Louis IX (Hessen-Darmstadt)

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Louis IX

Louis IX von Hessen-Darmstadt (born December 15, 1719 in Darmstadt ; † April 6, 1790 in Pirmasens ) was Landgrave of Hessen-Darmstadt from 1768 to 1790 , founder of the city of Pirmasens and husband of the so-called " Great Landgrave " Henriette Karoline von Pfalz- Zweibrücken .

Life

Origin, family and youth

Ludwig was the eldest son of Landgrave Ludwig VIII of Hessen-Darmstadt (1691–1768) from his marriage to Charlotte (1700–1726), daughter and heiress of Count Johann Reinhard III. from Hanau .

After the death of his mother, Ludwig was brought up by his two grandfathers at Philippsruhe Castle near Hanau. During the War of the Polish Succession, Ludwig moved with his brothers Georg Wilhelm and Friedrich to Buchsweiler, the capital and residence of Hanau-Lichtenberg . The brothers later studied with Johann Daniel Schöpflin in Strasbourg .

Under the tutelage of his father, Ludwig ruled Johann Reinhard in Hanau-Lichtenberg from the death of his grandfather in 1736 . In 1740/41 the Hereditary Prince undertook his cavalier tour , which also took him to the French court in Versailles . At the end of 1740 he was declared of legal age and took over the government as Count von Hanau-Lichtenberg.

He married Henriette Karoline (1721–1774), daughter of the Count Palatine and Duke Christian III, in Zweibrücken on August 20, 1741 . from Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld .

However , Ludwig always felt a deep aversion to the nobility . He let this stand almost completely from court life rule.

After their death, Ludwig IX. some mistresses , who came from Paris , and initially received the title Comtesse de Lemberg , later Madame de Bickenbach . He married one of them morganatically on October 23, 1775 in Ems , Marie Adélaïde Cheirouze (1752–1785), who was appointed "Comtesse von Lemberg" on the day of the wedding, after the Lemberg office in the Hessian county of Hanau-Lichtenberg . She had an affair with the councilor Johann Daniel Cappes. When it came out, she secretly left the residence and was finally imprisoned at the Marksburg in Hesse , from where she managed to escape to Strasbourg . The landgrave had the marriage contract torn in January 1778 and canceled the application to the emperor to raise the Cheirouze to Countess of Lemberg, which he had only made in December 1777. The Cappes Council was banned and its property was confiscated.

From 1779 Ludwig IX. Louise Madeleine Françoise Simon (1757–1829) to mistress, whom he appointed Madame de Bickenbach , after the noble family that died out in 1486 . Its headquarters was the Hesse-Darmstadt Bickenbach , with the landgrave's hunting lodge Bickenbach . She married the court surgeon Fels († 1817) in 1814.

Military and reign

Ludwig IX., Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt

Ludwig had a similar weakness for soldiers and military life as the Prussian “soldier king” Friedrich Wilhelm I , which also led to his entering into Prussian service and spending 18 of his 32 years of marriage separated from his wife at his garrison. From 1733 he completed his career in the Hesse-Darmstadt army and in 1741 established a first company in Bärenthal / Lothringen, which was then part of the Hanau-Lichtenberg district of Lemberg, which after a short time received the order to march to Pirmasens, which he expanded into a garrison town. Due to his military spending, there were soon financial bottlenecks in the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.

During the War of the Austrian Succession in 1743 he entered Prussian service as head of the Selchow Regiment on foot . He took part in the Silesian campaigns of Frederick II of Prussia and was garrisoned in Prenzlau from 1750 . He returned his regiment in 1757 so as not to burden the Franco-Austrian alliance. Ludwig's father, an ally of Austria, had intervened against the service of his sons in the Prussian army and demanded his sons back from the Prussian king.

In 1764 he entered the imperial Habsburg service, became Lieutenant General Field Marshal and in 1767 received the Macquir Regiment on foot (1769: No. 35). After the marriage of his daughter to the Russian tsarevich, Louis IX left. the imperial military service and in 1774 became Russian field marshal.

Ludwig followed his father into the government of Hessen-Darmstadt in 1768. With his first minister, Friedrich Karl von Moser , he reformed the state based on the Prussian model. Most of the previous civil servants were dismissed and the par force hunt , which had nearly ruined agriculture in Hessen-Darmstadt, was abolished. The army was increased and barracks and garrisons expanded.

Ludwig's personality had some irrational traits like his fear of ghosts and he was ridiculed by some contemporaries because of his "soldier game". The landgrave cared for his soldiers and had a particular fondness for drill exercises and parades. He did not take part in the soldiers' trade that was common at the time, such as that carried out by his relatives, the Landgraves of Hessen-Kassel .

Ludwig composed countless military marches, which earned him the name of the Erz-Tambour Empire . With the significant expansion of the army, Ludwig laid the foundation for Hesse-Darmstadt's subsequent position of power in the Napoleonic wars.

Pirmasens

Ludwig's life is strongly connected to the city of Pirmasens , originally just a small forest village that served as the seat of the Hanau-Lichtenberg office of Lemberg . His grandfather Johann Reinhard III. had already built a small hunting lodge there around 1720. The place was expanded as a garrison and residence by the Landgrave from 1741 , in 1763 it was granted city rights and it grew from almost 250 inhabitants to around 9,000 at the beginning of 1790. In 1778, Louis IX, whose father Louis VIII was already a Freemason, founded the Masonic lodge “To the burning grenade” in Pirmasens .

Ludwig had a large parade ground built for his garrison in Pirmasens , which is still a center of the city under this name. The place turned to a partial building from around 1875 one of the greatest conversions baroque squares in Europe. In order to enable the weather independent drill, carried out 1770/71 opposite the Castle of the construction of a Exerzierhauses or a covered support loose drill hall leading to this When it was the second largest parade hall in Europe. The town's first Catholic church was built in its place during the Napoleonic period, and the Pirminius Church has stood there since 1897/1900 . The Pirmasens Palace , expanded under Ludwig to a simple residential palace, fell into disrepair after being sacked by French soldiers at the end of 1793, until it was demolished in the early 19th century. In its place is now the castle fountain in the middle of the castle square.

The Lutheran court and garrison church, completed in 1761, in which Landgrave Ludwig IX has been preserved from his residence town. It was buried in 1790 (today's Luther Church ), and the Reformed Church (today's Johanneskirche ) built on the edge of the parade ground between 1750 and 1758 . The town hall, built between 1771 and 1774 on the lower palace square, was destroyed in the Second World War, but was later rebuilt, as was the former landgrave's Latin school (the forerunner of the later Kant grammar school ) next to the Luther Church. The course of the city wall, which was built in 1763 and was demolished with the exception of a few remains, is clearly visible in today's city plan. The top of the Zweibrücker and Buchsweiler Tor in the form of flaming grenades now adorn new pylons at the entrances to the pedestrian zone in Hauptstraße, the gable top of the former landgrave's officer's mess, dated 1780, which was destroyed in the war in 1944 , was walled into the facade of the property at 102 Hauptstraße. One of the so-called grenadier houses that Ludwig had built throughout the city as houses for his soldiers has survived in the Kaffeegasse.

progeny

Eight children emerged from her marriage to Henriette Karoline von Pfalz-Zweibrücken :

⚭ 1768 Landgrave Friedrich V of Hessen-Homburg (1748–1820)
⚭ 1769 King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia (1744–1797)
  • Ludwig I (1753–1830), Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine
⚭ 1777 Princess Luise of Hessen-Darmstadt (1761–1829)
⚭ 1774 Hereditary Prince Karl Ludwig of Baden (1755–1801)
⚭ 1773 Grand Duke Paul, since 1796 Tsar Paul I of Russia (1754–1801)
⚭ 1775 Grand Duke Carl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1757–1828)

With Ernestine Rosine Flachsland :

  • Ernst Ludwig von Hessenzweig (1761–1774)

Descendants

Louis IX von Hessen-Darmstadt is an ancestor of numerous European ruling houses through the marriage of his children and grandchildren. The subsequent Prussian kings and later German emperors from the House of Hohenzollern as well as King Ludwig II of Bavaria descend from him through his daughter Friederike Luise . About his son Ludwig I. Ludwig IX. an ancestor of both Alix von Hessen-Darmstadt , the last tsarina of Russia (as Alexandra Fjodorowna), as well as Prince Philip and the British royal family (via the Hessian branch line Battenberg ). Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria is a great-great-grandson of Ludwig through his daughter Amalie. King Felipe VI. comes from Spain both on the paternal side via the Battenberg family and on the maternal side via the Hohenzollern of Ludwig IX. from.

Through numerous inter-family marriages in the Hessen-Darmstadt house, Ludwig IX. multiple ancestor of the subsequent rulers in Darmstadt, for example he is the four-time great-great-grandfather of Grand Duke Ludwig IV.

ancestors

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Louis VI. Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ernst Ludwig Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1667–1739)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elisabeth Dorothea of ​​Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1640–1709)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ludwig VIII Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1691–1768)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albrecht II of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1620–1667)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1661–1705)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sophie Margarete of Oettingen-Oettingen (1634–1664)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Louis IX Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Reinhard II of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1628–1666)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Reinhard III. von Hanau (1665–1736)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anna Magdalena of Pfalz-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (1640–1693)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Charlotte von Hanau-Lichtenberg (1700–1726)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johann Friedrich of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1654–1686)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1676–1731)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Johanna Elisabeth of Baden (1651–1680)
 
 
 
 
 
 

literature

  • Lorenz Kampfmann and Oskar Schäfer: The soldier town of Pirmasens under Landgrave Ludwig IX. von Hessen-Darmstadt and the teams of the Leib Grenadier Guard regiments “Hereditary Prince”, “Landgraf” and “Hanau-Lichtenberg” 1741–1790 . A contribution to the military, family and princely history . Publishing house Deil, Pirmasens 1936.
  • Manfred Knodt: The regents of Hessen-Darmstadt . Darmstadt 1976.
  • Carl Eduard Vehse: History of the German Courts since the Reformation . Volume 27. Hamburg 1853, p. 369 ff. ( Digitized version )
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther :  Ludwig IX., Landgrave of Hessen-Darmstadt . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, p. 550 f.
  • Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther: The Darmstadt antiquarian . Darmstadt 1857, p. 237 ff. ( Digitized version )
  • Jürgen Rainer Wolf:  Ludwig IX .. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , pp. 392-394 ( digitized version ).
  • Jürgen Rainer Wolf: "Soldier Landgraf" and "Great Landgrave". A ruling couple in the history of Hesse-Darmstadt . In: Hessian state center for political education (Hrsg.): Fürstenhof and scholarly republic. Hessian résumés of the 18th century . Small writings on Hessian regional studies. tape 5 . Wiesbaden 1996.

Web links

Commons : Louis IX.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Jürgen Rainer Wolf:  Ludwig IX .. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , p. 392 ( digitized version ).
  2. ^ A b c Philipp Alexander Ferdinand Walther:  Ludwig IX., Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1884, p. 550 f.
  3. ↑ Julius B. Lehnung: Beloved Pirmasens . 1st edition. Volume 1 (740-1790). Komet-Verlag, Pirmasens 1978, ISBN 3-920558-00-6 , p. 41.
  4. ↑ August Eberlein: Landgrave Ludwig IX. of Hessen-Darmstadt and its Pirmasens military colony . Deil, Pirmasens 1911, OCLC 252807923 , p. 51 .
  5. ^ Karl Esselborn and Wilhelm Diehl (eds.): Pirmasens and Buchsweiler. Images from the Hessian era in the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg . tape 28 -30 of the Hessian popular books. Self-published Esselborn, 1917, ZDB -ID 991403-1 , p. 15 .
  6. ^ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt , D4 Mätressen ; Hessen-Darmstadt, Ludwig IX. Landgrave of. Hessian biography. (As of February 12, 2020). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
  7. ↑ " Cheirouze, Marie-Adélhaïde ", in: Hessian Biography (as of January 8, 2019)
  8. ↑ Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt, inventory D4 No. 527/9
  9. ^ Johann Heinrich Merck : Briefwechsel , Volume 1, 2007, p. 484 , p. 337.
  10. ^ Wilhelm Oncken : The Age of Frederick the Great - With portraits, illustrations and maps . tape 2 . Baumgärtel , Berlin 1882, OCLC 463170868 , Tenth book of the twilight years of Frederick the Great. The inheritance comparison of 1770. Wilhelmsstein and Pirmasens , p. 708 .
  11. ^ Robert Eitner: Biographish-bibliographisches Quellen-Lexikon the musicians and music scholars of the Christian era up to the middle of the nineteenth century. Volume 6, La — Milleville, Barnaba, Breitkopf & Haertel, Leipzig, 1902, p. 239.
  12. ↑ Ludwig IX., Of the kingdom ore tambour.
  13. ↑ Freemasonry in Pirmasens. Retrieved September 18, 2018 (German).
  14. ↑ Picture with information about the former parade hall.
  15. ↑ Ludwig XI., The founder and builder (PDF; 8.5 MB)
  16. ↑ Anna Eunike Röhrig: Mistresses and Favorites - A Biographical Handbook , MatrixMedia Verlag GmbH, 2010, ISBN 978-3-932313-40-0 , pp. 138-140.
predecessor Office successor
Louis VIII Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
1768–1790 		Louis X.
personal data
SURNAME Louis IX
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hessen-Darmstadt, Ludwig IX. from (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
DATE OF BIRTH December 15, 1719
PLACE OF BIRTH Darmstadt
DATE OF DEATH April 6, 1790
Place of death Pirmasens