Saloon car

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Arrival of Grand Duchess Luise von Baden on July 17, 1900 at the Sandhofen train station with a court train consisting of a locomotive, a protection car and her saloon car
Kaiser Wilhelm II's court procession at the inauguration of the Kaiserbrücke in Mainz , 1904
The Royal Train at Highley on the Severn Valley Railway
Railcar of the JR East E655 series, one of the special trains of the Imperial Family of Japan
1st class saloon car on The Ghan train of the Great Southern Railway , Australia

A saloon car is a railroad car of the passenger traffic with sophisticated equipment.

Vehicle types

Vehicles for public transport

"Salon car" of the Rhaetian Railway - actually a 1st class open seating car

In public transport, open- plan cars with high-end features that were previously used in luxury trains (e.g. in the Rheingold or the Süd-Express ) are referred to as saloon cars or Pullman cars . Today these vehicles are only used in public transport in special tourist trains and in a few long-term non-European regular trains , such as the Indian Pacific in Australia . A rare appearance was the saloon sleeping car, a combination of a sleeping car and a saloon car, which took over the functions of a hotel on rails with its range . The same applies to funeral parlor vehicles with which a corpse could be transferred and in which relatives could travel at the same time.

Some railways have company cars with special equipment that are not used in regular trains, but can be rented for special trains or as special cars for company trips. These can also be equipped with sleeping compartments, bathroom, kitchen, salon, companion compartment etc. and thus offer everything in one car that is needed for longer group trips.

Vehicles for non-public traffic

The special vehicles that are kept available by private individuals, governments or ruling houses exclusively for their own needs, in order to either put them in regular trains or have them run in their own special trains, are also referred to as saloon cars. The generic designation for such vehicles is: "WS". Since the railroad has lost much of its social prestige compared to air traffic , such vehicles, as well as corresponding stationary facilities, “princely stations” , are rarely used in continental Europe.

history

Salon car of the first Prussian court train, used here by Nāser ad-Din Shah , on a visit to the Krupp works in Essen in 1889

In the highly corporatist stratified society of the 19th century, where in Europe the railway network was built for the most part, even the transport of passengers by rail was the then subjected everything dominant class barriers: The railway cars were in three or four classes of cars divided. In addition, the rich or privileged, especially the heads of the ruling houses, had their own wagons (or even trains ) that were only available for their use. In other cases, the railway administrations kept the vehicles in front of them and rented them out. The Berlin – Potsdam Railway , for example , had corresponding saloon cars from the beginning and since 1838.

Technically, the vehicles always corresponded to the standard for the upper class of public transport vehicles and were occasionally one step ahead of the public transport vehicles in details, such as the heating, electrical lighting or the transition between the vehicles of a train .

A relatively large number of these private saloon wagons have been preserved in a museum , as the preservation of such outstanding vehicles, the use of which is often associated with well-known public figures or historical events, has always been more of a focus than the preservation of “normal” railway wagons in a museum .

vehicles

Germany

Empire

Court train of the Palatinate Ludwig Railway for King Maximilian II of Bavaria
Salon car of the court train of King Ludwig II of Bavaria
"Kaiserwagen" of the Borkumer Kleinbahn
Kaiserwagen of the Wuppertal suspension railway

The courts of the larger states procured their own court trains or saloon cars. This included:

  • In Saxony , the court had also had saloon cars since 1853, and later a court train. A four-axle saloon car for this purpose from 1912 is extensively documented with photographs. An older saloon car has been preserved and is being kept in the Dresden Transport Museum.

Even non-ruling princes of the German Empire owned saloon cars:

And some private railways or even trams kept saloon cars in front of them in order to be able to adequately transport “the highest and highest gentlemen”. For example the Mecklenburg-Pomerania narrow-gauge railway . Their saloon car was painted light blue, was used by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1911 and by President Friedrich Ebert several times in the 1920s . Such a vehicle has been preserved at the Borkumer Kleinbahn , and with the restriction that it was only used once, the Kaiserwagen of the Wuppertal suspension railway is also included.

Special regulations existed for the use of such vehicles. The carriage of saloon cars was usually chargeable. There were different billing models, for example based on the number of axles transported or the number of people transported. With the latter model, it was also possible to differentiate who was being promoted. For example, a 1st class ticket was charged for the “highest and highest gentlemen” , whereas only 2nd or 3rd class tickets were charged for the servants traveling with them. In 1903, the Prussian State Railways urged that travelers traveling in the saloon car should use the scheduled baggage car for their luggage and not have their own baggage car set up.

For prominent people who did not own a saloon car or did not belong to a princely house, there was the possibility of having a complete compartment reserved on a regular train, but only having to pay for tickets for the number of passengers actually traveling in it. This privilege applied, for example, to the governing mayors of Hamburg , Bremen and Lübeck , to Ernst Günther von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg , a brother-in-law of the German emperor, army inspectors or inspectors-general on business trips, the state secretary in Alsace-Lorraine or the incumbent ministers of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . At least during the First World War , the highest military command authorities, e.g. B. Commanding generals, the Supreme Army Command and some of its members, saloon cars and special trains.

During the First World War , the carriage of saloon cars was severely restricted

Weimar Republic

After the First World War, the carriage of saloon cars was initially only permitted with ministerial approval. After the end of the war, the now largely "unemployed" saloon cars were partly used for other purposes and converted. In 1923 there were at least 98 such vehicles in the German railways' inventory, in 1931 there were 82.

In 1919 the use of saloon cars was reorganized: the Reich President had to be provided with a saloon car for his travels, Reich ministers - unless they were traveling with larger company - should only be given a reserved compartment in a regular train, including state secretaries . The railway charged tariff fees for this. German ambassadors abroad and foreign ambassadors in Germany had to reserve a separate compartment on regular trains for business trips .

A contract between the Inter-Allied Commission and the Deutsche Reichsbahn regulated from 1922, among other things, the saloon car traffic "high officials of the occupation authorities" on the right bank of the Rhine.

"Third Reich"

Adolf Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop in front of a saloon car in 1939

While the railway service regulations for journeys by saloon cars were numerous in the German Empire, this was completely canceled in 1918. This was not an issue again until the “Third Reich”. At least 78 saloon cars and other escort vehicles for special trains were put into service after 1934 for Adolf Hitler , Hermann Göring and other functionaries of the “Third Reich” . Adolf Hitler commissioned well-known architects of the time to furnish his saloon cars. The wagons were manufactured by all the major wagon factories in the empire. a. Wegmann & Co. , Westwaggon . The saloon cars 10201 to 10204 were equipped with containers with which telegram texts could be dropped as they passed through stations and then sent by the railway staff there. The special train "Asia" by Hermann Goering consisted of 15 vessels, including the lounge car 10205 . Other political leaders and military leaders of the “Third Reich” were also able to use complete special trains.

As a special feature, the observation car (Bln 10 282), which is completely glazed in the upper half with the exception of the platform and the counter area, also known as the driver's observation car in the literature , was built by the Fuchs wagon factory in Heidelberg. This car was converted into a track measuring car by the ÖBB in 1953 . Today (2011) the salon observation car is privately owned and is being refurbished.

Occupation time

US Supreme Commander General Lucius D. Clay as well as High Commissioner John Jay McCloy , who has been in office since 1949, and his wife Ellen initially also used the VT 06 108 (DR 137 854, US-American designation: Special-Diesel) as a saloon car train No. 222 ). After it burned out in 1951, the VT 06 106 took over this service. In addition, a small diesel railcar was used.

The saloon cars found in the western occupation zones were initially used by the British and American military administrations and high commissioners before they were returned to the Deutsche Bundesbahn in the early 1950s .

Federal Republic of Germany

Salon car train for Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's planned visit to the GDR in 1980
Salon car for Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt in 1970
With just three missions, the VT 10 551i saloon car was probably the one with the shortest period of service.

Six saloon cars were reserved for the Federal President , the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Minister of Transport. In 1957 the Deutsche Bundesbahn had a total of 21 saloon cars, which were sometimes also used for state guests.

  • The best-known saloon car that was available to the Chancellor came from Hermann Göring's special train . It was numbered 10 205 and was often used by Konrad Adenauer , Ludwig Erhard , Kurt Georg Kiesinger and Willy Brandt . The car belonged to the train of 14 cars that Konrad Adenauer carried as an “extraterritorial place” - the Federal Republic of Germany did not have an embassy in Moscow at the time - when he negotiated in 1955 about the return of the last German prisoners of war and the establishment of diplomatic relations there traveled. For this purpose, extra sets of bogies in Russian broad gauge were procured. Today the car is a prominent exhibit in the House of History in Bonn.
  • Another car was reserved for the German President and was last numbered 51 80 89-80 314-3. It was built in 1943 by Wegmann & Co. for Heinrich Himmler and put into service under number 10 214. After the end of the war it was first used for the US occupation forces, before it was handed over to the DB in 1952 and then prepared for the Federal President. On Queen Elisabeth II's first state visit to Germany in 1965, it served her as a caravan and was slightly modified for this purpose. In 1966 the Beatles used the saloon car during their tour of Germany. In 1975 it was modernized again. This car is exhibited today in the DB Museum, Koblenz location.
  • Other saloon cars are owned by the Nuremberg Transport Museum and the branch of the DB Museum in Koblenz - Lützel , including the former saloon car of the Federal Minister of Transport (No. 10 207), which was originally built for Joseph Goebbels , of the German Steam Locomotive Museum in Neuenmarkt - Wirsberg (saloon car 10 242 - originally for Adolf Hitler, later used by Reich Foreign Minister Ribbentrop and Federal Chancellor Adenauer) and Deutsche Bahn AG .
  • A curiosity is the lounge car VT 10 551i , the only in the railcars VT 10 551 - also unique - could be set. Used for the first time in 1956, it could no longer be used after the railcar was decommissioned in 1957 and was therefore retired after its third use.
  • In 1956, a saloon car was built for the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces in Europe, based on the DB's new express train car ( UIC-X car ). He worked in this role throughout Europe for 30 years. In 1990, the US armed forces stopped operating the vehicle. The vehicle is completely lined with mahogany wood and tinted safety glass panes. There are three sleeping compartments with their own wet room, two sleeping compartments for accompanying staff and a large and a small salon. The small salon can also be used as a sleeping compartment and there is also a shower cubicle. Today the car belongs to the vehicle park of Eisenbahn-Kurier Verlag in Freiburg / Br. and is used for rail cruises.
  • Also in 1956, the United States Army procured six two-part VT 08 8 diesel multiple units , which were based on the VT 08 5 and were used in Germany. The equipment was luxurious and corresponded to that of saloon cars, the paint was in the TEE colors beige and red. Five of the railcars (608 802 to 806) were retired by 1974, while the 608 801 was in service until 1991. Today it belongs to the GVG Verkehrsorganisation GmbH (GVG). In 2007 the vehicle received a general inspection at Regental Fahrzeugwerkstätten GmbH and was repainted in blue / beige.
  • 1974 was the first and last time a saloon car was built for the German Federal Railroad. The "Chancellor's car" WGSmz 853 , which was preferably available to the Federal Government and was also used on state visits, is now rented to private customers.

The use of saloon cars is rare today. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that potential users prefer aircraft . On the other hand, fast long-distance traffic in particular is now mainly carried out with railcars . A saloon car cannot be added to these trains. The German Bahn AG has responded with its Group guideline 135.4001, which regulates the procedures when a celebrity travels to a regular train.

German Democratic Republic

In the German Democratic Republic , too , the government initially used vehicles as saloon cars that came from the fleet of the “Third Reich”. In 1969 new cars were procured for members of the government and the Politburo , some of which were built by the Deutsche Reichsbahn itself. The NVA and the Ministry of Transportation kept their own trains - to which saloon cars also belonged .

Austria

Car no. 5 of Emperor Franz Joseph's court train , a dining car

In 1845 the first saloon cars were used as court cars in Austria .

Most of the railways probably had saloon cars, even the narrow-gauge railways. A whole series of such vehicles has been proven for the railways in Bosnia and Herzegovina , both for special groups of people, such as high-ranking officials or members of the imperial family, as well as for hire for private individuals.

Emperor Franz Joseph

The Emperor's court train, built in 1891 at Ringhoffer's in Prague, on October 13, 1899 in Pula station on the occasion of a very high visit

Emperor Franz Joseph (1848–1916) had his own court saloon train in both the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the empire . However, when things weren't quite as formal, he sometimes traveled in a “simple” special train (“extra train”).

In 1873, a two-axle “hunting car” for the emperor was presented at the world exhibition. It then drove as "Salon XV" in the fleet of the Südbahn and was used until 1907. At one end there was an open viewing platform, a "terrace". This was followed by a compartment for the adjudicator, the compartment for the emperor and then two small compartments facing each other in a central aisle, one for the servant (there was also the rifle cabinet) and opposite the toilet.

The last set of the Austrian court saloon train was built by Ringhoffer in Smichov near Prague in 1891 on behalf of all Austrian railway administrations . However, it did not belong to the inventory of the Imperial and Royal Austrian State Railways (kkStB), but was the property of the Hofärar . The Austrian court saloon train consisted of eight cars. The generator car for the electric lighting ran behind the locomotive , followed by the car for the court servants, the emperor's actual saloon car, a saloon car for companions, the dining car, the kitchen car and two cars for companions and servants. The emperor's personal saloon car was numbered Hz 003 . The HZ005 dining car is the only surviving vehicle from the train in the National Technical Museum in Prague .

Empress Elisabeth

Salon car of the Empress Elisabeth in the Technical Museum Vienna

Empress Elisabeth of Austria was known for her wanderlust. The railway administrations also made saloon cars available to her.

During a trip in the autumn of 1871, the Empress complained about the coldness of the then unheated wagons. As a result, two new cars were built according to the latest knowledge, which were delivered in 1872. Two coal stoves were installed under the floor of the car to provide the necessary warmth. The sleeping car was equipped with a water toilet from the start. Many modifications changed the car, so the chassis was provided with a third axle, the open platforms were closed and the technical equipment was continuously adapted to the state of development. Over time, the car received steam heating and electric light. After the death of Elisabeth in 1898, the two saloon cars were no longer used for reasons of piety. They were placed behind and the sleeping car HZ0011 finally handed over to the newly created Historical Museum of the Austrian Railways. The car has remained unchanged to this day with the entire interior and can be seen in the Technical Museum in Vienna .

In 1873, the Empress Elisabeth-Bahn provided the namesake at least one new saloon car, two-axle with a salon, a sleeping compartment and sanitary facilities in between.

republic

Car of the Austrian Federal President, Salon 10
  • After the Second World War, a former Mitropa sleeping car (22022) was initially used as a saloon car for the Austrian Federal President , Salon4ü 10 (old). He retired from this service in 1966 and continued to be used as a railway company car.
  • Another Mitropawagen, a dining car (1214), built by the Waggonbaufabrik Görlitz , which was converted into a special car during the war, contained a kitchen, bathroom, salon and four sleeping compartments, stood as Ac 10 600 / Salon 11 (51 81 89-40 011-3) was also available to the Federal President and was later entrusted with special operations. In 1997 this car was sold to Brenner & Brenner Steam Locomotives Betriebsgesellschaft mbH and redesigned as "Salon Bleu".
  • Another saloon car, No. 12, originally ran as the 10233 saloon car for the Deutsche Reichsbahn , then on the A 300 service train of the US occupation forces. Since 1978 it was used as a railway company car.
  • In 1966, the Federal President's old saloon car was replaced by a new one, which was also given the number “10” (51 81 89-80 010-6). It was built by the main workshop in Simmering . From 1996 to 2013 it was used by the ÖBB-ErlebnisBahn for private special trips. Today it is in the Strasshof Railway Museum .
  • In 1970 a conference or comfort car ("K-Wagen") was put into service, which was briefly used in regular traffic, but was then only used for special events. He already had air conditioning . In addition to a companion compartment with a kitchen, the car had four compartments with three and two large compartments each with six seats.
  • In 1999 the ÖBB announced that the Federal President did not have a saloon car or similar at his disposal. The special car Z , which can be rented by anyone, is available for such journeys .
  • During the trip of the Austrian Federal President Alexander Van der Bellen to the UN Climate Change Conference in Katowice in 2018 , no 1st class car was provided at the EC 102 as planned , which means that there were no reserved seats for him, his delegation and the accompanying journalists. Since he could not find a seat on the fully occupied train, he traveled in the dining car .

Switzerland

Panorama car Luxon from RailAdventure, 2019 in Munich Hbf
  • The Swiss Federal Railways use the “Papstwagen” (also known as le salon ), which was derived from the EW IV wagon and was named after Pope John Paul II used it on a visit. On the occasion of the Gotthard Railway's anniversary in 2007, it was used in trains on this route and could be used by everyone with special tickets.
  • In 1939 the Rhaetian Railway (RhB) procured the four luxurious Pullman saloon cars AB 4 103-106 of the Montreux-Berner Oberland-Bahn (MOB) from 1931. In 1998, these Art Deco cars were under the supervision of the sponsors Preservation of monuments of the canton of Graubünden restored. Today they are used in special tourist trains and can also be rented privately. Finally , the historic Mitropa salon dining car without kitchen (WR 3814) for the Bernina Railway , built in 1928 by the Schlieren wagon factory , was redesigned into a nostalgic piano bar car by the RhB association pro Salonwagen with the help of sponsorship funds.
  • The railway company Rail Adventure in 2011 bought the observation car AD4üm-62 , no. 10553, of the German Federal Railroad was built, second hand for 40,000 euros , it redeveloped fundamentally over several years and built it while a modern saloon car around. The vehicle is now registered in Switzerland and has the designation SRmz 61 85 8990 003-3. It can be booked since summer 2019 and is advertised accordingly.

Rest of Europe

CWL

The Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits offered saloon cars for rent. The 724 series saloon cars were designed in the Louis-seize style and fitted with porcelain from Sévres and chandeliers from Murano . The price to use the vehicles was eight, sometimes ten (old) 1st class tickets and a corresponding number of CWL surcharges.

Denmark

The Danish Queen's saloon car

The royal house of Denmark has its own saloon car, which was built in 1979. In practice, the vehicle is rarely used today. It is part of the Danish court ceremony that deceased monarchs are transported by special train from Copenhagen to Roskilde , where they traditionally find their final resting place in the local cathedral. The currently used royal saloon car for the royal family is always carried on these trains. Several former Danish royal saloon cars are on display in the Danish Railway Museum in Odense:

Due to the geographical conditions in Denmark, three railway networks developed there, separated from one another by inlets: In Jutland / Schleswig / Holstein , on Funen and in Zealand . In each of the networks there were also saloon cars for the king.

The Danish railways also had saloon cars that could be ordered and used by private individuals.

Finland

Mannerheim's saloon car, now parked at Mikkeli station

During the period in which Finland was part of the Russian Empire, i.e. until 1917, the Finnish State Railways kept saloon cars ready for the court of the Tsars as well as for the Governor General of Finland and the General Director of the Railway. The Finnish Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim used at least two saloon cars:

  • One is parked in Mikkeli station today . Mannerheim used this car from October 1939 to January 1946 over a distance of 78,870 km.
  • A second is about seven kilometers east of Satamala , on National Road 12 at a gas station. It was part of a special train, was originally used as a cafe and can be visited. Adolf Hitler visited him in this car on June 4, 1942 on the occasion of his 75th birthday near Immola . A monument locomotive set up in the vicinity of the car has nothing to do with the saloon car.

France

Vehicles of the French heads of state
  • Napoleon III owned a special train as President of the Second French Republic since 1851, and later also owned a court train in neo-Gothic style as Kaiser . An older saloon car - probably from the train from 1851 - is kept in the Mulhouse Railway Museum.
  • The first presidents of the Third French Republic traveled little and, if necessary, borrowed saloon cars from the individual railway companies. Only with Félix Faure , previously managing director of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL), did that change: On the occasion of the state visit of Tsar Nicholas II and his wife in France in 1896, the first wagons for a state train were procured and with "PR1" bis "PR3" numbered. The train was operated by the CIWL, which also provided supplementary vehicles such as dining and sleeping cars for escort. These cars were used unchanged until 1925. In 1926, the presidential train was supplemented by a dining car, now made entirely of steel. During the German occupation of France in World War II , the train was brought to the unoccupied part of the country and was not used. Marshal Philippe Pétain , President during the German occupation, used his own train.
  • After the war, the PR2 armored saloon car was built in 1954 at the SNCF Villeneuve-Voitures plant, based on a Chemin de Fer de l'Est passenger car built in 1924 . This car was regularly used by Charles de Gaulle , decommissioned in 1983 and is preserved in the Mulhouse Railway Museum. In addition, the interior of the dining car WR 3354 of the CIWL was redesigned for the French government with a long table for receptions and conferences: This car is still operational today in the Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express . The Presidents of the Fourth and Fifth Republic continue to use the special train, up to and including Georges Pompidou . His successor, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing , was the first president to give up rail travel. The president's train was still ready for him.
Other saloon cars based in France
  • On "the Continent", Queen Victoria owned two three-axle saloon cars that were parked in a coach house in Calais . She used them mainly for her vacation trips to Nice at the end of the 19th century. However, the queen refused to use the transition between two railroad cars when the train was moving. In the late 1890s, both vehicles were therefore mounted on a common frame that was placed on bogies . In this form, the Queen only used the vehicle once, during her last stay in Nice in 1899.
  • The then Prince of Wales , who later became King Edward VII , had also owned a six-axle saloon car since the early 1880s, which was used in France for journeys on "the continent". This car was also parked in the depot in Calais when not in use.
  • The Compiègne car is a former dining car in which the armistices of November 11, 1918 and June 22, 1940 between Germany and France were signed.

  • Salon carriage for Emperor Napoléon III.

  • Compiègne chariot in the Army Museum in Paris

  • Interior of French Presidential 3354 dining car

  • Salon car PR2 of the French President in the Mulhouse Railway Museum

Greece

Royal saloon car of the Piraeus-Athens Railway

A royal saloon car of the Piraeus-Athens Railway is preserved in the Railway Museum in Athens.

Great Britain

The oldest known saloon car in the world is the Duke of Wellington's saloon car . It has not been preserved. With him, the then Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington , opened the Liverpool and Manchester Railway on September 15, 1830 . The vehicle was involved - along with the Rocket - in the fatal accident involving the Liverpool MP , William Huskisson .

In Great Britain , the monarch has her own court train, The Royal Train , whose vehicles today mainly date from 1977 and for which their own locomotives were temporarily kept ready.

Numerous historic saloon cars from the British Isles - for royal use and for other people - are in the collection of the National Railway Museum in York . In Great Britain, a total of 23 court trains were built in the course of time - also due to the fact that many of the earlier railway companies had their own royal train ready - the last one in 1977. Of the vehicles preserved in the National Railway Museum in York, the following are particularly noteworthy:

Queen Adelaide Parlor Car
Queen Adelaide Parlor Car

The oldest surviving royal saloon car belonged to Queen Adelaide of Great Britain and Ireland (1792–1849), wife of King William IV (1765–1837). The car was built in 1842 and is now part of the collection of the National Railway Museum in York .

Queen Victoria's Salon Car
Queen Victoria's Salon Car

The vehicle, kept in the National Railway Museum in York, is the only surviving one of a number of saloon cars that Queen Victoria (1819–1901) used during her long reign. However, it was also her favorite vehicle. She added £ 800 to the original construction cost of £ 1,800 . The designer was Richard Bore and the car was built by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in Wolverton . The splendid interiors in maple , red, blue, white, and gold silks had been chosen by the queen herself. Originally there were two separate, three-axle cars, one equipped for day trips and the other for night trips. The two cars were connected by a covered interchange, the first such facility in Great Britain. However, the queen refused to use this "newfangled" invention. So the train had to stop at a platform if she wanted to change trains. The LNWR then offered in 1895 to build a new vehicle. But the queen refused. However, she agreed to mount the two cars on a common frame, which was equipped with two modern three-axle bogies . The conservative attitude of the queen is reflected e.g. B. also in the fact that the vehicle could not be switched from gas to electric lighting until the end. The saloon carriage was last used on November 6th and 7th, 1900 for a trip by the Queen of Balmoral to London . The car has been preserved in this form to this day. However, the magnificent textile interior is now very sensitive to light, so that the vehicle is only shown in the most economical lighting.

King Edward VII saloon car
King Edward VII Salon Car

In contrast to his mother, Queen Victoria, her son and successor, Edward VII (1841–1910), was fond of technical innovations and set great store by rail travel in modern comfort. Instead of a saloon car, he also received a saloon car train. This was equipped with the latest technical achievements, e.g. B. continuous electrical lighting and a bathroom with bathtub in both the king and queen's carriages . This train was - with additions - until the reign of King George VI. (1895–1952) used. Two of the cars are on display in the National Railway Museum in York.

  • British court train at
    Bristol Temple Meads station

  • Decoration for a royal train

  • King Edward VII saloon car

  • King Edward VII saloon car, detail

Italy

Italian king's chariot: takeover by the republic
Car of the royal special train from 1929

At least one observation car of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), which ran on the Tauern and Wocheinerbahn before the First World War , was taken over by the Austrian railways after the war and then given to Italy as a reparation payment , was converted into a saloon car for the Queen used by Italy.

In Italy there was an official and a semi-official royal move. The saloon cars of both trains were built by Fiat in Turin around 1929/30 and were painted blue. The official royal train consisted of 11 cars. It was built on the occasion of the wedding of the future King Umberto II and Princess Marie José of Belgium in 1929. The semi-official royal train had 15 carriages, was not quite as sumptuously equipped as the official train and was available to members of the royal family for private trips. The interior of the queen's saloon car was designed by the architect Giulio Casanova . Were used mahogany , embossed calf leather wallpaper, Atlas and silk velvet . As far as they have been preserved, the vehicles are now mostly stationed in Rome.

Some of the wagons of the royal train were converted in 1947/1948 after the abolition of the monarchy for use by the Italian President . The interior was largely preserved. A saloon car from the train is on display in the National Railway Museum in Pietrarsa . This car was given to the museum by President Francesco Cossiga in 1989.

Yugoslavia / Serbia

Court procession of the Crown Prince of Serbia, ca.1910
The Belgrade-Bar railway line opens on May 28, 1976. Pioneers welcome President Tito and his wife Jovanka to Plavi voz.

The Antivari Railway ( Montenegro ) had a saloon car that was used both for inspection trips and for trips for special guests.

In the Kingdom of Serbia , too, there were saloon cars for the royal family that could be put together to form court trains. At least one such vehicle was built by Ganz in Hungary.

For Yugoslavia Marshal Tito stood Plavi voz , a train of blue car available.

For the Plavi voz , locomotives also painted in blue were kept, initially three express train steam locomotives of the Yugoslav class 11 (replicas of the MÁV class 424 ). In the 1960s, bought Yugoslav Railways (JŽ) to replace three blue diesel locomotives of the type ML 2200 . Tito also had two diesel-mechanical saloon railcars made by the Italian company Breda from the prewar period. In the spring of 1961, the Kasseler Waggonfabrik Wegmann & Co. delivered the strongly motorized saloon multiple unit MOT 410 , which replaced these two vehicles. The vehicle equipped by BBC and Daimler-Benz is now in the Topcider Railway Museum in Belgrade . Wegmann also supplied a non-motorized control car without interior fittings, which the Yugoslavian wagon factory Boris Kidric in Maribor completed in 1962.

Netherlands

Salon car of the Queen of the Netherlands

The royal family of the Netherlands has its own saloon car. The car is registered with the Dutch Railways with the number 61 84 89-70 003. In practice, the vehicle is rarely used today. In 2010, a long-planned visit by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands to Copenhagen was carried out with the saloon car and an additional sleeping car . Due to the ash cloud and the subsequent flight ban issued across Europe after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland , the trip originally planned by plane was switched to the train journey. To do this, the saloon car had to be withdrawn from an exhibition in the Dutch Railway Museum in Utrecht . For the outward journey, the wagons were attached to the scheduled night train “Borealis” ( Amsterdam - Cologne - Hamm - Flensburg - Copenhagen) of the DB City Night Line , and for the return journey they were driven as a special train .

Norway

Former Norwegian king car A1K 24001
  • The Norwegian State Railways has a set of wagons ready for the Royal Family of Norway . The current one was procured in 1994 as part of the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer and replaced a set from 1962. The coaches have a master suite with bedroom, changing room and adjoining bathroom, two guest compartments with bathroom, kitchen, compartments for accompanying staff and a combined one Dining and conference room. The cars are pulled out of normal service by locomotives. Passenger cars are often added to the train for the press and other guests.
  • In the Sørumsand Museum of the Urskog-Hølandsbahn there is a saloon car, built in 1926, which used to belong to the Norwegian State Railways. It was built as a viewing car with an end platform and large viewing windows at the front and converted into a saloon car in 1940. From 1950 until his retirement in 1975 he was used on state visits. With him traveled the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with his wife Farah Pahlavi , Nikita Khrushchev , King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit .

Poland

In Poland, too, there were saloon cars from the 1950s and 1970s that could be used individually or as a government train.

Romania

A special train of the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu is mentioned in the literature.

Russia

Salon car with Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna
Salon car of the tsar from the court train for 1435 mm gauge (photo from 1899)

The Russian tsars owned one of the largest fleets of saloon cars ever available to a ruler. Around 1900 there were around a hundred vehicles. There were court trains in the Russian broad gauge as well as in the standard gauge for trips to Central and Western Europe. In the corresponding lane changing station , the “very high authorities” also had to change trains. A Umspurung was not provided. A very special vehicle was a steam saloon railcar that Ganz made in Hungary for the Russian tsar.

The court train of the Russian Tsar's widow Maria Fjodorovna (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна) consisted of a total of eight cars: saloon and sleeping cars, one each for a kitchen, a power supply and a staff car. The cars were able to change lanes and could be used on both Russian broad gauge and standard gauge. When the First World War broke out in 1914, the court train was in Denmark, the empress' country of birth. Maria Fjodorovna traveled home via Sweden without her train, as the only rail connection to Russia was through the territory of the Russian enemy, Germany. In 1917, the train was then the now up to the border river Torne älv zoom out Haparanda Line , although not yet to the then Russian, Finnish network later in Tornio , was connected to Haparanda transferred. After carefully measuring the ice thickness, a track was laid over the Torne älv and then two wagons were brought from Sweden to Finland with a shunting locomotive.

Sweden

A saloon car for King Gustav V of Sweden was built in 1931 and in 1952 for his successor, King Gustav VI. Adolf , renovated in 1952, who used it until his death in 1973. Since King Gustav VI. After the death of the Crown Prince, Gustav Adolf , when he was very reluctant to use planes in a plane crash in 1947, he drove across Europe in the saloon car, often to Italy. For this purpose, the saloon car was attached to the Italia Express , which at times also carried cars for public transport from Stockholm to Rome. Today the saloon car belongs to the holdings of the Swedish Railway Museum in Gävle .

Soviet Union

Josef Stalin's saloon car in the Gori Stalin Museum

Even in Soviet times, saloon cars or entire special trains were available to the heads of state and party. Josef Stalin's saloon car is preserved in a museum in Gori ( Georgia ). In 1945 there are said to have been around 1,000 saloon cars for high state and party functionaries in the Soviet Union.

Spain

The saloon car of the Sestao – Galdames mine railway is the oldest surviving railway vehicle in Spain and is in the Basque Railway Museum in Azpeitia .

Czech Republic

  • The HZ005 dining car is in the National Technical Museum in Prague as the only surviving car from the Imperial Train of the Austrian Railways from 1891 (see above: Austria).
  • The Czechoslovak President owned a saloon car built by Ringhoffer in 1930, which was in active use until 1967. It was museumized in the Ceské Velenice repair shop .

Turkey

The surviving saloon cars from the time of the Ottoman Empire are widely scattered. A saloon car of the Caliph-Sultan Abdülaziz is in the Rahmi M. Koç Museum in Istanbul, another, a gift from the Empress Eugénie of France, is kept in the Railway Museum in Athens and a third in the Transport Museum in Ruse , Bulgaria.

A number of saloon cars were procured for the founder of modern Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Ataturk , including one with an open viewing platform at the end, which was manufactured by Wegmann & Co. in Kassel in 1927 . There is also a saloon car that is on display at platform 1 of the main train station in Ankara .

  • Salon car for the Caliph Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the Ruse Museum of Transport in Bulgaria

  • Saloon car of the Caliph Sultan Abdul Aziz

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car on display at Ankara Central Station. A telecommunications installation can be seen on the roof, which made it possible to telephone with a wire connection over the railway's telephone line when the vehicle was standing.

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car.

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car.

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car.

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car.

  • Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's saloon car.

Hungary

For King Franz Josef and his successor, King Karl VI. , in his function as King of Hungary had his own Hungarian court train, built by Ganz . In addition, there were other saloon cars for both the royal family and ministers.

The Hungarian government procured a five-axle saloon railcar in 1968 [!] . It was supplied by the Rába works in Győr and was based on the Hargita railcar series .

Vatican

Africa

Egypt

Locomotive of the Khedives of Egypt from 1862
Gasoline-electric railcar for the Khedives of Egypt

The saloon car of the Egyptian Viceroy Muhammad Said - he ruled from 1854 to 1863 - is preserved in the Egyptian Railway Museum in Cairo . The outside of the saloon car is completely adorned with intricate, gilded decorations, which show flowers and leaves in red, green and pink, and which, with the polished brass fittings, add to the luxurious appearance of the car.

The viceroy also owned steam locomotives with an attached passenger compartment for the ruler.

Faruq , the last king of Egypt, owned several court trains. In 1951, a year before it was discontinued, he had a two-part saloon railcar procured by Fiat in Turin . This should be processed in 2019 and used for tourists.

Benin

In Benin , two saloon cars belonging to the meter-gauge network have been preserved, both of which are privately owned today:

  • The saloon car of the former director general of the railway, which is now used in a tourist train (the regular passenger service was discontinued in 2005);
  • the former saloon car of the President (No. SS5), which is in a very bad condition waiting for a general overhaul.

Libya

On the 40th anniversary of his revolution in 2010 , the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi presented the Libyan revolutionary leader Muammar al-Gaddafi with a DSB MG converted into a saloon railcar from the current production of these trains for the Danish State Railways . It was a four-part unit with two saloon cars and a conference car. The equipment included an Italian espresso machine and a jogging treadmill. The diesel railcar is designed for speeds of up to 200 km / h. Since the only drivable route in Libya is currently only a 5 km long section of the Ras Ejder – Sirt railway line - as a test route near Tripoli - it was never used. But he probably survived the civil war unscathed.

Malawi

Malawi Railways owned a saloon car for the general manager of the railway.

Morocco

A two-part railcar made by Budd , USA and used by King Hassan II is available for the use of the King of Morocco . His successor, King Mohammed VI. , didn't use it anymore.

Sierra Leone

The National Railway Museum of Sierra Leone has a 1961 saloon car used by Queen Elizabeth II of England.

Zimbabwe

In the railway museum Bulawayo , Zimbabwe , the saloon car of is Cecil Rhodes obtained.

South Africa

In the back yard of the Kruger House in Pretoria , a saloon car from Paul Kruger , President of the South African Republic , has been preserved. Another is in the Outeniqua Transport Museum in George .

Also in the Outeniqua Transport Museum in George is the saloon car 51 of the White Train , which the royal family used on their visit to South Africa in 1947 , and the saloon car 49 of the governor-general or president of South Africa.

Tunisia

The Tunisian Railways, the Société Nationale des Chemins des fer Tunisiens , offers a "Voiture VIP", a saloon car that can be rented.

America

Bolivia

The President of Bolivia owned a saloon car. However, in 1977 it was only used as a railway company car.

Cuba

The former saloon car of the Cuban President is kept in Havana.

  • Cuban President's saloon car

United States

In the second half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, it was common in the United States for the top of the social and industrial elite to travel in their own private saloon cars. This went so far that the top hotels in the then leading holiday areas, such as Florida , had their own parking facilities for their guests' saloon cars. There is still an association of saloon car owners today.

Separate saloon cars were kept for the Presidents of the United States, which were combined with other cars that were otherwise used in public transport to form special trains. Car transporters were also part of the trains. The last of these cars was built in 1942 and weighed 130 tons. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt was happy to use it.

Asia

Azerbaijan

For members of the government and the heads of the railway administration, the Azerbaijani State Railways has at least one saloon car that is actually still in use. In terms of structure and appearance, it corresponds to a Russian sleeping car. Inside it is lavishly furnished with oriental decor.

China

At the end of the 19th century a court train was built for the regent and empress widow Cixi (1835–1908). In Chinese Railway Museum in Beijing, there is a replica of the interior of the car. Two service saloon cars used by the Chinese railway ministers are also kept here.

  • Replica of the interior of one of the carriages from the court train of the Empress Dowager Cixi

  • Salon car of the Chinese Eastern Railway, Russian Railway Museum ( Russian Музей железных дорог России ) in Saint Petersburg , Russia

  • Service saloon car for the Chinese Minister of Railways

  • Salon car in Taiwan

  • Salon car in Taiwan

Iran

Reza Shah Pahlavi at the window of his saloon car

As early as 1930, during the construction phase of the Trans-Iranian Railway , which was built with the help of German and American engineers, there must have been a vehicle that - at least temporarily - was used as a saloon car for Reza Shah Pahlavi . A first regular saloon car for the Shah was delivered in 1934 so that he could open the newly built line in 1938 as befits his standing. A saloon car and an accompanying car were ordered from Linke-Hofmann-Busch AG in Breslau , and four more from the Swedish company Kockums in Malmö . His successor, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , had the cars modernized after the Second World War and finally ordered another four-car court train with pulpit cars from Wegmann & Co. in Kassel. At least some of the vehicles survived the Islamic Revolution in Iran and are parked in a depot .

Israel

Salon carriage for King Abdallah ibn Husain I of (Jordan)
Saloon car number 98 of the Palestine Railways

Japan

Railcar of the JR East E655 series on the road as a court train for the Emperor of Japan

In Japan , the special trains of the Tennō , the Empress and the Dowager Empress Omeshi Ressha (お 召 し 列車) are called "trains that use them", with the use being represented by an extremely polite expression. Trains of the other members of the imperial family are called Gojōyō Ressha (御 乗 用 列車), which means trains to drive , a somewhat weaker expression. "Cars for the imperial family" are kept for these trains. Both Omeshi Ressha and Gojōyō Ressha are run as unscheduled trains according to a special schedule and exclusively for the imperial family. It is also used to describe wagons that do not belong to the imperial fleet but are used by members of the imperial family. These trains are not only operated by the JR , but also by other railway companies. Only JNR maintained its own vehicles for this service . After JNR was dissolved in 1987, all vehicles were taken over by JR East and consequently mostly used on their network.

Today the trains are used less and less because Emperor Akihito does not want to disrupt the scheduled train service with unscheduled trains. When traveling within Japan, he generally uses a plane or a scheduled train with a reserved car. Imperial special trains still run a few times a year, but mainly as a friendly gesture towards state guests and not exclusively for trips by the imperial family.

Jordan

see: #Israel

North Korea

The special train for the North Korean party and state leader is still used regularly today. The grandfather of the current incumbent, Kim Il-sung , so that led in 1984 the most comprehensive visit journey that was completed with a state special train by: The three-month trip took on the Trans-Siberian Railway in all European member states of the CMEA , thus also in the GDR , after East Berlin and Dresden. An escort train was driven to and from Brest , which transported the bogies that were not needed for re-gauging the train to and from the Russian broad gauge in the Soviet railway network. His son, Kim Jong-il , who followed him into office , also used the train for long-haul trips to China and Russia because he suffered from a fear of flying , most recently in August 2011. In March 2018, Kim Jong-un made his first trip abroad to China by Special train.

Saudi Arabia

Adapted Talgo trains of the Talgo 350 series were selected as vehicles for the Medina – Mecca rail line , a high-speed line in Saudi Arabia that is due to go into operation between the cities of Mecca , Jeddah and Medina in 2017 . One of the trains will be equipped as a court train for the Saudi king.

South Korea

Salon car of the South Korean President in the Railway Museum in Uiwang

The South Korean Railway Museum in Uiwang has a saloon car that was built in 1927 and used by Presidents Syngman Rhee and Park Chung-hee after the Second World War .

Syria

Salon car in Aleppo train station

The Syrian Railway owns at least two saloon cars, structurally more recent, for its standard-gauge network, about the use of which nothing is known.

Thailand

The first two-axle saloon car was procured for King Chulalongkorn ( Rama V. ) in 1904, which was built and delivered by Van der Zypen & Charlier from Deutz (Cologne) . Later "more modern" saloon cars were used, which were used by King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit in the 1950s. The saloon cars were stored in a depot for a railway museum and may now belong to the inventory of the Museum of Science in Bangkok.

Pacific Rim

Australia

State car 5 of the Victorian Railways, which was used for court trains. Today at the Seymour Railway Heritage Center

The operator of long-distance trains in Australia, the Great Southern Railway , offers a saloon car each in the Indian Pacific and Ghan as a lounge for all Gold Class travelers (1st carriage class ). In addition, a number of saloon cars are available that can be rented privately and attached to regular trains. They have the following names:

  • Governor's Lounge (a day trolley with seats for 31 people only). The car was built in 1917 for the Governor General Sir Ronald Ferguson .
  • The Prince of Wales Carriage (a sleeping and saloon car for 6 people). The car entered service in 1919 for then Edward, Prince of Wales , who opened the Trans-Australian Railroad with it . After a maneuvering accident in 1971 and again in 1992, the vehicle was brought up to date with the latest technology without interfering with the art nouveau furnishings, which are valuable in terms of art history .
  • The Chairman's Carriage (a sleeping and saloon car for 8 people).
  • Sir John Forrest Carriage (a sleeper and saloon carriage for 6 people).

New Zealand

Others

drafts

Eduard JH Witte designed the Hanoverian railway saloon car for King George V in 1853, and he documented it in this watercolor.
Salon car King Georg V of Hanover from 1853, designed by Eduard JH Witte.

From Julius Ruhl draft salon car is for the electors of Hessen known. There are also drafts of saloon cars for King George V of Hanover from 1853, for the Duke of Braunschweig from 1843 and the railway king Bethel Henry Strousberg .

Models

Drawing for a model railway (tin toys): Salon car for the French Emperor Napoleon III. from the Rock & Graner sample books

There are also seldom saloon cars on model railways . A very early drawing for a corresponding tin toy in a sample book by Rock & Graner shows the saloon car of the French Emperor Napoleon III. Since around 1902, Märklin has been offering model railroad cars for the Kaiser Wilhelm II train . A model of the court train of the Russian tsar - also around 1902 - is known from Bing , Nuremberg . Rock & Graner may have also produced models for the Kaiser Wilhelm II court train.

Collective pictures

Salon cars were also the subject of collector's pictures . Examples are shown in the scrapbook rail transport to and from the saloon car of the “Royal Court Train Italy” and the “Private Car of President Kemal Pascha” ( Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ).

Movie

Every now and then, saloon cars also appear in the film. In the E 417 saloon car , one even got into the film title. In The Pride of the 3rd Company , a saloon car went into business for itself and left Prince Willibald on the loose.

In 1931 the film " D-Zug 13 has delay " was banned in Germany because it showed an attack on a state president.

Accidents and attacks

Unfortunate train of the Tsar
  • On October 29, 1888, the court procession of Tsar Alexander III. involved in a serious railway accident . 22 travelers died in the accident, 36 were injured. The royal family was unharmed, although the car in which they were staying was badly damaged. An assassination attempt was officially ruled out in the subsequent investigations, but rumors of this persisted.
  • On August 30, 1900, the saloon car of the deputy director of the Great Northern Railway (USA) was smashed by runaway freight cars in a railway accident . The deputy director and two fellow travelers died.

literature

  • Peter Bock, Alfred Gottwaldt: Government trains. Salon cars, imperial train stations and state trips in Germany . Munich 2006, ISBN 3-7654-7070-8 .
  • Jean de Cars: Sleeper. International Express Trains: A Hundred Years of Travel and Adventure . Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-613-01028-3 .
  • Paul Dost: The red carpet. History of State Trains and Salon Cars. Stuttgart 1965.
  • C. Hamilton Ellis: Royal Journey. British Transport Commission. London (Ed.): 1953.
  • Alfred Gottwaldt : The court train sr. Majesty of the German Emperor, King of Prussia . Modellisenbahner Verlag. [O. J., approx. 1992]
  • Sonja Günther: Salon car in the "Third Reich" . Karlsruhe 1979, ISBN 3-921700-27-2 . (Railways and Museums 23)
  • Walter Haberling: Reichsbahn - saloon car. Types and uses during the Reichsbahn and Bundesbahn times. EK Verlag, Freiburg 2010.
  • David Jenkinson among others: Palaces on Wheels: Royal Carriages at the National Railway Museum . London 1981, ISBN 0-11-290366-5 .
  • Patrick Kingston: Royal Trains . London 1985, ISBN 0-7153-8594-1 .
  • Amba Kumar: Stately Progress: Royal Train Travel since 1840. National Railway Museum. York (Ed.): 1997, ISBN 1-872826-09-1 .
  • Magistrate of the City of Potsdam (Ed.): Catalog. European saloon car exhibition from May 22nd to 23rd, 1993 on the grounds of Raw Potsdam . Potsdam 1993.
  • Maximilian Rabl, Johann Stockklausner: Austrian passenger cars. Development, construction and operation since 1832 . Vienna 1982.
  • Victor von Röll : Encyclopedia of the Railway System . Second, completely revised edition 1912–1923 in 10 volumes, Urban & Schwarzenberg Verlag, Berlin / Vienna 1912–1923. [Quoted from an excerpt from Volume 6. In: Gottwaldt: Der Hofzug in the page number there.]
  • Scécsey István and Villámyi György: Quite. Vasúti jármüvek 1868–1918 / Railway Vehicles 1868–1918 . Minden jog fenntartva, Budapest 2015, ISBN 978-963-88145-6-2 .
  • Werner Schiendl : The railways in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1867-1918 . Vienna 2015, ISBN 978-3-9503096-5-2 .
  • Josef Otto Slezak: The distant signal is astonishing. Strange things from the railways around the world . Vienna 1952.
  • Wolfgang Theurich, Joachim Deppmeyer: Passenger coaches 3. Dining, sleeping and salon coaches. transpress, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-344-70904-6 .
  • Poul Thestrup: Danske Kongevogne . Bane Boger, Roskilde 1992, ISBN 87-88632-39-3 .

Web links

Commons : Salon Car  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

annotation

  1. ↑ For example As a former observation car of the TEE Rheingold by Rail Adventure leased to private users ( Homepage of agency ).
  2. ↑ The Hungarian series "Hargita" ran on the Deutsche Reichsbahn as VT 12.14
  3. ^ Via Ostiense 106, Roma.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Such a vehicle of the Schantung-Bahn is shown in: Helmut Schroeter, Roel Ramaer: The railways in the once German protected areas then and now / German Colonial Railways then and now . Krefeld 1993, p. 137.
  2. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of June 15, 1912, No. 30. Announcement No. 392, p. 226: The Deutsche Waggonleihanstalt takes its two, in Berlin and Frankfurt am Main stationed mortuary wagons out of circulation.
  3. ↑ Because so rarely in practice, in: Jürgen Janicki: Systemwissen Eisenbahn . Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-9808002-6-6 , p. 60, no longer listed.
  4. ↑ Bock, Gottwaldt, p. 7.
  5. ^ Ralf Romann Rossberg: King Ludwig II on the move. In: Bock, Gottwaldt, p. 52ff.
  6. ↑ Catalog, p. 51, No. 25.
  7. ↑ Bock, p. 14ff.
  8. ↑ Walter Strauss: Of iron horses and paths . Hanover 1924, fig. 217, 219–224.
  9. ↑ Paul Sauer: Regent with a mild scepter. King Karl of Württemberg. DVA , Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-421-05181-X , p. 241.
  10. ↑ Rolf Löttgers: saloon car on Westfälisch. In: Railway history. 46, p. 4ff (6).
  11. ^ Wolf-Dietger Machel: The Mecklenburg-Pomerania narrow-gauge railway. 2nd Edition. Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-613-71053-6 , pp. 60f.
  12. ↑ Hans Schweers: The Borkumer Kleinbahn and the ships of the AG Ems Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-89494-132-1 , p. 154.
  13. ↑ Bock, p. 7.
  14. ^ In Prussia e.g. B. from March 1, 1904, reissued and amended on April 1, 1909 (Railway Directorate Mainz (Ed.): Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz from March 20, 1909, No. 14. Announcement No. 201, P. 155); for Bavaria: Royal Bavarian State Railways (Hrsg.): Service instructions for the implementation of special trains of the highest and highest gentlemen. (Special service instruction = SdzDA). Valid from April 1, 1907 . Munich 1907.
  15. ↑ See also: ancillary fees for the car overseers accompanying the saloon cars. In: Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz from June 26, 1920, No. 39. Announcement No. 576, p. 328.
  16. ↑ The King of Bavaria did not have to pay anything for journeys on his court train (Königlich Bayerische Staatseisenbahnen (Ed.): Service instructions for the implementation of special trains of the highest and highest gentlemen . (Special service instruction = SdzDA). Valid from April 1, 1907. Munich 1907, § 20).
  17. ↑ Royal Bavarian State Railways (Ed.): Service instructions for the implementation of special trains of the highest and highest gentlemen . (Special service instruction = SdzDA). Valid from April 1, 1907. Munich 1907, §§ 10, 22.
  18. ↑ Royal Bavarian State Railways (Ed.): Service instructions for the implementation of special trains of the highest and highest gentlemen . (Special service instruction = SdzDA). Valid from April 1, 1907. Munich 1907, § 22.
  19. ↑ Announcement No. 341, p. 319. In: Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Hrsg.): Collection of the published Official Gazettes 7 (1903). Mainz 1904. Official Gazette of June 13, 1903. No. 33: When the imperial governor in Alsace-Lorraine travels in his saloon car on routes of the Mainz railway directorate , the number of occupied seats is to be settled; Announcement No. 626, pp. 488f. In: Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Collection of the published Official Gazettes 7 (1903). Mainz 1904. Official Gazette of November 7, 1903. No. 55: When the Grand Duke or Grand Duchess of Luxembourg travels in a saloon car, the number of people traveling in the car is also billed, as is the case with trips by the Queen-widow of Saxony , Queen Carola ( Railway Directorate Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of October 8, 1904, No. 53. Announcement No. 529, p. 601); Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz from May 6, 1905, No. 25. Announcement No. 259, p. 202: the same. on trips of the princess-widow Louise zu Waldeck (1858-1936), born princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
  20. ↑ Announcement No. 626, pp. 488f. In: Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Collection of the published Official Gazettes 7 (1903). Mainz 1904. Official Gazette of November 7, 1903. No. 55: If the Grand Duke or Grand Duchess of Luxembourg travels in a saloon car, they will be charged a 1st class ticket for each person traveling in the car; The same applied to the Hereditary Grand Duke Wilhelm, who was appointed governor in Luxembourg, and his wife, Maria Anna of Portugal (Railway Directorate Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of May 14, 1904, no.27. 250, p. 369). A similar regulation applied to the trips of the Grand Duchess mother, Augusta Karoline , wife of the late Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz . The Prussian-Hessian State Railways still had to provide a saloon car here. The remuneration was based on the occupied places (Railway Directorate Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz from July 16, 1904, No. 36. Announcement No. 382, ​​p. 449f; Railway Directorate Mainz (Ed.) : Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of December 3, 1904, No. 62. Announcement No. 638, p. 681).
  21. ↑ Announcement No. 524, p. 430. In: Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Hrsg.): Collection of the published Official Gazettes 7 (1903). Mainz 1904. Official Gazette of September 12, 1903. No. 46 (Passenger servants must have a 3rd class ticket if the train in which the saloon carriage runs is 3rd class, otherwise a 2nd class ticket).
  22. ↑ Announcement No. 86, p. 87. In: Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Hrsg.): Collection of the published Official Gazettes 7 (1903). Mainz 1904. Official Gazette of February 7, 1903. No. 8.
  23. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of September 23, 1905, No. 49. Announcement No. 502, p. 420.
  24. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of January 21, 1905, No. 3. Announcement No. 34, p. 18.
  25. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of October 21, 1905, No. 554. Announcement No. 544, p. 454.
  26. ^ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of March 4, 1905, No. 12. Announcement No. 108, p. 73.
  27. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of August 12, 1905, No. 40. Announcement No. 432, p. 340.
  28. ^ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of February 10, 1917, No. 9. Announcement No. 97, p. 44.
  29. ↑ Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (Ed.): Official Journal of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of October 6, 1917, No. 53. Announcement No. 742, pp. 325–327.
  30. ↑ Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Journal of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of January 4, 1919, No. 1. Announcement No. 15, p. 6.
  31. ↑ Haberling, p. 36f.
  32. ↑ Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of July 19, 1919, No. 36. Announcement No. 488, p. 245 (Ministerial Decree of July 9, 1919 - VII. 71. F. 6181); Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of August 14, 1920, No. 48. Announcement No. 786, p. 435.
  33. ↑ Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of October 16, 1920, No. 62. Announcement No. 1012, p. 564.
  34. ↑ Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of July 19, 1919, No. 36. Announcement No. 488, p. 245 (Ministerial Decree of July 9, 1919 - VII. 71. F. 6181).
  35. ↑ Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Prussian and Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz of September 4, 1920, No. 54. Announcement No. 877, p. 487.
  36. ^ Reichsbahndirektion in Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Reichsbahndirektion in Mainz of December 16, 1922, No. 76. Announcement No. 1438, p. 874.
  37. ^ For the first time since 1918, a notice concerning saloon cars appears in 1936: Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (ed.): Official Gazette of the Reichsbahndirektion Mainz of October 10, 1936, No. 44. Announcement No. 455, p. 207.
  38. ^ Andreas Burow: The Flakwagen of the government trains of the Reich government in the Third Reich . In: Yearbook for Railway History . tape 39 (2007/2008) , ISBN 978-3-937189-29-1 , pp. 25-38 .
  39. ↑ Bruno Rebbelmund: The salon advice and salon news car in the driver's trains of the Reich government in the Third Reich . In: Yearbook for Railway History . tape 40 (2008/2009) , ISBN 978-3-937189-35-2 , pp. 65-82 .
  40. ^ Sonja Günther: Salon car in the "Third Reich" . In: DGEG (ed.): Railways and museums . Episode 23 Karlsruhe 1979.
  41. ↑ Overview of the saloon cars at Bock, p. 88.
  42. ↑ Haberling.
  43. ↑ Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (ed.): Official Gazette of the Reichsbahndirektion Mainz of October 10, 1936, No. 44. Announcement No. 455, p. 207.
  44. ↑ Bock's composition, p. 107.
  45. ↑ Overview of the special trains at Bock, p. 89.
  46. ↑ Bock, p. 82f with photo from the post-war period.
  47. ↑ grand-express.eu
  48. ↑ Walter Söhnlein, Gerta Walsh: Clear the way! - Railways in the Taunus 1860-1910 - 2010 . Frankfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-7973-1223-5 , pp. 83f.
  49. ↑ Overview of the further use of the saloon cars from the time of the “Third Reich” in Bock, p. 82.
  50. ↑ Bock, 109.
  51. ↑ The best-known use of the saloon car for a foreign state guest is probably its use as a hotel train for Queen Elisabeth II during her state visit to Germany in 1965. Bock, p. 114ff.
  52. ↑ Bock, p. 109ff.
  53. ^ Alfred Gottwaldt: Salon car 10 205. From the rail to the museum . Ed .: House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany. Bonn no year
  54. ^ A b Alfred Gottwaldt: Salon Car 10 205. From the rail to the museum . Ed .: House of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany. Bonn undated, p. 18.
  55. ↑ Catalog, p. 40f, No. 19.
  56. ↑ Catalog, p. 42f, No. 20.
  57. ^ Fritz Engbarth: The general before returning. In: Railway courier. No. 395 / Volume 39/2005 (August issue). EK-Verlag, pp. 34-35; Locomotive report. Edition 01/2006; LokMagazin. December 2007, p. 21.
  58. ^ Christian Esser, Astrid Randerath: Black Book Deutsche Bahn. 2nd Edition. Munich 2010, p. 38.
  59. ↑ Klaus Bossig: special vehicles of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. The leadership of the Ministries of Transportation and National Defense . Freiburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-88255-704-6 .
  60. ↑ Catalog, p. 26; Ringhoffer F. - Smichow Prague The Austrian Court Train. Album with photographic images, Prague 1891.
  61. ↑ Schiedl, pp. 70, 266, 363.
  62. ↑ Schiedl, pp. 111, 397.
  63. ↑ Schiedl, pp. 381f, 389.
  64. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, p. 130.
  65. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, pp. 66, 105.
  66. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, p. 155.
  67. ^ Ringhoffer F. - Smichow Prague: The Austrian Court Train. Album with photographic images, Prague 1891.
  68. ↑ vertical and a horizontal at Hellmuth R. Figlhuber: Mödling - Laxenburg. Flugelbahn with Kaiserbahnhof . Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-85416-147-6 , p. 74.
  69. ↑ Barbara Pilz: The court saloon carriage of Empress Elisabeth . Verlag Technisches Museum Wien, 2002, ISBN 3-902183-05-5 .
  70. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, p. 67.
  71. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, pp. 210, 281.
  72. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, p. 210; Catalog, p. 26f, no.10.
  73. ^ Salon car SR 11 “Salon Bleu” on the B&B website
  74. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, p. 210.
  75. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, pp. 210, 299.
  76. ↑ Catalog, p. 24f, No. 9.
  77. ↑ Rabl et al. Stockklausner, pp. 210, 299.
  78. ↑ ÖBB make it clear: Federal President did not call up his own saloon car on APA-OTS on September 9, 1999 on August 10, 2020
  79. ^ Prezydent dał dobry przykład. Lecz zabrakło dla niego wagonu. In: fact . December 4, 2018, accessed August 9, 2019 (Polish).
  80. ^ Bernhard Gaul: With VdB to the climate summit: A train ride with obstacles. In: Courier . December 2, 2018, accessed August 9, 2019 .
  81. ↑ ho: No seat for the Austrian Federal President. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . 2/2019, p. 82.
  82. ↑ to: From Dom Car to Luxon. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . 5/2019, pp. 240-243 (240); Luxon - Heavenly prospects for your trip . (Homepage).
  83. ↑ to: From Dom Car to Luxon. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International . 5/2019, p. 243.
  84. ↑ Homepage of the vehicle .
  85. ^ Hans-Otto Meissner: Railway Safari. On rails through five continents . Bertelsmann, Munich 1980, p. 111.
  86. ↑ Thestrup: Danske Kongevogne. P. 51f.
  87. ↑ Thestrup: Danske Kongevogne. Pp. 57-61.
  88. ^ See: Thestrup: Danske Kongevogne. Pp. 34-36.
  89. ↑ Thestrup: Danske Kongevogne. Pp. 54-56.
  90. ↑ Mikko Alameri: Railways in Finland . Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-900134-22-7 , pp. 181-183.
  91. ↑ Mikko Alameri: Railways in Finland . Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-900134-22-7 , pp. 60, 186.
  92. ↑ Mikko Alameri: Railways in Finland . Josef Otto Slezak, Vienna 1979, ISBN 3-900134-22-7 , p. 181.
  93. ^ Günter Krause : Hitler meets Mannerheim. Another railroad car where history was made. In: Railway history. 94 (June / July 2019), pp. 78-80 (79).
  94. ↑ Cars: Sleeper. P. 125.
  95. ↑ Cars: Sleeper. P. 125f.
  96. ↑ Cars: Sleeper. P. 126.
  97. ↑ Cars: Sleeper. P. 133.
  98. ↑ Cars: Sleeper. P. 133.
  99. ↑ Kingston, p. 11.
  100. ↑ Kingston, p. 136.
  101. ↑ Kingston, pp. 139f.
  102. ↑ a b Information based on the inscriptions on the object in the National Railway Museum , York.
  103. ^ Richard Heinersdorff: The kuk privileged railways of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy . Vienna 1975, ISBN 3-217-00571-6 , pp. 148ff (152).
  104. ^ Giorgio Nicastro: Il treno die Re. In: Mensile per i viaggiatori delle ferrovie dello stato No. 2 (1997), pp. 42-47.
  105. ↑ Catalog, pp. 28ff, No. 11-13; Prince Heinrich von Hessen describes in his autobiography: The crystal chandelier - my German-Italian youth 1927 to 1947 . Munich 1994, ISBN 3-00-011379-7 , pp. 98f., Journeys in one of the saloon cars from Brenner to his grandmother, Elena , Queen of Italy, in Rome.
  106. ^ Keith Chester: The Railways of Montenegro. The Quest for a Trans-Balkan Railway. Stenvalls, Malmö 2016, ISBN 978-91-7266-194-3 , p. 69.
  107. ↑ Scécsey: Ganz. P. 161.
  108. ↑ mr: Additional traffic on the railways thanks to volcanic eruption. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International. 6/2010, p. 292.
  109. ↑ Dagbladet article on the new royal train (Norwegian)
  110. ↑ Catalog, pp. 16f, No. 5.
  111. ↑ Catalog, pp. 48ff, No. 23, 24.
  112. ↑ Cf. Richard Deiss: Impeller Cathedral and Sugar Beet Station. A short story about 200 European train stations. Bonn 2010, p. 108.
  113. ^ Dost, p. 222.
  114. ↑ Röll, p. 39.
  115. ↑ Scécsey: Ganz. P. 161.
  116. ↑ Description at historiskt.nu (swed.)
  117. ^ Robert Petzold: Three dining cars for Bebra . In: Eisenbahngeschichte 97 (December 2019 / January 2020), pp. 28–32 (31f.).
  118. ↑ Dost, p. 226.
  119. ↑ Catalog, p. 14 f, No. 4.
  120. ↑ HaRakevet. 93 , June 2011, p. 17.
  121. ↑ Bock, p. 7.
  122. ↑ Scécsey: Ganz. Pp. 100-104.
  123. ↑ Scécsey: Ganz. Pp. 27-29, 42, 49, 96, 97, 99.
  124. ↑ Mihály Kubinszky: The development of the Hungarian railcars. In: Lok Magazin . 6/2002, pp. 38-43 (42f).
  125. ↑ Information from the Museo di Roma - Palazzo Braschi v. October 18, 2016.
  126. ^ F. Zanetti: Dalle prime ferrovie dello Stato Pontificio a quella dello Stato della Città del Vaticano. In: L'Illustrazione Vaticana. 3, 1932, pp. 376-378.
  127. ↑ NN: ESR Kiosk Locos and Disinfector Sets. In: HaRakevet. 123, December 2018, pp. 27f.
  128. ↑ Faouk's Royal Train - Fiat 2-car DMU. In: HaRakevet. 105 , June 2014, p. 16.
  129. ↑ Slezak, p. 198.
  130. ^ NN: The Former Royal Train. In: HaRakevet. 123, December 2018, p. 17f.
  131. ↑ Thomas Kautzor: Organization Commune Bénin-Niger des Chemins de fer et des Transports (OCBN).
  132. ↑ jst: Libya becomes a railroad country. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International. 4/2011, p. 173.
  133. ↑ Walter Rothschild : OTHER MIDDLE EAST RAILWAYS. Libya. In: HaRakevet. 92 , March 2011, p. 19.
  134. ↑ jst: Libya becomes a railroad country. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International. 4/2011, p. 173.
  135. ↑ jst: Libyan IC4 to Denmark? In: Eisenbahn-Revue. 5/2013, p. 240; Nikolaj Vraa: Fandt DSB's forsvundne IC4-tog i Libya . In: Ekstrabladet. 21st March 2013.
  136. ^ Salon car of the general director ( Memento from January 23, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  137. ↑ picture of the train. ( Memento from March 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  138. ↑ What to See and Do. Sierra Leone National Railway Museum ( Memento of July 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on February 5, 2013.
  139. ^ Kruger Museum , accessed February 27, 2018.
  140. ↑ a b Outeniqua Transport / Railway Museum George , accessed February 27, 2018.
  141. ^ Homepage of the SNCF .
  142. ^ Hans-Otto Meissner: Railway Safari. On rails through five continents . Bertelsmann, Munich 1980, p. 85.
  143. ↑ Slezak, p. 198.
  144. ↑ Jürgen Zbinden: The transfer of the first Stadler sleeper train to Azerbaijan - Part 3. In: Eisenbahn-Revue International 1/2020, pp. 20-23 (interior: p. 23).
  145. ^ A b [Walter Rothschild]: Unfortunate Incidents with Royal Saloon in Persia 1930. In: HaRakevet. 106, September 2014, p. 18.
  146. ↑ Johannes Glöckner: Splendor to the cutlery. Salon car for the Shah. In: LOK MAGAZINE. No. 252 / Volume 41/2002. GeraNova Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH Munich, ISSN  0458-1822 , pp. 52–53.
  147. ^ Information from participants on a DGEG study trip to Iran in autumn 2005 who were able to inspect the vehicles.
  148. ^ Information from Chen Melling, director of the Israel Railway Museum, Haifa.
  149. ↑ Bock, p. 131.
  150. ↑ Kim Jong Il met Medvedev on Tuesday in Ulan-Ude. In: Russia News. August 22, 2011; Railway revue. 10/2011, p. 499.
  151. ↑ Meeting with China's President: First pictures give an insight into North Korea's super train. focus.de , March 29, 2018, accessed April 4, 2018 .
  152. ↑ NN: Saudi bidding hots up . In: Railway Gazette International . March 10, 2008.
  153. ↑ NN: Talgo se adjudica el contrato de Arabia. Patent Talgo .
  154. ^ Keith Barrow: Testing set to begin on Saudi high-speed line . In: International Railway Journal . November 26, 2014.
  155. ^ R. Ramaer: The Railways of Thailand . White Lotus, Bangkok 1994, ISBN 974-8495-02-3 , correct ISBN 1-879155-28-1 , p. 71 (with drawing and floor plan).
  156. ↑ This is proven by the corresponding photographs that were exhibited in a suburban train station in Bangkok in 1993.
  157. ↑ R. Ramaer, p. 164.
  158. ^ Great Southern Rail Travel Pty. Ltd .: Private Carriages. undated [marketing brochure].
  159. ^ NN: Fit for a prince. In: platform. 7/2008, p. 48 f.
  160. ↑ Alheidis von Rohr : The way to the crown. Symbols of power and rule of the Guelphs. MatrixMedia, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-932313-62-2 , pp. 126–127.
  161. ↑ Main State Archives Hanover : Dep. IX G 2 Box 945 (construction of a railway carriage for the Hanoverian king); Alheidis von Rohr : State and city car from the Hanoverian stables. Historical Museum am Hohen Ufer, Hanover 1980, p. 15.
  162. ^ Karl Murk: On iron rails, as fast as lightning - On the history of the railways in Hesse. Catalog for the exhibition in the Marburg State Archives . In: Andreas Hedwig (Ed.): "On iron rails, as fast as lightning". Regional and national aspects of railway history. (= Publications of the Hessian State Archives Marburg. 19). Marburg 2008, p. 202; State Office for Monument Preservation Hessen (Ed.): Railway in Hessen. Cultural monuments in Hessen. Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany . Volume 2.1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8062-1917-6 , p. 86.
  163. ↑ Main State Archives Hanover: Dep. IX G 2 Box 945 (construction of a railway carriage for the Hanoverian king); Alheidis von Rohr: State and city car from the Hanoverian stables. Historisches Museum am Hohen Ufer, Hanover 1980, p. 15; Gottwaldt, p. 8.
  164. ↑ Gottwaldt, p. 10.
  165. ↑ Gottwaldt, p. 9.
  166. ↑ Christian Väterlein: Biberacher tin toys. Sample books from Rock and Graner . Stuttgart 1997, p. 40.
  167. ^ Kurt Harrer: Imperial Court Trains from Märklin. In: Gottwaldt, p. 36f.
  168. ^ A b Kurt Harrer: Imperial Court Trains from Märklin. In: Gottwaldt, p. 37.
  169. ^ Elfriede Rehbein: The railway on five continents. Leipzig 1988, p. 161, pictures p. 175, 176, 178, 179.
  170. ↑ Slezak, p. 199.
  171. ^ Peter WB Semmens: Catastrophes on rails. A worldwide documentation. Transpress, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-344-71030-3 , p. 82.
  172. ^ Peter WB Semmens: Catastrophes on rails. A worldwide documentation. Transpress, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-344-71030-3 , p. 112.