Union was the Glawnoje Raswedywatelnoje Uprawlenije (GRU). In addition to espionage aimed at the army, navy and air force, espionage for weapons technology, NBC weapons and armament technology was a central focus of the GRU.

Russian Federation

Today the GRU works for Russia as a foreign intelligence service and a military reconnaissance service.

The former TGU KGB USSR is now the military counterintelligence administration of the FSB ( Uprawljenije Wojennoj Kontrraswjedki ).

Spain

Centro Nacional de Inteligencia is the successor to the Centro Superior de Información de la Defensa (CESID), launched in November 2002 .

Czechoslovakia and successor states

Czechoslovakia

The military intelligence service of Czechoslovakia was established in 1919. After numerous renaming and reorganization, in addition to the intelligence administration of the General Staff ( ZS / GŠ ), the main administration of the military defense service ( HS VKR ), which was subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior, was established, which roughly corresponded to the Soviet model. After 1990 it was first ensured by law that the abuse of the military intelligence service would be ruled out.

Czech Republic

After the establishment of the Czech Republic on January 1, 1993, there was only one military service in the country, Vojenské zpravodajství (VZ) ( Military Intelligence Service ).

Slovakia

After the establishment of Slovakia on January 1, 1993, two military intelligence services were established, both of which are subordinate to the Ministry of Defense:

United States

The US military intelligence services are highly fragmented.

The US Department of Defense reports:

United Kingdom

The British foreign intelligence service MI6 emerged from the Directorate of Military Intelligence , the division of the military intelligence service established in 1888 in the British Ministry of Defense (MoD) with its 13 sections.

It was replaced in 1946 by the Defense Intelligence Staff . Additional intelligence requirements for the British Army are provided by the Intelligence Corps , while RAF Intelligence works for the Royal Air Force .

See also

literature

  • Norman J. Austin, Boris N. Rankov: Exploratio. Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World From the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople . Routledge, London 2002, ISBN 0-415-04945-8 .
  • Gaius Iulius Caesar : The Civil War. Latin-German ("Commentarii De bello civili "). Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2005, ISBN 3-7608-1512-X .
  • Cassius Dio : Roman history ("Historiae Romanae"). Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf 2007, ISBN 978-3-538-03103-6 (5 vols.)
  • Francis Dvornik : Origins of Intelligence Services. The ancient near east, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantinium, The Arab Muslim empire, The Mongol Empire, China, Moscovy . Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ 1974, ISBN 0-8135-0764-2 .
  • John Frederick Charles Fuller : The decisive battles of the western world ("A Military History of the Western World"). Grabert Verlag, Tübingen 2004, ISBN 3-87847-192-0 .
  • Richard A. Gabriel, Karen S. Metz: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies . Praeger Books, Westport, Conn. 2003, ISBN 0-275-97798-6 .
  • Charles H. Harris, Louis R. Sadler: The Border and the Revolution. Clandestine Activities of the Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 . HighLonesome Books, Las Cruces, NM 1988, ISBN 0-9377-9500-3 .
  • John Keegan : Intelligence in War. Knowledge of the enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda . Hutchinson, London 2003, ISBN 0-09-180229-6 .
  • Libor Kutěj, Kapitoly z historie (and the sub- articles linked there), online at: www.vzcr.cz / ...
  • Henry Landau: All's fair. The story of the British Secret Service behind the German lines , New York (Putnam) 1934.
  • Henry Landau: The Enemy Within. The Inside Story of German Sabotage in America . Putnam Publ., New York 1937.
  • Sidney F. Mashbir: I Was An American Spy . Vantage Press, New York 1953.
  • Nathan Miller: Spying for America. The Hidden History of US Intelligence . Marlowe Press, New York 1997, ISBN 1-569-24721-8 .
  • Jürgen W. Schmidt : Against Russia and France. The German military secret service 1890-1914 (= secret service history. Vol. 1). 3rd edition, Ludwigsfelder Verlagshaus, Ludwigsfelde 2009, ISBN 978-3-933022-44-8 .
  • Ian Sayer, Douglas Botting: America's Secret Army. The Untold Story of the Counter Intelligence Corps . Fontana Press, London 1990, ISBN 0-00-636986-3 .
  • Barbara Tuchman : The Zimmermann Telegram ( "The Zimmermann Telegram"). Lübbe Verlag, Bergisch Gladbach 1982, ISBN 3-404-65039-5 .

Web links

Commons : Military Intelligence  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files