Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp

Queen Carola is a redirect to this article. For the ship of the same name, see Pillnitz (Schiff, 1886) .

Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp around 1850

Carola ( Caroline Friederike Franziska Stephanie Amelie Cäcilie; * August 5, 1833 in Kaiserstöckl near Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna ; †  December 15, 1907 in Dresden ), b. Princess von Wasa- Holstein-Gottorp , was the consort of King Albert I and the last Queen of Saxony.

At the king's side, Carola devoted herself to the charitable establishment of new social institutions in the Kingdom of Saxony. With the founding of the Albert Association in 1867 and other care and training facilities, it set impulses in the fields of charity, poor and sick care as well as care for the wounded. In addition, she was involved in aid, children's and women's associations to support the disadvantaged. Carola was the bearer of the Sidonia Order and namesake of the Carola Medal, named after her, for helpful charity . Numerous locations, especially in Dresden, are named after her.

Princess 1833–1854

Childhood and youth

The father, Prince Gustav von Wasa, lithograph, Josef Kriehuber , around 1830

The mother, Luise von Baden, around 1825

Princess Carola von Wasa was born on August 5, 1833 in the Kaiserstöckl, an outbuilding of the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna , as the only daughter of the former Crown Prince of Sweden and Field Marshal Prince Gustav von Wasa (1799–1877) and his wife Princess Luise von Baden (1811–1854 ) born.

As her name suggests, Carola did not come from the Wasa dynasty . Rather, she owed the name affix to her father, who as a member of the deposed Swedish dynasty Holstein-Gottorp was no longer allowed to call himself “Prince of Sweden”. Instead, he gave himself the nickname Wasa and - in order to further proclaim his claim to the throne - Holstein-Gottorp, thus Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp . Carola received this surname.

Carola's Protestant baptism took place on August 7, 1833 in the Schönbrunn imperial house in the name of Caroline Friederike Franziska Stephanie Amalie Cäcilie; her mother called her "Carola". Godparents were among other royal representatives Emperor Franz I , Empress Caroline of Austria , Stephanie of Baden and Cecilia of Sweden . Until her parents divorced in the summer of 1844, Carola spent most of her childhood in the royal couple's South Moravian summer residence at Eichhorn Castle . The upbringing and instruction of the princess, who were considered shy and reserved, was strict, but characterized by parental love.

After their parents separated, mother and daughter settled in Morawetz Castle from August 1846 . The princess was instructed by Amalie von Ungern-Sternberg . Carola developed a preference for drawing, painting and chess, but not for making music. She liked to put on plays of her own accord. The rural life in Morawetz was, apart from larger sociability, calm and contemplative. During this time the young princess developed great compassion for the socially disadvantaged children and the infirm, to whom she donated food and clothing that her mother had financed. With this she laid the foundation of her later engagement in the field of charitable poor and sick care. The stay was mostly interrupted for bath trips by the mother suffering from asthma and a heart defect or for visits to her father or relatives in Mannheim or Karlsruhe .

During the Italian Wars of Independence in 1848/49, Carola supported the Hungarian wounded by submitting gifts. In the years that followed, the mother's health deteriorated further, which made longer spa stays in Merano , Venice , Bozen and Baden necessary for her and her daughter. In the years up to 1851, the now 18-year-old Princess Carola, who at the time was considered the most beautiful princess in Europe, devoted herself intensively to oil painting.

Carola converted to Catholicism like her mother in 1852, against the fierce opposition of her father . He only gave his consent on the condition that his daughter would separate from her mother for a long time in order to take religious instruction from his sister, the Grand Duchess of Baden, in Karlsruhe. After graduation, Princess Carola returned to her mother and on November 4th of the same year made her commitment to the Catholic faith in the parish church in Morawetz.

Engagement and marriage

Gate of honor of the old town hall of Dresden on the occasion of the marriage of Prince Albert and Princess Carola on June 18, 1853, followed by the marriage of the couple in the Catholic Court Church in Dresden

In November 1852, Carola and her mother received an unexpected visit in Morawetz from Prince Albert and George of Saxony, who were on a hunting trip . In truth, however, this was only a pretext, since Prince Albert had been on a hitherto unsuccessful bridal show since 1850. Against the background of the dynastic plans, as it turned out, only the widow of the Portuguese King Dom Pedro IV , Amalie von Leuchtenberg , came into question, but Albert did not like her, then the widow of Archduke Ferdinand , Archduchess Elisabeth , and of course Carola. During the banquet organized for the princes and other gentlemen, Albert introduced himself to Princess Carola and was taken with her grace and witty conversations. In later notes Albert described the encounter with Carola as "love at first sight". A little later, Albert's father, King John of Saxony, who wanted his son to marry of the same denomination , asked in a letter to Carola's mother for her daughter's hand for his son. Albert had feared that Prince Louis Bonaparte , who had also campaigned for Carola, might forestall him. Another opponent for Carola's hand was Friedrich Karl of Prussia . After meeting again, Carola accepted Albert's marriage proposal on December 5, 1852, the couple's engagement day. The couple spent the turn of the year in Morawetz.

The upcoming wedding of Albert and Carola initially met with little approval in Saxony. That was less because Carola was a rather penniless princess, and also not because of the prevailing bad reputation of her divorced parents. Rather, the reason was that Carola had only converted to the Catholic faith shortly before the engagement. However, King Johann was more important about the happiness of his son than any animosity towards the new Crown Princess and promoted the resulting relationship to the best of his ability. He also turned down arguments for or against the wedding for purely financial reasons.

In January 1853, mother and daughter moved to Brno . Prince Albert visited his fiancée there frequently in the coming months. The future bride and groom appeared together at balls, visits to the theater and other festivities, with Carola using the social appearances to prepare for her future position in the Saxon royal family, where the strict Spanish ceremonies applied. King Johann in particular wanted the future crown princess to be confident in conversation and parquet, which Carola fulfilled without hesitation. In the meantime, the mother's health continued to deteriorate.

For the wedding scheduled for June 1853, Princess Carola traveled from Brno to Prague and from there to Bodenbach . There she met Prince Albert, with whom she continued in a decorated special train to Pirna , where the couple held a troop parade. They reached Pillnitz Castle with a horse and horse escort , where the Saxon court received the royal couple and invited them to the family table. The procession then traveled on to Dresden, where the wedding took place on June 18 at around noon in the Palais des Großer Garten . After the wedding, the bride and groom drove in the drawn golden gala car to the old town hall , where the mayor Wilhelm Pfotenhauer gave a reception. Bishop Joseph Dittrich performed the church wedding in the Catholic Court Church . The festivities continued through July 2nd. Then the couple moved into a spacious apartment in the Taschenbergpalais . Adolf Senfft von Pilsach took over the management of the court . Your chief steward came from the Werthern noble family and instructed Carola in the customs of the royal court.

Crown Princess 1854–1873

Years of peace

The royal villa in Dresden-Strehlen around 1908

In March 1854, Crown Princess Carola visited her seriously ill mother in Morawetz, who succumbed to paralysis in July . The following years were marked by extended trips of several months at home and abroad for the Crown Prince couple, including to Switzerland , Italy and, increasingly, Austria. In the winter of 1855 Carola took over the protectorate of the Saxon Pestalozziverein, which took on the support of needy widows and orphans from teachers. The Crown Prince couple moved into the royal villa in rural Strehlen in 1859 . After recovering from measles in November 1860, Carola began to learn to play the piano and again devoted herself to painting. She gave up riding lessons because of increasing myopia .

German war

When the German war between Prussia and Austria to dissolve the dualism began to emerge in the spring of 1866 , the Saxon army mobilized its troops on May 19 under the command of Prince Albert. The Kingdom of Saxony was wedged in an extremely unfavorable position at the interface between the two spheres of interest. As Prussia's demands, u. a. regarding the core question of the future administration of the Duchy of Schleswig and Holstein had been rejected by the Frankfurt Bundestag , it declared the German Federation to be dissolved. When Saxony then refused to join a new union under Prussia's leadership and confirmed its adherence to the German Confederation, Prussia declared war on Saxony on June 15, 1866. In order to protect the kingdom from extensive war damage, the Saxon Army Corps was subordinated to the Austrian Northern Army in Bohemia. Albert and Carola moved into quarters in Prague. Albert commanded his army from there, while Carola took care of the affairs of the wounded who were housed in a hospital on Karlsplatz . When Prague itself threatened to become a theater of war, the crown prince couple were brought to Regensburg and from there, when the defeat of the German Confederation was already beginning to emerge after the battle of Königgrätz , on to Vienna . In her hometown, Carola took care of up to 5,000 wounded soldiers. She organized their meals and medical treatment, donated medical equipment and gave the seriously injured, often for several hours a day, comfort and support. In addition, she had books and games distributed and organized mail exchanges with relatives. When the peace treaty between Prussia and Saxony was signed in Berlin on October 21, the crown prince couple returned to Dresden in November.

New welfare institutions

Crown Princess Carola, 1860s

As the loser state of the war, Saxony was pressed into the North German Confederation by Prussia . The royal house of Saxony declared absolute loyalty to the victor Wilhelm I , whereupon the latter had his troops withdrawn from Dresden by May 1867. In June 1867, the couple visited the Paris World's Fair incognito and was taken by Emperor Napoleon III. and his wife Eugénie de Montijo . During the following years there was a political rapprochement between the Saxon and Prussian royal houses.

After her return, Carola, shaped by the war experience, increased her commitment to the welfare of the wounded in order to shape the Geneva Convention negotiated a few years earlier . Therefore, on September 14, 1867, together with Marie Simon , she founded the Albert Association named after her husband , which from 1869 onwards was primarily dedicated to the training of nurses, from which the interdenominational sister community of the Albertine women emerged and their instruction under the patronage of Carola in the former Guard house at Leipziger Tor took place. After their training, the Albertine women were employed in the Johannstadt “ Carola House ”, which opened in 1878 and served as the motherhouse, or in community hospitals. They were also sent to military hospitals in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877/78 .

Franco-German War

In the summer of 1870, the dispute over the Spanish candidacy for the throne sparked the Franco-German War between the North German Confederation , to which Saxony belonged from 1866, and the French Empire . On July 16, as an ally of Prussia, Crown Prince Albert mobilized the Saxon troops, which were moved with him to the Rhine front. Carola stayed behind in Dresden and took over the management of all female nursing in Saxony from the Prinz-Max-Palais . Among the institutions involved were the Albert Association, the International Association for the Care of Sick and Wounded Warriors, the Saxon State Military Association, the Association for Saxon Field Diakonia and the aid associations for the families of conscripted warriors. Her tasks included assigning the Albertine women and deaconesses to home or front-line hospitals as well as distributing food, bandages and clothing to the three Dresden hospitals. In addition, up to 18,000 French prisoners of war were taken care of in the state capital alone. As in the German War, Carola took on the support of numerous wounded, including in the foreign hospitals in Leipzig , Wurzen , Grossenhain , Zittau , Bautzen and Chemnitz . For this she was laughed at by the military doctors present and occasionally perceived as annoying to intrusive.

After the victory of the North German Confederation and its allies over France, King Johann awarded Carola the Order of Sidonia in recognition of her charitable services in the war on March 15, 1871 . The couple then traveled to their husband's military headquarters in Compiègne . In the castle of the same name , it moved into the former imperial apartments. From there, Carola traveled with Albert and held receptions. In order to support the smashing of the Paris Commune , German troops intervened again militarily in May; Carola traveled back to Dresden. After the restoration of the French government, Prince Albert succeeded her in June 1871.

In the winter of 1872/73, King John's health deteriorated rapidly. He died on October 29, 1873 in Pillnitz, with which the succession to the throne passed to Carola's husband and Carola became Queen of Saxony.

Queen 1873-1902

Regent Years

Queen Carola on a wood engraving from 1874

The funeral ceremonies of the House of Wettin lasted until January 1874. Largely relieved of their foreign policy powers by the previous unification of the empire, the new royal couple devoted themselves to representation at the beginning of the integration of the Kingdom of Saxony into the German Empire . One of the first acts was an extensive inspection tour of the kingdom, followed by a trip to befriended principalities and abroad.

In 1874 the royal couple moved from the Taschenbergpalais to the Dresden Residenzschloss , where Carola moved into her apartments in the Georgenbau . In the same year, Emperor Alexander II of Russia paid his respects to the new royal couple. In 1878 the royal couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary . The participation of the Prussian royal family in this supported the further rapprochement between Saxony and Prussia and at the same time symbolized the further integration of the kingdom into the empire. Primarily, however, such anniversaries served to present their king to the people as the educational and political father of the country, whereas Carola was portrayed as the caring and comforting mother of the country. Carola's father died in 1877. The following decade was marked by a multitude of trips and receptions, including visits to the Italian royal family in 1880, King Ferdinand of Portugal and King Charles of Romania in 1883, and King Louis of Portugal in 1886 and Chulalongkorn , King of Siam in 1897.

During the regent years Carola renounced political activities and left them to her husband, whereby she "compensated for many of his clumsiness in the political field by her sociable manner".

In 1898 the couple celebrated their 25th anniversary in government. As Albert began to become ill in his last years, Carola took on more and more of his representative duties and lovingly looked after her husband. He died on June 19, 1902 in Sibyllenort. He was followed by his younger brother Georg I as King of Saxony.

Charity

The now defunct Carola House around 1909 on Dresden's Gerokstraße

With Carola's accession to the throne, Saxon social welfare received important funding impulses. In the royal seat of Dresden in particular, the proportion of the working population rose under the impression of growing industrialization, and thus at the same time the social hardships that were dampened by the creation of new welfare institutions. This included the laying of the foundation stone for the Carola House in 1876, which was inaugurated two years later. In the same year, the Johannes-Verein was founded, which bundled all four previously founded associations of the Queen. These included the sewing machine acquisition association in Dresden-Leubnitz to get women into wage work by purchasing sewing machines, the Pestalozzi association to support and care for needy widows and orphans, the servants' home for female servants over 60 years of age, the free living space Provided and took over the treatment costs in case of illness, as well as the child employment association in Dresden Neustadt and Antonstadt . Furthermore, the private Loschwitz sanatorium was taken over . The Johannes-Verein built six houses under Carola's direction in Dresden, in which 144 poor families could live. In addition, Carola was responsible for the establishment and maintenance of pulmonary hospitals, which mainly specialized in tuberculosis treatments.

In addition, further aid associations were founded under her work, including the Dresden Women's Association, which primarily took care of feeding the decrepit and sick poor and maintained five child care institutions and three day nurseries , and two Catholic aid associations: the Association of Saint Elisabeth Dresden for Poor Care and the Vincentius Association for poor relief. Other associations and institutions were the Gustavheim in Niederpoyritz for the care of the elderly, frail people, the reconvalescent station in Pillnitz, the Krüppelheim in Trachenberge , from which today's vocational training center in Saxony emerged , whereby it is an educational institution for "crippled" but sane children acted, as well as the establishment of three people's kitchens in the Dresden Friedrichstadt , the Leipzig suburb and in Löbtau as well as various soup establishments for children. Outside Dresden, Upper Ore Mountains and Vogtland women's associations emerged, including the Upper Ore Mountain Technical and Household School in Schwarzenberg , and the Carolaverein Leipzig with a technical and trade school for women. Outside of Saxony, the Queen's patronage was a hospital in the Prussian Guttentag , the children's home in Langenwiese and the two Louisenhäuser in Morawetz and Mannheim .

Carola's personal commitment in the charitable field was by no means unusual at the time. Rather, it corresponded to the traditional understanding of the role of noble women and, moreover, was the only possibility for them to work independently and to achieve a certain social recognition. The systematic development of social and foundation systems in the Kingdom of Saxony and other empire states opened up completely new fields of public activity for aristocratic and middle-class women. Queen Carola and Empress Auguste Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg rose to “state mothers” and represented a completely new generation of women in the field of female social welfare.

The new state also understood how to use their work for its own purposes. In the case of Queen Carola, for example, her social engagement was in fact equated with the military tasks of her husband Albert in order to generate female participation in the myth of the founding of the empire. At the same time, the state underpinned the concept of a common “people under arms” that negated the previously practiced gender differentiation.

Carola's initiative and her tireless efforts were not only beneficial in the social field. By training women and girls to become nurses, housekeepers, seamstresses etc. a. There were new fields of activity for women in different professions. With their knowledge of proper household management, the quality of life of the families concerned increased. If you follow Dagmar Vogel, Carola unconsciously contributed to the emancipation and professional independence of women.

Private life

Queen Carola, before 1899

Little is known about the private life of Carolas and her husband. In contrast to the forced or political marriage practiced in many royal houses, the 49-year marriage between Carola and Albert was a love marriage. The couple complemented each other harmoniously throughout their lives. The marriage remained childless for reasons unknown. It is said that Carola went to health resorts and visited medicinal springs because she was not pregnant, which she did later. So she visited Bad Ems in 1881 and 1889 , where she attended the Catholic church service every day. Furthermore, Carola could always count on her husband for her charitable projects. The couple celebrated their silver wedding anniversary in 1878. From 1859 onwards, the couple's further private life took place largely in their Strehlen villa , which functioned as their main residence away from the royal court, whereas the castle was only used as a residence when the couple was at court. In later years the couple occasionally used the Rehefeld hunting lodge , a gift from Carola to her husband, or the Sibyllenort Palace . In addition, both Albert and Carola loved traveling and nature excursions.

Court life

Court life was subject to annual regularity. At the turn of the year, the royal couple occasionally stayed in Dresden Castle to receive New Year's greetings and blessings. This was followed by the court festivals in the first months of the year. The court balls that took place included up to 900 people, the chamber balls up to 300 people. In April, the royal couple moved to their property in Strehlen and from June to September to Pillnitz Castle , from where nature and hunting trips to Moritzburg , Bad Schandau or the Tharandt Forest were undertaken. In the very hot summer months, the royal couple sometimes lived in Rehefeld in the Ore Mountains or later at the lordly seat of Sibyllenort Castle . Albert had inherited the latter from Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg . In October, the couple returned to their villa in Strehlen to host dinners for high-ranking state officials, generals and foreign guests well into the winter .

Court and servants

Queen-Widow 1902–1907

Last years of life

After Albert's death, Carola wore black ribbon or simple civil clothing until the end of her life. She turned down King George's offer to continue living in the castle. Instead, Carola withdrew to her Strehlen villa and only appeared in public occasionally. The now visibly aged queen widow, who was considered undemanding and at times prone to stinginess among her servants, worked for several years on her will, which ended up being 140 pages. In it she bequeathed a total of 783,000 marks to individuals and charities. In the last years of her life, so the descriptions of her servants, Carola prepared for her death. In addition to the noticeable decrease in her strength, she had distributed a large number of framed photographs of deceased relatives on the death bed in her bedchamber, which were supposed to remind her of her own transience.

Death and burial

The queen widow had been suffering from diabetes for some time , which later resulted in creeping bladder and pelvic inflammation. A few days before her death, Carola developed chills and a high fever, accompanied by temporary drowsiness that ended in apathy . The attending physician diagnosed a life-threatening functional impairment of the urinary organs, which had led to severe uremia . Carola died at the age of 74 on December 15, 1907 at about 3:30 a.m. in her villa in the presence of the royal family.

After the death mass was held, Carola was laid out in public in the winter garden of her villa, where thousands said goodbye. Then the coffin was brought to the Catholic Court Church with the ringing of all Dresden bells, where it was buried the next day in the New Crypt next to that of her husband. Condolences reached the Saxon court from all parts of Germany and obituaries and homage to the deceased queen appeared in the daily newspapers. The Queen Carola Foundation founded by the Saxon state parliament in memory of Carola existed until the end of the Second World War.

Honors

Queen Carola memorial stone in Altenberg (1908)

In Dresden in particular, the last Queen of Saxony was commemorated by naming a large number of places and institutions. These include the Carola-Allee (now Stauffenberg-Allee), dedicated in 1879, with the Carolabrücke over the Prießnitzgrund , the Carolabrücke over the Elbe with the subsequent Carolaplatz and the Carolasee in the large garden with the Carolaschlösschen restaurant. The 2nd Royal Saxon Hussar Regiment No. 19 received its honorary name after her in 1891. In September 1892 King Albert donated the Carola Medal , which was awarded for helpful charity. In 1897 she received the Diplome d'honeur and the Diplome de Grand Prix for her upbringing for girls in Brussels . Also while she was still alive, the Carola Theater in Leipzig in 1887 and the Queen Carola High School built in 1902 were named after her , as was the cruiser frigate SMS Carola, commissioned in 1879, and a bay on the island of Buka .

In addition, the Carolafelsen, as the highest point of the Affensteine, one of the most visited viewing peaks in Upper Saxon Switzerland , bears her name, as does the Carolathal district of the Erzgebirge community of Breitenbrunn and the Königin-Carola-Schacht in today's Freital . In addition, a healing water spring in Tarasp is named after her. A wounded French soldier whom she had cared for during the Franco-Prussian War named a rose cultivation after her in memory of her, the “Reine Carola de Saxe” (Queen Carola of Saxony). In 1894 the Carola bird of paradise , a species from the genus of the ray bird of paradise , was named after her.

The one to Auerbach / Vogtl. belonging district Carolagrün was a lung sanatorium named after her .

Today the figure Carolas strolls regularly with other historical personalities as part of the Rondo historica through the baroque garden in the Franconian town of Bad Bocklet , where she took a cure in the summer of 1857.

genealogy

attachment

literature

• Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa (1833–1907). In: Ute Essegern (ed.): Saxony's secret rulers: The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, ISBN 978-3-938325-43-8 , pp. 138-147.
• Johann Georg Duke of Saxony: Queen Carola. In: New Archive for Saxon History. Vol. 55, 1934, pp. 1–16 ( digital version of the SLUB ).
• Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Charitas Association for Catholic Germany, Freiburg im Breisgau 1908.
• Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Princess Carola of Saxony. Hinrichs, Leipzig / Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1898 ( digitized in the Internet Archive , digitized by the SLUB ).
• Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, ISBN 978-3-910074-34-7 .

Web links

Commons : Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp  in the German Digital Library
• Literature about Carola von Wasa-Holstein-Gottorp in the Saxon Bibliography
• Albert of Saxony : King Albert as a politician with special consideration of social and economic policy. Lecture manuscript on the author's private website, June 2002 (with a section on Queen Carola's social commitment)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Johann Georg Duke of Saxony: Queen Carola. In: New Archive for Saxon History. Vol. 55, 1934, p. 2.
2. ↑ Jürgen Fege: The social work of Queen Carola of Saxony. In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. Official organ of the Saxon State Medical Association with publications by medical specialist and professional organizations. Quintessenz-Verlag Berlin, Volume 21 (2010), p. 579.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Freiburg im Breisgau 1908, p. 6.
4. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 9-12.
5. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 3-9.
6. ↑ Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa. The rose of Saxony. In Ute Essegern: Saxony's secret ruler. The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, p. 139.
7. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 10-19.
8. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 13-14.
9. ^ ^{A b c} Jürgen Fege: The social work of Queen Carola of Saxony. In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. Official organ of the Saxon State Medical Association with publications by medical specialist and professional organizations. Quintessenz-Verlag Berlin, Volume 21 (2010), p. 578.
10. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 20-29.
11. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 15-16.
12. ^ Silke Marburg: European high nobility. King John of Saxony (1801–1873) and the internal communication of a social formation. De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2008, pp. 139, 247.
13. ^ Anne-Simone Knöfel: Dynasty and Prestige. The Wettin marriage policy. Böhlau, 2009, p. 265.
14. ↑ Silke Marburg: The reputation is for free. Choice of spouse and marriage calculation for the children of King John of Saxony (1801–1873). In: Winfried Müller, Martina Schattkowsky (ed.): Between tradition and modernity: King Johann von Sachsen 1801–1873. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2004, p. 389.
15. ^ Silke Marburg: European nobility: King Johann von Sachsen (1801–1873) and the internal communication of a social formation. De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2008, pp. 139, 283.
16. ↑ Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Freiburg im Breisgau 1908, p. 7.
17. ^ Johann Georg Duke of Saxony: Queen Carola. In: New Archive for Saxon History. Vol. 55, 1934, p. 3.
18. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 18-24.
19. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 34–36, 49.
20. ^ Silke Marburg: European nobility: King Johann von Sachsen (1801–1873) and the internal communication of a social formation. De Gruyter, Berlin a. a. 2008, pp. 288-289.
21. ↑ Silke Marburg: The reputation is for free. Choice of spouse and marriage calculation for the children of King John of Saxony (1801–1873). In Winfried Müller, Martina Schattkowsky (ed.): Between tradition and modernity: King Johann von Sachsen 1801–1873. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2004, pp. 395–396, 398.
22. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 37-41.
23. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 26-30.
24. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 41-50.
25. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf Leipzig 1898, pp. 50-72.
26. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 79-88.
27. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 31-35.
28. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf Leipzig 1898, pp. 89-91.
29. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 91-95.
30. ↑ ^{a b} Simone Mergen: Monarchy anniversaries in the 19th century. The discovery of the historical jubilee for the monarchical cult in Saxony and Bavaria. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2005, p. 199.
31. ^ Johann Georg Duke of Saxony: Queen Carola. In: New Archive for Saxon History. Vol. 55, 1934, p. 6
32. ↑ Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa. The rose of Saxony. In Ute Essegern: Saxony's secret ruler. The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, p. 141.
33. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 96-101.
34. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 102-111.
35. ^ Johann Georg Duke of Saxony: Queen Carola. In: New Archive for Saxon History. Vol. 55, 1934, p. 7.
36. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, p. 119.
37. ^ Marie Görlitz: Parliamentarism in Saxony: Kingship and popular representation in the 19th and early 20th centuries. LIT, Münster 2011, p. 105.
38. ^ Simone Mergen: Monarchy anniversaries in the 19th century. The discovery of the historical jubilee for the monarchical cult in Saxony and Bavaria. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2005, pp. 176, 179, 199.
39. ^ Quote from Maria Görlitz: Parliamentarism in Saxony. Royalty and parliament in the 19th and early 20th centuries. LIT Verlag, Münster 2011, p. 105.
40. ↑ Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa. The rose of Saxony. In Ute Essegern: Saxony's secret ruler. The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, p. 140.
41. ↑ Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Freiburg im Breisgau 1908, p. 11.
42. ↑ ^{a b c d} Siegfried Seifert: Lived love was your answer. In the footsteps of great women (part three): Queen Carola of Saxony. In: Day of the Lord. Vol. 29, 1999, p. 20.
43. ^ Maria Görlitz: Parliamentarism in Saxony. Royalty and parliament in the 19th and early 20th centuries. LIT Verlag, Münster 2011, pp. 106, 119.
44. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 148-153.
45. ^ Simone Mergen: Monarchy anniversaries in the 19th century. The discovery of the historical jubilee for the monarchical cult in Saxony and Bavaria. Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2005, p. 200.
46. ↑ ^{a b} Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, p. 51.
47. ^ Hermann Sommer: To the cure to Ems. A contribution to the history of the bathing trip from 1830 to 1914. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 1999, pp. 338, 373.
48. ↑ Joseph Kürschner (Ed.): King Albert and Sachsenland. A commemorative publication on the 70th birthday and 25th anniversary of the reign of the monarch. Reinhold Schwarz, Berlin 1898, p. 71.
49. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 39-43, 61-66.
50. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf Leipzig 1898, pp. 129–147.
51. ↑ Georg von Schimpff: From the life of Queen Carola of Saxony. Hartmann & Wolf, Leipzig 1898, pp. 217-219.
52. ↑ Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa. The rose of Saxony. In Ute Essegern: Saxony's secret ruler. The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, p. 142.
53. ↑ Reinhard Delau: Carola von Wasa. The rose of Saxony. In Ute Essegern: Saxony's secret ruler. The strong women of the Wettins. Saxo-Phon, Dresden 2008, pp. 139, 141.
54. ↑ Dagmar Vogel: True stories about Saxony's last queen. Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 2006, pp. 67-70.
55. ↑ Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Freiburg im Breisgau 1908, pp. 11-12, 25-28.
56. ^ ^{A b c d e} Jürgen Fege: The social work of Queen Carola of Saxony. In: Ärzteblatt Sachsen. Official organ of the Saxon State Medical Association with publications by medical specialist and professional organizations. Quintessenz-Verlag Berlin, Volume 21 (2010), p. 579.
57. ↑ Eberhard Klein: Carola. Queen widow of Saxony. A short life picture. Freiburg im Breisgau 1908, p. 20.
58. ↑ Hildebrand, Hans H. / Albert Röhr / Hans-Otto Steinmetz: The German warships. Biographies - a mirror of naval history from 1815 to the present Mundus Verlag, Ratingen, 1993. ISBN 978-3-78220-210-7 , pp. 170–171.
59. ↑ Grand Hotel Kurhaus Tarasp (accessed on February 24, 2017).
60. ↑ Ernst Flath: Local history and history of Schönheide, Schönheiderhammer and Neuheide , Schönheide o. J. (1909), p. 260 ( link to the digitized version in the Dresden State and University Library )

predecessor	Office	Successor
Amalie Auguste of Bavaria	Queen of Saxony 1873–1902	-

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 24, 2016 .