Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Thai : ภูมิพล อดุลย เดช , RTGS transcription : Phumiphon Adunyadet , pronunciation: [ pʰuːmípʰon ʔàdunjádèːt ] ( ); since 1987 also Bhumibol (Adulyadej) the Great ; * December 5, 1927 in Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA ; † October 13, 2016 in Bangkok ) was King of Thailand from June 9, 1946 until his death , the ninth of the Chakri dynasty ( Rama IX. ). At the time, he was the longest-serving head of state in the world and the longest-serving monarch in the history of Thailand.
Birth and youth
Bhumibol Adulyadej was born in the United States in 1927, where his father, Prince Mahidol Adulyadej , Prince of Songkhla, studied medicine at Harvard University . Despite his place of birth, he was never a US citizen himself , as the place of birth principle in the USA is not applied to descendants of foreign rulers. His mother was the commoner Mom Sangwal, who was later named Srinagarindra as the royal mother . His grandfather was King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), his uncles the kings Vajiravudh (Rama VI) and Prajadhipok (Rama VII). Bhumibol had an older sister, Princess Galyani Vadhana , and an older brother, Prince Ananda Mahidol . In his American birth certificate, only Baby Songkla was initially entered because, according to dynastic tradition, it was the prerogative of the then king and head of the House of Chakri to choose an auspicious name. Prajadhipok chose the name Bhumibala Adulyadeja , which means "strength of the land, incomparable power" in Sanskrit .
In 1928 the family moved to Bangkok. The father died of kidney failure in Bangkok on September 24, 1929 .
In 1933 the mother brought the children to Switzerland for training . In 1934 Bhumibol was given his first photo camera. That sparked an important, lifelong hobby, photography . Since then, he became the family photographer and carried the camera with him almost all the time. After her childless uncle Prajadhipok abdicated, Bhumibol's nine-year-old brother Ananda became king in 1935. However, they stayed in Switzerland and Ananda was represented by Regency Councils. Bhumibol and his brother returned to Thailand for two months in 1938. In 1942, Bhumibol began to get enthusiastic about jazz music and learn the saxophone , a passion that he kept throughout his life. After dropping his Matura at the Gymnasium in Lausanne, he recorded a program in Engineering Sciences. It was not until 1945 that he and Ananda traveled to their homeland again for some time.
Bhumibol's brother, King Ananda Mahidol , was found shot dead in his room on June 9, 1946. It has never been established beyond doubt whether he died from murder, suicide or an accident. Bhumibol followed him on the throne. To continue his education, he returned to Lausanne in August 1946 . His uncle, Prince Rangsit Prayurasakdi , Prince of Chai Nat, took over the official duties for him as regent. In order to prepare for his position as head of state, Bhumibol, who was actually interested in natural science, switched to politics and law .
During a visit to Paris in 1947, he first met Mom Rajawongse Sirikit Kitiyakara, the daughter of the Thai ambassador to France, who was distantly related to him through the common descent of King Chulalongkorn. He lost an eye in a car accident on Lake Geneva in October 1948, so that he has lived with a glass eye and facial paralysis ever since . During his stay in the hospital he was frequently visited by his future wife Sirikit. A close family engagement in Lausanne followed on July 19, 1949. On April 28, 1950, a week before his coronation, they were officially married in the Sra Pathum Palace in Bangkok's Pathum Wan district .
Coronation and title
The coronation ceremony took place on May 5, 1950 in the Grand Palace in Bangkok. Its ceremonial name was according to the traditions:
- พระบาท สมเด็จ พระ ปร มิ น ทร มหา ภูมิพล อดุลย เดช มหิ ต ลา ธิ เบ ศ รามาธิบดี จักรี นฤ บดินทร์ ส ยา มิ มิ นท รา ธิ ราช บรม นาถ บพิตร
- (Phrabat Somdet Phra Paraminthra (or Paramin or Poramin) Maha Phumiphon Adunyadet Mahittalathibet Ramathibodi Chakkrinaruebodin Sayaminthrathirat Borommanat Bophit).
- ( )
On the same day he made his wife queen, she received the title Somdet Phra Boromma Rachini . Coronation Day, May 5th, has been a public holiday in Thailand since then.
Although King Bhumibol in western foreign countries Rama IX. the name Rama (an abbreviation of Ramathibodi ) is rarely used by the Thai people. The Thais themselves colloquially call it “Nai Luang” ( ในหลวง ) or “Phra Chaoyuhua” ( พระเจ้าอยู่หัว : both means “King”) or “Rachakan Thi Kao” ( รัชกาล ที่ ๙ , literally “The ninth reign”). Formally he is referred to as Phrabat Somdet Phra Chaoyuhua ( พระบาท สมเด็จ พระเจ้าอยู่หัว ), in official documents even as Phrabat Somdet Phra Paraminthara Maha Bhumibol Adulyadej ( พระบาท สมเด็จ พระ ปร มิ น ทร มหา ภูมิพล อดุลย เดช ). A formal address in English is “His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej”, or “His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej”. His signature is ภูมิพล อดุลย เดช ป.ร. (Bhumibol Adulyadej Po Ro, that means "Bhumibol Adulyadej R [ex]").
Reign
Even after the official coronation, Bhumibol returned to Switzerland to continue his studies. He and Sirikit turned to the European jet set, attending parties and balls. As a result of the accident, Bhumibol found it difficult to concentrate while studying, and he ended up without a degree from Lausanne. Nevertheless, he later received numerous honorary titles from universities in Germany and abroad. In April 1951, Sirikit gave birth to the couple's first daughter, Princess Ubol Ratana .
In December 1951 Bhumibol returned to Thailand and took over the business of government. Three days before his return, the country's leading military carried out a "silent coup" by repealing the 1949 constitution , which gave parliament and the king extensive rights. They feared that Bhumibol would be critical of them and set up a royalist-led government. Bhumibol had a tense relationship with the then Prime Minister Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram . He had an anti-royalist attitude, tried to limit the role of the monarch to a representative minimum and instead had practiced a leadership cult that was directed towards himself since the 1940s. Bhumibol found that Phibunsongkhram was behaving like a "second king" and showed his barely disguised dislike for the head of government.
In July 1952, the heir to the throne, Prince Vajiralongkorn, was born. Two more daughters followed, the princesses Sirindhorn (1955) and Chulabhorn (1957).
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From the end of October to the beginning of November 1956, Bhumibol lived - as is usual for many male Thais - for 15 days in a monastery as a Buddhist monk . He chose Wat Bowonniwet in the Banglamphu district of Bangkok , the main temple of the Thammayut order , where his great-grandfather, King Mongkut , was once abbot . During that time Sirikit took over the official business as regent. She was therefore subsequently awarded the title Somdet Phra Borommarachinat ("Queen and Regent") in recognition of this office .
Return of royalism
In 1957, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat , who rivaled Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram, carried out a coup . Bhumibol had a much better relationship with the new head of government, who was clearly more royalist. While Bhumibol gave the military ruler legitimacy through his favor, Sarit granted the king a major public role. He left Bhumibol to patronize rural development projects . Sarit's regime propagated allegiance to the king as a means against the threat of communism, in the context of the unofficial state motto “nation, religion, king”. The King and the Prime Minister shared their enthusiasm for measures to promote the country's economic development, the expansion of the infrastructure and the education system.
In 1959 the annual Kathin ceremony and the royal barque procession were reintroduced. Pin Malakul , a distant member of the royal family, became Minister of Education. He had schoolbooks revised so that they focused more on the role of the king. In 1960, Sarit moved Thailand's national holiday from the anniversary of the end of absolute monarchy in 1932 to Bhumibol's birthday. Since the 1960s, it has been required again to prostrate before the king, which Bhumibol's grandfather Chulalongkorn had abolished in 1873. For the description of the activities of the king and his family, as well as matters related to them, a special terminology has been reintroduced ( ratchasap "royal language"), which fell out of use after absolutism in 1932.
In the summer of 1960, the Thai royal couple made an extensive trip to Europe and North America, including a state visit to the Federal Republic of Germany . The urbane young king and the good-looking and style-conscious queen attracted a lot of international attention. This in turn strengthened their popularity at home.
From 1961 the number of audiences for private individuals and groups increased sharply. In doing so, he built connections to the emerging middle class, which was growing in influence. The king traveled the country regularly and especially visited the universities, where he entered into exchanges with the students. From this time onwards, Bhumibol also had an ever closer relationship with the military. Previously he was only commander-in-chief on paper , but from 1963 he regularly took part in armed forces affairs . After Sarit's death in 1963, it became clear how much he had enriched himself. The successor government, under Sarit's previous deputy Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn , sought even closer to the monarch. With his support, Thanom hoped to survive the uncovered scandal and to consolidate the rule of the military.
Development projects
The king started more than 1,000 projects, large and small, that covered the full spectrum of Thailand's rural problems (from the introduction of new crops to dewatering, from draining swamps to preserving the country's last rainforests). In many problem areas such as agriculture , irrigation projects , rescue services , health care , the king personally tried to make improvements. Among other things, he campaigned for the dismantling of opium in the north and promoted the cultivation of plants and fruits with high yields that depend on a moderate climate. On the palace grounds, he ran an experimental farm that dealt with cattle breeding and experimental fruit cultivation.
Political Interventions
In 1973 there were student protests against military rule, which in October expanded into a popular uprising in which up to 500,000 people took part. The "Three Tyrants", Field Marshals Thanom Kittikachorn, Praphas Charusathien and Thanom's son Narong Kittikachorn , tried to suppress the demonstrations with brutal force , using tanks and attack helicopters , killing 77 people and injuring hundreds. At the height of the bloody crackdown on October 14, Bhumibol opened the gates of his Chitralada palace so that demonstrators could escape to its grounds. Bhumibol withdrew his support from the military rulers and turned to more moderate militaries such as army commander General Krit Sivara , who refused to continue shooting at their own people. Krit pushed the "Three Tyrants" out of office. Bhumibol asked them to leave the country. He made use of his reserve authority and appointed the law professor and rector of Thammasat University Sanya Dharmasakti as interim prime minister. He also commissioned him to draw up a new, democratic constitution. Since then he has had the reputation of uniting a strong role for the monarchy and democratic rights for the people.
In view of the victory of the communists in the Southeast Asian neighboring countries of Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos , political radicalization and further demands and protests by the left in his own country, Bhumibol again surrounded himself with the military and turned to anti-democratic forces. He actively supported the right-wing movement of the "village scouts " (Luksuea Chaoban), which fought against the student movement, trade unions and progressive farmers' associations. He attended their meetings and blessed their scarves and flags. When the disempowered military dictator Thanom Kittikachorn returned from exile to Thailand in September 1976 to become a monk at Wat Bowonniwet, which was favored by the royal family, the king and queen visited him there. The resulting renewed protests by students and democracy activists were crushed on October 6, 1976 by units of the border police , "village scouts" and other right-wing militias in the massacre at Thammasat University . The military returned to power, and Bhumibol named his favorite, right-wing hardliner Thanin Kraivichien , prime minister. He announced that Thailand would only be able to return to democracy after twelve years under an appointed transitional government. However, he was overthrown by the military after just a year.
In 1980 General Prem Tinsulanonda became head of government, with whom Bhumibol again had an excellent relationship. When a group of officers (the Thai " Young Turks ") attempted a coup in 1981, the king and queen accompanied Prem on his escape to Nakhon Ratchasima . They issued statements declaring their clear support for Prem and their opposition to the coup, which failed shortly afterwards. During the eight-year term in office of Prem, the king stood unconditionally behind the prime minister, whom he valued as incorruptible and whose subtle and reserved demeanor he shared. At the same time, Prem was adept at forming alliances and exercising patronage . He is considered to be the head of an informal political system which, in the terminology of the political scientist Duncan McCargo, who specializes in Thailand , is called the "network monarchy". After his resignation from the top of the government in 1988, Bhumibol appointed Prem to his Privy Council , and in 1998 even succeeded Sanya Dharmasakti as its president. In the period that followed, Prem continued to be regarded as the king's political informant and administrator. By influencing appointments, promotions and transfers, he ensured that people close to the palace always held key positions in politics, the military, the judiciary and administration.
The biggest challenge for the king was probably the massacre of Black May 1992, when hundreds of demonstrators against the government of Prime Minister General Suchinda Kraprayoon were shot by the military. When the situation escalated, the king summoned the prime minister and his adversary, the main opposition leader, Chamlong Srimuang , to an audience on May 20 . In front of the camera, the head of government had to promise to end the violence against the demonstrators immediately, to amnesty arrested government opponents and to amend the constitution as soon as possible. The opposition spokesman, however, had to undertake to end the anti-government protests and instead work towards a compromise. The king's address to the two political leaders, who, according to the court protocol in force, had to kneel in front of the king and prostrate before him at the beginning and end of the audience, could seem like a "lecture" for both sides. The bloodshed could thus be stopped.
Bhumibol rejected the attempt by the military junta to continue its rule after Suchinda's resignation by a politician close to them. The prominent parties, which still had a majority in parliament, had proposed that King Somboon Rahong be appointed. Bhumibol feared that the bloody conflict could break out again and divide the country. He therefore had Somboon's name on the certificate of appointment replaced by that of his favorite, the non-party liberal Anand Panyarachun . Although the appointment of Anand, who was not an elected politician or a member of parliament, was not in the interests of the constitution, this step met with widespread public support. With this, Bhumibol proved again, as he did after the popular uprising in 1973, that he was above politics and also above the military.
Network monarchy
After May 1992 Bhumibol no longer intervened politically, but continued to use the "network monarchy" under his protection. Until the end of the 1990s, it did not have a completely dominant position, but it was by far the most influential and lasting among Thailand's political alliances, so that forming majorities and governing against this network seemed impossible. However, this was not always accompanied by a conservative policy: Bhumibol also welcomed liberal reforms and the so-called “ people's constitution ”, which was considered very progressive and was drafted under the leadership of Anand Panyarachun - a confidant of the king - and came into force in 1997.
In 2001, however, Thaksin Shinawatra was elected Prime Minister, who for the first time dared to attempt to curtail the influence of the “network monarchy” and replace it with a network that was dependent on himself. At times, Bhumibol criticized Thaksin with unusually clear proportions, for example for his uncompromising and violent approach in the conflict with the Muslim separatists in southern Thailand or for his lack of critical capacity. At the end of 2005 a civil movement against Thaksin began to form, which explicitly referred to the king and wore yellow shirts, a color that is associated with Bhumibol in the Thai color symbolism. When this People's Alliance for Democracy asked the king in March 2006 to dismiss Thaksin and to appoint a new, unelected prime minister, circumventing Parliament's right to propose, but Bhumibol clearly refused. In speeches to judges of the two highest courts of justice on April 25 and 26, 2006, respectively, he stated:
“I am very concerned about this mess. Whatever happens, they are asking me for a royally appointed prime minister. But that does not correspond to the democratic form of government. To cite Article 7 of the Constitution for this is a false assertion. One cannot cite that for that. Article 7 has two lines. There it says: If something is not regulated in the constitution, the tradition or the previous custom must be followed. It doesn't say: If you want an appointed prime minister, you can ask for an appointed prime minister. That would not be a democratic one, but one, pardon the expression, screwed up, an unreasonable form of government. "
At the same time he called on the judges to be aware of their responsibility. An election in which only one party runs is undemocratic and abnormal (the opposition parties had boycotted the previous parliamentary elections, so that in many constituencies only one candidate from the ruling Thai-Rak-Thai party ran ). A few days later, the Constitutional Court declared the election invalid and set a new date to repeat it. However, this did not happen because the military had already staged a coup in September 2006 . The king approved the coup, appointed the junta leader General Sonthi Boonyaratglin as chairman of the "Council for Democratic Reforms", which temporarily assumed de facto governance, and called on all civil servants to obey General Sonthi's orders.
Withdrawal in old age and illness
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In 2006, extensive celebrations took place in Bangkok on the occasion of his 60th anniversary to the throne. From then on he was the longest-serving head of state in the world, ahead of Elizabeth II of Great Britain (since 1952). After the turn of the millennium, the king had to struggle more and more with health problems. Since suffering pneumonia in September 2009, he resided permanently in Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, which had set up a separate wing for the royal patient. He rarely left it and always in a wheelchair. On his 84th birthday (2011) he was driven to the palace with great sympathy from the population, where he gave a short speech.
On August 1, 2013, Bhumibol was released from hospital after four years. According to police, 20,000 to 30,000 people gathered when he started the two-hour drive to his residence in Hua Hin .
On June 9, 2015, he gave an audience in Bangkok on the 69th anniversary of his coronation.
Death and funeral ceremonies
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He died on October 13, 2016 in Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok of complications from kidney failure and pneumonia at the age of 88. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha announced Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn as the designated successor. Until his coronation, the President of the Privy Council , Prem Tinsulanonda , took over the reign .
The government initially stipulated a state mourning period of one year. Government employees, civil servants and public service workers were forced to wear black clothing.
The body was preserved for laying out by means of formaldehyde injection .
Far-reaching measures were also ordered for the first thirty days after the monarch's death. The flags were placed at half-mast on state and public buildings . The population should dress “appropriately”. The official television and radio programs have been discontinued. All channels to be received in Thailand only broadcast reports about the king or the royal court, and only in black and white. This also affected foreign broadcasters. Some theater performances have been canceled or postponed. Cinemas remained open, however. Events such as concerts, live music or stage shows were not allowed to take place. Many night clubs and bars have also closed.
Due to the unexpectedly large number of mourners who wanted to say goodbye to the person laid out there in the royal palace , the responsible authorities changed the access rules .
A video was made on October 22, 2016 at Sanam Luang , near Bangkok's Royal Palace . This shows an estimated 300,000 grieving people who commemorated their late king at this location. Under the direction of the composer Somtow Sucharitkul, a professional choir sang the royal anthem of Thailand with the support of an orchestra of 100 musicians and with many of the mourners . The cremation took place on October 26, 2017 as part of a five-day mourning ceremony in a specially built crematorium on Sanam Luang.
The crematorium was dismantled from January to March 2018. Parts of the structure will be stored, other parts will be made accessible to the public in various museums and exhibitions.
King Bhumibol Adulyadej as a private citizen
Bhumibol was active as a musician, composer, photographer (in numerous pictures he can be seen hanging with a camera around his neck), painter, writer, sailor, engineer and radio amateur (callsign HS1A). In particular, he was considered a passionate saxophone player who liked to play with other jazz musicians in the Palace of Bangkok (for example in 1960 with Benny Goodman ). About 40 compositions are known so far. He was also the highest scout in Thailand. His paintings and drawings are also shown in exhibitions. As a sailing enthusiast , he won a gold medal at the Southeast Asian Games in 1967 .
With Queen Sirikit Kitiyakara he had four children: Princess Ubol Ratana , Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn , Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn and Princess Chulabhorn Walailak .
public perception
Since 1946, King Bhumibol Adulyadej has represented the country's figure of integration. In a referendum in 1987, the population gave him the nickname Maharat ("The Great"). Around three million people flocked to Bangkok in June 2006 for the grand celebration of his 60th jubilee on the throne. The motto of his reign was: I will rule the country solely for the benefit of its people . He wanted to distinguish himself clearly from most of the political rulers in Thailand. For this reason he spent more time on the road in the country than in his palace. His knowledge and advice was always valued during his visits to agricultural projects, dams, livestock and fish farming (and others).
He documented all of his travel undertakings with a camera. On the occasion of a natural disaster in 1962, he started a fundraising campaign in the country. In doing so, more money could be made than was ultimately needed. With the surplus, the royal relief fund, which still exists today, was founded. The king himself took over the patronage. His good reputation stood for unbureaucratic, corruption-free use of funds. That is why the fund received donations from many Thais on the occasion of the tsunami of December 26, 2004 .
King Bhumibol is revered by the population. This can be seen, among other things, from the fact that in most households in Thailand a picture of the king hangs without this having been ordered. The royal anthem is played before almost every cultural event (including in the cinema or theater, when the police or security personnel start work). At the beginning all those present rise and after the end they bow in the direction of the king symbol or picture. Among other things, on the occasion of his 80th birthday on December 5, 2007, pictures of King Bhumibol were displayed throughout the country for months.
A “royal rain project” (ฝน หลวง, called Fon luang ) is mentioned in all king-related hymns, film recordings and homages (for cinema screenings ). A non-toxic chemical was developed during a drought in the Isan . This was sprayed into the clouds with small planes, which caused them to rain down. During periods of drought, this method is now regularly used by the established royal rainmaker fleet.
In Thailand, the stickers เรา รัก ในหลวง (We love the king) can be found on many cars . Many Thai citizens wear yellow bracelets or yellow shirts with the same label on them. These are sold by the Royal Palace. The proceeds are used to finance the king's projects for the benefit of the population. Yellow is believed to be the color of King Bhumibol. There is a fixed assignment of days of the week and colors . The color yellow is assigned to Monday. The monarch was born on a Monday.
During the demonstrations against Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in the spring of 2006, many of the demonstrators wore yellow browbands and armbands. They wanted to make their ties to the king clear and to express their accusation against Thaksin of not being loyal to the king.
The large dam in Tak Bhumibol Dam was named in honor of the king .
Bhumibol's affection for his pet, the bitch Tongdaeng , which came from the litter of a street dog and which the king adopted as a puppy in 1998, was well known. He wrote a novel about her that became a bestseller in Thailand, was translated into English and made into a film. In order to circumvent the strict lese majesty law, discussions about the succession to the throne towards the end of the reign were wrapped up in texts about Tongdaeng and Fufu , the poodle of Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn. Tongdaeng died in late 2015.
capital
In 2008 Forbes Magazine named Bhumibol the richest monarch in the world. It listed its net worth at $ 35 billion . In doing so, however , it took into account the crown assets administered by the Crown Property Bureau , which, although under the control of the king, are not officially considered his private assets.
Lese majesty
The king and the royal family enjoy the highest respect in Thailand, but he is also protected by the Lèse Majesté law (French, from the Latin Laesa maiestas or Laesae maiestatis, German: Majestätsbeleidigung ), due to which critics receive prison sentences of up to 15 Years can be sentenced. During the term of office of Prime Minister Tanin Kraivixien , the law was tightened so that criticism of the royal family, royal projects, the Chakri dynasty or previous kings is now also a criminal offense. The accusation of lese majesty is not raised by the king himself or by the court, but is pursued by politicians, public prosecutors and the police. In Thai politics, this is often used to blacken the political opponent, to accuse him of lack of loyalty to the king and the state in general and to diminish his sympathy with the population or to eliminate him completely.
King Bhumibol himself said in his birthday speech in 2005:
“To say that the king must not be criticized would mean that the king is not human. ... When the king can't make mistakes, it's like looking down on him and not treating him as a human being. But the king can make mistakes. "
relationship
ancestors
| Pedigree of Bhumibol Adulyadej | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Great grandparents |
|
|
Chum |
? |
||||
| Grandparents |
|
Chu |
||||||
| parents |
Prince Mahidol Adulyadej , Prince of Songkhla (1892–1929) |
|||||||
progeny
| child's name | Date of birth | Marriage date | Spouse |
grandson | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Ubol Ratana | April 5, 1951 | 1972 (divorced 1998) |
Peter Ladd Jensen | Khun Ploypailin Jensen (* 1981) |
| Khun Poom Jensen (1983-2004) | ||||
| Khun Sirikitiya Jensen (* 1985) | ||||
| King Maha Vajiralongkorn | July 28, 1952 | 1977 (divorced 1991) |
Princess Soamsawali | Princess Bajrakitiyabha (* 1978) |
| 1994 (divorced 1996) |
Sujarinee Vivacharawongse (born Yuvadhida Polpraserth) | Prince Juthavachara Mahidol (* 1979) | ||
| Prince Vacharaesorn Mahidol (* 1981) | ||||
| Prince Chakriwat Mahidol (* 1983) | ||||
| Prince Vatcharawee Mahidol (* 1985) | ||||
| Princess Sirivannavari Nariratana (* 1987) | ||||
| 2001 (divorced 2014) |
Srirasmi Suwadee (formerly Princess Srirasm) | Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti (* 2005) | ||
| 2019 | Queen Suthida Bajrasudhabimalalakshana | |||
| Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn | April 2, 1955 | |||
| Princess Chulabhorn | 4th July 1957 | 1982 (divorced 1996) | Virayudh Tishyasarin | Princess Siribhachudabhorn (* 1982) |
| Princess Aditayadornkitikhun (* 1984) | ||||
See also
literature
- Paul M. Handley: The King Never Smiles. A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press, New Haven 2006, ISBN 0-300-10682-3 .
- Nicholas Grossman, Dominic Faulder (eds.): King Bhumibol Adulyadej - A Life's Work. Thailand's Monarchy in Perspective. Editions Didier Millet, Singapore 2012, ISBN 978-981-4260-56-5 .
Web links
- Jörg Auf dem Hövel: The monarch, the military, democracy. In: Telepolis. September 20, 2006.
- Paul Handley: The last of its kind. In: Zeit Online . April 16, 2009.
- A visionary monarch. Bangkok Post pages on the achievements of King Bhumibol. In: Bangkok Post. 2000, archived from the original on January 17, 2013 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- The Making of a Monarch. Pages of the Bangkok Post on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the throne (2005) with many photos from childhood and youth (English). Archived from the original on January 17, 2013 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- SupremeArtist.org , page with works from the art of King Rama IX, including an extensive gallery and audio samples of his compositions (Thai)
- Soul of a Nation: The Royal Family of Thailand , BBC documentary with interviews with Bhumibol and the members of his family (English), 1979, available on Youtube.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Thailand's King Bhumibol is dead . News from October 13, 2016 on Spiegel Online
- ↑ Virginia La Torre Jeker: Great Fortune - The Late King of Thailand Is Not an 'Accidental American'. In: Angloinfo , October 15, 2016.
- ↑ Grossmann, Faulder: A Life's Work. 2012, p. 47.
- ↑ Grossmann, Faulder: A Life's Work. 2012, p. 62.
- ↑ Grossmann, Faulder: A Life's Work. 2012, pp. 73–74.
- ↑ ราชบัณฑิต ย สภา แจง การ ออกเสียง พระนาม “ในหลวง รัชกาล ที่ 9” ได้ 3 แบบ [Ratchabandittayasapha chaeng kan ok siang phra nam "Nai luang Ratchakan thi kao" dai sam baep; Royal Society explains: The royal name of Rama IX. can be pronounced in three ways.] In: Matichon Online , October 28, 2016.
- ↑ Volker Grabowsky : Brief history of Thailand. CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60129-3 , p. 171.
- ↑ Grabowsky: Brief History of Thailand. 2010, p. 172.
- ↑ Chris Baker , Pasuk Phongpaichit: A History of Thailand. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-76768-2 , p. 177.
- ↑ Handley: The King Never Smiles. 2006, p. 143.
- ↑ Handley: The King Never Smiles. 2006, pp. 151-152.
- ↑ Grossmann, Faulder: A Life's Work. 2012, pp. 112-113.
- ↑ Maurizio Peleggi: refashioning Civilization. Dress and Bodily Practice in Thai Nation-Building. In: The Politics of Dress in Asia and the Americas. Sussex Academic Press, Eastbourne 2007, p. 77.
- ↑ Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian: Kings, Country and Constitutions. Thailand's Political Development, 1932-2000. Routledge Shorton, London / New York 2003, ISBN 0-7007-1473-1 , p. 193.
- ^ Roger Kershaw: Monarchy in South-East Asia. The faces of tradition in transition. Routledge, London / New York 2001, p. 70.
- ^ David K. Wyatt : Thailand. A short history. 2nd Edition. Yale University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-300-08475-7 , p. 288
- ↑ Grossmann, Faulder: A Life's Work. 2012, p. 156.
- ↑ Handley: The King Never Smiles. 2006, p. 215.
- ↑ Suwannathat-Pian: Kings, Country and Constitutions. 2003, p. 63.
- ↑ Thanet Aphornsuvan: Bhumibol Adulyadej. In: Southeast Asia. A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. ABC-CLIO, Santa Monica CA 2004, pp. 233-234.
- ^ Baker, Phongpaichit: A History of Thailand. 2009, p. 194.
- ^ Duncan McCargo: Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand. In: The Pacific Review. Volume 18, No. 4, December 2005, pp. 499-519, doi: 10.1080 / 09512740500338937 , especially p. 506.
- ↑ Jérôme Bony: Thailand Black May 1992. In: YouTube . Broadcast by Antenne 2 (today France 2 ), archived by the Institut national de l'audiovisuel (INA). (The opponents slip on their knees in front of the king; French).
- ↑ Handley: The King Never Smiles. 2006, pp. 1-2.
- ↑ Suwannathat-Pian: Kings, Country and Constitutions. 2003, pp. 178-179.
- ^ McCargo: Network monarchy and legitimacy crises in Thailand. 2005, p. 499.
- ↑ พระ ราช ดำรัส พระบาท สมเด็จ พระเจ้าอยู่หัว ฯ 25 เมษายน 2549 [Speech of His Majesty the King of April 25, 2006]
- ↑ Michael H. Nelson : Political Turmoil in Thailand. Thaksin, Protests, Elections, and the King. In: Eastasia.at , Volume 5, No. 1, September 2006, pp. 13-14.
- ↑ Thailand's King Bhumibol supports putschists. In: Deutsche Welle . September 20, 2006.
- ↑ Thanyarat Doksone: Thai king makes 1st trip outside Bangkok in years. In: The Seattle Times. May 25, 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ Thailand's king released from hospital after four years. In: ORF.at . 1 August 2013.
- ↑ Chaiyot Yongcharoenchai, Parita Wangkiat, Caitlin Taylor: The king and us. In: Bangkok Post . October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017 .
- ↑ All TV channels carry monochrome broadcasts. November 5, 2016, accessed November 5, 2016 .
- ↑ Masses mourn Bhumibol. In: DerWesten.de . October 31, 2016, accessed October 31, 2016 .
- ↑ Commemoration on October 22, 2016 at Sanam Luang, Bangkok
- ↑ Cabinet: Royal cremation set for Oct 26. www.bangkokpost.com, April 25, 2017, accessed on April 26, 2017 (English).
- ^ Dismantling of Royal Crematorium begins after ceremony. nationmultimedia.com. January 12, 2018, accessed April 1, 2018.
- ↑ Till Krause: The click maker. The Thais love their King Bhumibol. And who does he love? His camera. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin. Issue 17/2013.
- ↑ Amateur radio and more ... In: Afug-Info.de. Retrieved October 13, 2016 .
- ↑ Alisa Tang: Thailand's Monarch Is Ruler, Jazz Musician. In: The Washington Post. June 13, 2006.
- ↑ The Jazzy King. In: Bangkok Post (special 60th anniversary edition). Archived from the original on June 26, 2013 ; accessed on November 28, 2015 .
- ↑ Sven Hansen: Thailand's ruling dog: The death of the royal Wauwau . In: the daily newspaper . ( taz.de [accessed on January 14, 2017]).
- ↑ Charlie Campbell: See Portraits of Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej Displayed All Over Bangkok. In: Time. December 4, 2015, accessed November 3, 2017 .
- ↑ The Top 15 Wealthiest Royals. In: Forbes Magazine. August 22, 2008.
- ↑ Paul Champion: Professor in read majeste row. In: Reuters. September 25, 2007
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20090301042529/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/12/05/headlines/index.php?news=headlines_19334288.html
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Bhumibol Adulyadej |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Rama IX .; Bhumibol Adulyadej (name as prince); Phra Chaoyuhao Bhumibol Adulyadej (name as king) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Thai nobleman, King of Thailand (since 1946) |
| DATE OF BIRTH | December 5, 1927 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 13, 2016 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Bangkok |