Austro-Hungarian Administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Bosnia and Herzegovina within Austria-Hungary

The Austro-Hungarian administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina began after the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the joint army of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , agreed at the Berlin Congress , in 1878, and ended in 1918 after the collapse of the dual monarchy in the First World War .

history

prehistory

Vilâyet Bosnia around 1900

The regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been the site of clashes between the expansionist interests of the Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire on several occasions since the First Austrian Turkish War . To protect against the Ottomans, the Austrians built the military border, which stretched from Croatia to Transylvania over a length of 1850 km. In 1865 the Ottoman Empire established the Vilayet Bosnia , which included the territory of the modern state of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the summer of 1875 there was an uprising against the Ottomans in Vilâyet due to high tax collections. It lasted until 1876 and sparked an uprising in Bulgaria . This encouraged Serbia and Montenegro to take military action against the unstable Ottoman Empire. However, Serbia was defeated by the Ottoman army in the Serbian-Turkish War .

Occupation 1878 and occupation until 1908

On April 24, 1877 the Russo-Ottoman War broke out. The war ended with an Ottoman defeat on March 3, 1878. On the initiative of Otto von Bismarck , the Berlin Congress began on June 13 in Berlin . There, Austria-Hungary was promised to occupy the province of Bosnia and the Herzegovina region militarily and to administer it for an indefinite period. The area remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire. According to Article 25 of the treaty, the dual monarchy was also allowed to occupy the neighboring province of Sanjak Novi Pazar militarily in order to prevent unification between Serbia and Montenegro.

North camp near Mostar during the Bosnian campaign in 1878, painting by Alexander Ritter von Bensa and Adolf Obermüller

At the beginning of June 1878 the Austro-Hungarian army began mobilizing on a large scale. At the end of June 1878 there were 82,113 soldiers, 13,313 horses and 112 cannons, the XIII. Corps (6th, 7th and 20th Divisions) as the main attack force as well as the 18th Infantry Division and other reserve troops in the Crown Land, Kingdom of Dalmatia . The joint command was under Joseph Philippovich von Philippsberg and Stephan von Jovanović . The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina began on July 29, 1878 and was successfully completed on October 20.

The invasion met unexpectedly strong resistance. Major battles took place in the vicinity of Čitluk , Stolac , Livno and Klobuk . Despite setbacks at Maglaj , Tuzla and Sarajevo , the Austro-Hungarian losses in October 1878 amounted to over 5,000 men. The unexpected resistance led to blame between commanders and political representatives of the monarchy. The fierce resistance of the Muslims was expected from the Austrians when it was realized that the Bosnian Muslims would lose their privileged status after an Austro-Hungarian occupation of the area.

Even after the conquest, tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly in Herzegovina) and there was a mass emigration of the predominantly Muslim dissidents. However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough, and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to begin a series of social and administrative reforms.

Annexation 1908

French caricature in October 1908: Sultan Abdülhamid II watches helplessly as Emperor Franz Joseph tear Bosnia-Herzegovina and Tsar Ferdinand Bulgaria out of the Ottoman Empire

Even if Bosnia and Herzegovina were still part of the Ottoman Empire, at least formally, the Austro-Hungarian authorities had de facto control over the country. Austria-Hungary was waiting for an opportunity to formally integrate Bosnia and Herzegovina into the monarchy. The definitive annexation took place in 1908 after the Young Turkish Revolution in the Ottoman Empire. The Young Turk movement had gained support throughout the Ottoman Empire by this time. With their intention of restoring the suspended Ottoman constitution , the Austro-Hungarian authorities feared that the revolution would spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina. There were also fears that an Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina could easily fall under Serbian influence.

On October 5, 1908, Emperor and King Franz Joseph I announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and instructed the joint Ministry of Finance to draft and enact a constitution for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The annexation was announced two days later, on October 7th in Sarajevo. The annexation led to an international crisis that was resolved on February 26, 1909 when the Ottoman Empire recognized the annexation, regained the Sanjak Novi Pazar province and the Austrians and Hungarians paid the Ottomans £ 2,200,000 in compensation. On March 21, 1909, the German Reich issued an ultimatum to the Russian Empire to recognize the annexation. Russia followed, the Kingdom of Serbia on March 31, and the Principality of Montenegro on April 5, 1909.

World War One and Loss

Parts of the empire and crown lands of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy :
  • Cisleithania
  • Transleithania
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina

    • After the annexation, for the first time since 1878, there were riots between Muslim Bosnians and imperial and royal troops. The situation soon calmed down, however, as the Austrians also counted on the old Muslim elites and recognized Islam as a religion with equal status .

    In 1910, Franz Joseph I passed several laws and reforms that gave the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina the same rights as all other crown lands. Among other things, a state parliament was established.

    On June 28, 1914, there was an assassination attempt in Sarajevo on heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Bosnia and Herzegovina . A group of six Serbian nationalists, including Gavrilo Princip from the Mlada Bosna group , were behind the attack.

    After the attack, the existing traditional ethnic hostilities in Bosnia flared up again. There were acts of violence against Serbian residents by Catholic Croats and Bosnian Muslims.

    At the beginning of the First World War in 1914 there were fears that Bosnia and Herzegovina could be occupied by Serbia. Contrary to what was expected, the joint army had problems defeating Serbia militarily. Only with Bulgaria's entry into the war in 1915 and the subsequent Bulgarian attack on Serbia could it be conquered. Immediately after the end of World War I and the collapse of the dual monarchy, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia under Serbian leadership in 1918 .

    politics

    Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austro-Hungarian rule from 1889

    Because the Austrian and Hungarian politicians could not agree on which of the two states Cisleithanien (Austrian Empire) and Transleithanien (Kingdom of Hungary) the area should come to, the administration was transferred to the joint Austro- Hungarian Ministry of Finance . In this there was the Bosnian office.

    In 1910 a state parliament with the right to vote for a curia and a state government was established.

    Bills of the state parliament required the approval of the governments of Austria and Hungary and the Austro-Hungarian monarch.

    Parties

    • Parties in parliament
      • Croatian People's Union (Hrvatska Narodna zajednica)
      • Muslim People's Organization (Muslimanska narodna organizacija)
      • Serbian People's Organization (Srpska narodna organizacija; Српска народна организација)
    • Parties that were not represented in parliament
      • Muslim Progressive Party (Muslimanska napredna stranka)
      • Muslim democracy (Muslimanska demokracija)
      • Serbian People's and Independence Party (Srpska narodna Nezavisna stranka; Српска народна Независна странка)
      • Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Socijaldemokratska stranka Bosne i Hercegovine)

    Governors

    (Representative of the monarch)

    # portrait Name
    (lifetime)     		Term of office
    1 Joseph Philippovich von Philippsberg.jpg Joseph Philippovich von Philippsberg
    (1818-1889)     		July 13, 1878 November 18, 1878
    2 William of Württemberg.jpg Wilhelm of Württemberg
    (1828-1896)     		November 18, 1878 April 6, 1881
    3 Hermann Dahlen von Orlaburg 1870.png Hermann Dahlen von Orlaburg
    (1828–1887)     		April 6, 1881 August 9, 1882
    4th Johann von Appel 1900.jpg Johann Nepomuk von Appel
    (1826–1906)     		August 9, 1882 December 8, 1903
    5 Eugen von Albori 1900.jpg Eugen von Albori
    (1838–1915)     		December 8, 1903 June 25, 1907
    6th Anton Winzor.jpg Anton von Winzor
    (1844–1910)     		June 30, 1907 March 7, 1909
    7th GdI Marian Varesanin von Vares 1909 Eugen Schöfer.jpg Marijan Varešanin
    (1847-1917)     		March 7, 1909 May 10, 1911
    8th Potiorek oskar fzm 1853 1933 photo2.jpg Oskar Potiorek
    (1853–1933)     		May 10, 1911 December 22, 1914
    9 Sarkotic.jpg Stjepan Sarkotić
    (1858–1939)     		December 22, 1914 November 3, 1918

    Demographics

    A census in 1879 showed a total population of 1,158,164, which was composed of: 496,485 Greek Orthodox / Serbs (42.87%), 448,613 Muslims (38.73%), Catholics / Croats 209,391 (18.08%) , 3,426 Jews and 249 others.

    Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina by religion 1879–1910
    census Muslim Orthodox Catholic Jewish Total
    number percent number percent number percent number percent
    1879 448,613 38.7% 496.485 42.9% 209.391 18.1% 3,675 0.3% 1,158,440
    1885 492.710 36.9% 571,250 42.8% 265,788 19.9% 5,805 0.4% 1,336,091
    1895 548.632 35.0% 673.246 42.9% 334.142 21.3% 8,213 0.5% 1,568,092
    1910 612.137 32.2% 825.418 43.5% 434.061 22.9% 11,868 0.6% 1,898,044

    Administrative division

    Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into six districts .

    Administrative division of Bosnia and Herzegovina
    circle Administrative headquarters
      Banja Luka
      Bihać
      Mostar
      Sarajevo
      Travnik
      Tuzla

    See also

    literature

    • Srećko M. Džaja: Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Austro-Hungarian era 1878–1918 . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1994, ISBN 3-486-56079-4 .
    • Petar Vrankić: Religion and Politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918). Paderborn u. a. 1998, ISBN 3-506-79511-2 .
    • Austrian Society for Heereskunde (Ed.): Pulverfass Balkan, Bosnia Herzegovina . 3 parts:
      • Part 1: Austria-Hungary military peace mission on behalf of the great European powers 1878/79 . (= Militaria austriaca, No. 11/1992), Vienna: Stöhr, 1992, ISBN 3901208046 .
      • Part 2: Neither the Turks nor the Russians in the Western Balkans - Austria-Hungary calms down as a force for order . (= Militaria austriaca, No. 12/1992), Vienna: Stöhr, 1993, ISBN 3901208054 .
      • Part 3: With body and life for the emperor. From the Balkans to Europe - development until 1918 . (= Militaria austriaca, No. 14/1992), Vienna: Stöhr, 1993, ISBN 3901208070 .

    Web links

    Commons : Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878–1918  - collection of images, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ National Council for Geographic Education, National Council of Geography Teachers (US), American Geographical Society of New York. The Journal of geography, volume 19 . National Council for Geographic Education, 1920, p. 1
    2. ↑ Morton, Frederic. The Forever Street . Random House Incorporated, 1984, ISBN 0385171595 , p. 220.
    3. ^ Arthur Marwick: Europe on the eve of war, 1900-1914 . Open University Press in association with the Open University, 1990, ISBN 0335093043 , p. 72.
    4. ^ Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 — Excerpts on the Balkans hosted by Fordham University
    5. ^ Gunther E. Rothenberg : The Army of Francis Joseph . Purdue University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-1-55753-145-2 .
    6. ^ Werner Schachinger: Bošnjaci dolaze: Elitne trupe u K. and K. armiji . Cambi, 1996, ISBN 953-9671-6-1-2 , p. 2.
    7. ^ Mitja Velikonja: Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press, 2003, ISBN 1-58544-226-7 .
    8. ^ Peter F. Sugar: Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina: 1878-1918 . University of Washington Press, 1963, ISBN 978-0295738147 , p. 201.
    9. ↑ Ivo Banac : The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics . Cornell University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8014-9493-1 .
    10. ^ Ljubomir Zovko: Studije iz pravne povijesti Bosne i Hercegovine, 1878–1941. 2007, ISBN 978-9958-9271-2-6 , pp.?
    11. ^ Robert Okey: State, Church and Nation in the Serbo-Croat Speaking Lands of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1850-1914 . In: Religion, State and Ethnic Groups . New York University Press, 1992, ISBN 1-85521-089-4 .
    12. ^ Richard B. Spence: Yugoslavs, the Austro-Hungarian Army, and the First World War . University of California, Santa Barbara, 1981, p. 4.
    13. ^ Sabrina P. Ramet: Nationalism and the 'Idiocy' of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia . In: Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007 . LIT Verlag Münster, 2008, ISBN 3-03735-912-9 .
    14. ↑ Ivo Banac : The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics . Cornell University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8014-9493-1 .
    15. ^ Luigi Albertini: Origins of the War of 1914. Volume 1, Enigma Books, New York, pp. 218-219.
    16. ^ Robert J. Donia, John VA Fine: Bosnia and Hercegovina. A tradition betrayed . Columbia University Press, New York 1994, ISBN 0-231-10160-0 , p. 87.
    17. ^ Mitja Velikonja: Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina . Texas A&M University Press, 2003, ISBN 1-58544-226-7 .