Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temesian Banat

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The Voivodeship of Serbia and Temeser Banat also Serbian Voivodeship and Temeser Banat was a crown land of the Austrian Empire founded in 1849 , which existed until 1860.

The Crown Land of the Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temesian Banat (south of the Banat military border )

Serbian Vojvodina 1848/49

Historicizing painting of the Proclamation 1848 by Pavle Simić (1818–1876)

During the revolution of 1848 , the Serb minority in southern Hungary initially only demanded recognition of their nationality and language rights. The demand of the Hungarian Revolution for a Magyar nation-state finally radicalized the Serbian national movement, and far-reaching territorial claims were made. In addition, there were radicalizing influences from Croatia and Belgrade . At a Serbian national assembly in Novi Sad , Metropolitan Josif Rajačić (1785–1861) was proclaimed voivode on May 13, 1848 . On May 15, 1848, the National Assembly in Karlowitz proclaimed the Serbian nation as a free people under the Habsburg Crown of St. Stephen and its own crown land, the Serbian Vojvodina (Serbian Srpska Vojvodina ). The areas of Syrmia , Baranya , Batschka , Banat and the district of Kikinda were claimed .

In equal association with the Triune Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia , the voivodeship should be independent. A recognition by Vienna or Hungary did not take place. The revolutionary Hungarian army, however, attacked Karlowitz on June 12, 1848. Until August 1849, the country was a war zone during the Hungarian uprising.

In an imperial patent on December 15, 1848, the weakened central power granted essential Serbian claims in principle: the patriarchy and the voivod dignity of the Serbian nation were restored, the patriarch and voivode confirmed. However, the Serbs in the area were not recognized as a nation, nor was a specific territory defined. After the October constitution , the newly created Serbian institutions were gradually dissolved, Rajačić was deposed in June 1849 and called to Vienna in July.

Establishment of the crown land

Map of the Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temesese Banat

Nevertheless, Vienna continued to rely on the support of the Serbian forces against the ongoing Hungarian antagonism. Therefore, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temeser Banat was formed on November 18, 1849 by separating Hungarian territories and the Slavonian and Banat military borders . The imperial patent states:

“The territory that encompasses the previous Comitate Bacs-Bodrog , Torontal , Temes and Krasso and the Ruma and Illoker districts of the Syrmier Comitates is provisionally, in so far not about the future organic position of this part of the country in our empire, or about its unification Another Crown Land will be definitively decided by constitutional means, a separate administrative area will be formed, the administration of which is independent of that of Hungary, to be directed by state authorities directly subordinate to our ministry. This area has the designation "Voivodeship Serbia and Temeser Banat ". "

The area was thereby withdrawn from Hungarian sovereignty and placed directly under the central government in Vienna. Governors based in Timisoara were:

  1. Ferdinand von Mayerhofer (1849-1851)
  2. Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg (1851-1859)
  3. Joseph von Sokcsevits (1859–1860)
  4. Charles of Bigot de Saint-Quentin (1860)

Even after the later dissolution of the Crown Land, Emperor Franz Joseph I carried the title of Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia . The official languages ​​were German and what was later to be Serbo-Croatian, which was later called Illyrian .

Among the approximately 1.5 million inhabitants of the country around the year 1860 were about 422,000 Romanians , 385,000 Serbs , 368,000 Germans , mainly Danube Swabians and 268,000 Magyars , as well as Roma and Jews . According to other sources, in 1860 the Serbs were in the relative majority with 432,523 persons compared to 414,490 Romanians, 396,156 Germans and 256,164 Hungarians.

Map with the Hungarian and Croatian counties that emerged from the Voivodeship of Serbia and the Temesian Banat after 1881

Initially supported by Vienna, the Serbian attempts at autonomy were exposed not only to Hungarian resistance, but also to that of the Romanians and Danube Swabians. After the revolution of 1848/49 was marked by ethnic conflicts here more than anywhere else in the Habsburg Empire, the official establishment of the voivodeship represented a significant exception in the state policy of territorial continuity. The first governor, Ferdinand Mayerhofer, hoped for a harmonizing “Austria in small".

But the neo-absolutism of the 1850s quickly stifled the national movements of the individual nationalities. The crown land had been proclaimed as a "provisional administrative area", an explicit declaration as an independent crown land was not made for the time being. The definition of the final constitutional status was missing, which prevented the establishment of a functioning administration. The non-self-evident of creation showed that the 1849, introduced in the Imperial Patent official name of the country first hardly and was not used later as well as longer: Instead province of Serbia and Temeser Banat was mostly from the Serbian province and Temeser Banat the Speech.

After the defeat in the Sardinian War , the crown land was dissolved as a concession to Hungary by decision of December 27, 1860 and reintegrated into the Kingdom of Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia at the beginning of 1861 .

literature

  • Konrad Clewing: The double foundation of the Serbian Voivodeship 1848–1851. Ethnopolitics in the Habsburg Empire. In: Konrad Clewing, Oliver Jens Schmitt: Southeast Europe. Of premodern diversity and national standardization. Festschrift for Edgar Hösch. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57888-X , pp. 253-302.
  • Sebastian Werni: The Vojwodina 1848-1860 as a national and constitutional problem. On the history of the Serbs and Germans in the former southern Hungary. Braumüller, Vienna 1981, ISBN 3-7003-0286-X .

Web links

Commons : Serbia and Timisoara Banat Voivodeship  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Konrad Clewing: The double foundation of the Serbian voivodship 1848-1851. Ethnopolitics in the Habsburg Empire. In: Konrad Clewing, Oliver Jens Schmitt: Southeast Europe. Of premodern diversity and national standardization. Festschrift for Edgar Hösch. (= Southeast European Works Volume 127) Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57888-X , pp. 253-302, here: pp. 260ff.
  2. ↑ a b Konrad Clewing: The double foundation of the Serbian voivodship 1848-1851. Ethnopolitics in the Habsburg Empire. In: Konrad Clewing, Oliver Jens Schmitt: Southeast Europe. Of premodern diversity and national standardization. Festschrift for Edgar Hösch. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57888-X , pp. 253-302, here: pp. 262ff.
  3. ↑ a b c Wolf Dietrich Behschnitt: Nationalism among Serbs and Croats 1830–1914. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 1980, ISBN 3-486-49831-2 , pp. 87f.
  4. ↑ Law Gazette for Austria
  5. ↑ Serbian Voivodeship a. Temeser Banat (Voivodeship S. u. Temeser Banat) . In: Heinrich August Pierer : Universal Lexicon of the Present and Past Volume 15, Altenburg 1862, p. 883.
  6. ↑ Milenko Palić: Srbi u Mađarskoj. Ugarskoj do 1918. Novi Sad 1995, p. 285.
  7. ↑ Konrad Clewing: The double foundation of the Serbian voivodship 1848-1851. Ethnopolitics in the Habsburg Empire. In: Konrad Clewing, Oliver Jens Schmitt: Southeast Europe. Of premodern diversity and national standardization. Festschrift for Edgar Hösch. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57888-X , pp. 253-302, here: 254f.
  8. ↑ Konrad Clewing: The double foundation of the Serbian voivodship 1848-1851. Ethnopolitics in the Habsburg Empire. In: Konrad Clewing, Oliver Jens Schmitt: Southeast Europe. Of premodern diversity and national standardization. Festschrift for Edgar Hösch. Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-486-57888-X , pp. 253–302, here: p. 256.
    Sebastian Werni: The Vojwodina 1848–1860 as a national and constitutional problem. On the history of the Serbs and Germans in the former southern Hungary. Braumüller, Vienna 1981, ISBN 3-7003-0286-X , p. 61.