Abol-Qasem Kashani

Abol-Ghasem Kashani

Abol-Qasem Kaschani (also Abol Ghas [s] em Kas [c] hani , Persian ابوالقاسم کاشانی Abu l-Qāsim Kāšānī , DMG Abū l-Qāsim Kāšānī ; * 1882 in Tehran , Iran ; † March 14, 1962 ) was an Iranian clergyman with the religious title Ayatollah and Iranian Parliament President .

Life

In 1898, Kashani traveled to Mecca with his father, a mullah , to receive a theological training there. During the First World War his father died fighting the British occupation, the death of which made him a bitter enemy of Great Britain throughout his life. In 1921 Kaschani sided with Reza Khan , then became a member of the Iranian parliament and in 1925 took part in the election of Reza Khan to the Shah.

During the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran , Kashani was arrested because of his " pro-fascist attitude". Kashani was not released until 1945 after the Allied occupation ended. In 1946 he was arrested again and later expelled from the country by Prime Minister Ahmad Qavam for organizing a religiously motivated riot. Kashani was the spiritual leader of a group of young clergymen who wanted to replace Iran's secular jurisdiction with Sharia. Ruhollah Khomeini was one of his followers . Kashani had close ties with the Fedāʾiyān-e Eslām .

After the assassination of Mohammad Reza Shah , in February 1949 by the Fada'iyan-e Islam, which now again returned to Iran Kashani was arrested again and after the intervention of Grand Ayatollah Hossein Boroujerdi in Lebanon exiled.

The elections to the Iranian parliament in early 1950 gave the absent Kashani a seat of parliament and then his triumphant return to Iran. Grand Ayatollah Hossein Borudscherdi had campaigned for his return to the Shah, who had complied with Borudscherdi's request and ordered that Kashani's expulsion be lifted.

The literal embrace of Kashani by Mohammad Mossadegh on his return gave Iran an unusual coalition of the Islamist clergy with the left National Front . The Shah called this the “Red and Black” coalition and in many of his later speeches warned of the danger of this unholy alliance of the left with the Islamists coming to power.

After the assassination of Prime Minister Ali Razmara on March 7, 1951 by the Fedāʾiyān-e Eslām , Kashani supported the election of Mossadeghs as prime minister. Kaschani took his resignation and reappointment in July 1952 as an opportunity to demand political consideration. On August 2, 1952, Kashani was elected President of Parliament.

Kashani terminated the alliance with Mossadegh in January 1953 on the basis of the powers required by Mossadegh in the context of an enabling law, since he saw this law as a violation of the Iranian constitution. The parliamentary opposition rallied under Kashani's leadership. In order to prevent a majority against Mossadegh, the MPs of the National Front left parliament to prevent its quorum. After an unconstitutional referendum, Mossadegh gave a radio address to declare parliament dissolved in order to finally overthrow Kashani. It is therefore not surprising that Kashani was privy to the plan to overthrow Mossadegh as prime minister in the context of Operation Ajax , and that he supported it.

After the fall of Mossadegh, Kaschani turned against foreign influence, in particular the newly negotiated consortium agreement with the AIOC and the US and Dutch oil companies. In 1955, with the assassination of the then court minister Hossein Ala by the Fedayeen-e Islam , Kashani was arrested again and released following the renewed intervention of the highest-ranking clergyman, Grand Ayatollah and mardschaʿ-e Taghlid Hossein Borudscherdi . After his release, Kashani withdrew from politics. Khomeini took his place.

Navvab Safavi, the leader of the Fedayeen-e Islam, who was also arrested after the assassination attempt on Ala, was sentenced to death and executed in January 1956. After Navvab Safavi's death, the remaining members of the Islamist group turned to Khomeini, who supported the rebuilding of the Fedayeen-e Islam. The future judge of the Islamic Republic of Iran Sadegh Chalkhali is also associated with the rebuilding of Fedayeen Islam. The Fedajin-e Islam became part of the Islamic Revolutionary Associations (Jamiyathaye Mu'talefeh-ye Eslami) as part of the Islamic Revolution .

effect

In 1948, even before his exile in Lebanon, Kashani was involved in the founding of Fedajin-e Islam (The Doomed of Islam) , a community fighting and assassination against secularization. The assassination attempt on Prime Minister Abdolhossein Hazhir in November 1949 and on Prime Minister Haj Ali Razmara in March 1951 , carried out by members of the Fedayeen-e Islam, shows Kashani's growing influence on Iranian politics, which did not shrink from murder in order to enforce his political positions . However, Kashani is said to have rejected the request of the Fedayeen-e-Islam founder Navab Safavi to become minister of religion in the Mossadegh cabinet , after which there was a rift between the two. Like Khomeini later, Kaschani was not a supporter of the quietistic attitude represented by the last Marjah-e Taghlid , Hossein Borudscherdi , who died in 1961 . Kashani was a pioneer of the Islamic revolution . The Shah's rapprochement with Israel and the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations was answered by Kashani: "As long as I live, this will not happen".

Quote

“Are you aware of the dangers to our religion when boys and girls sit in the same classroom? Is it God's wish that bars open? Should women be employed as civil servants wearing make-up? "

- Abol-Ghasem Kaschani (1945)

literature

Bahman Nirumand , Keywan Daddjou: With God for Power (= Rororo: rororo currently 12718). Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 1989, ISBN 3-499-12718-0 .
Darioush Bayandor: Iran and the CIA. The Fall of Mosaddeq revisited. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke et al. 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-57927-9 .

Individual evidence

↑ Nirumand, Daddjou: With God for Power. 1989, p. 79.
↑ Hans-Georg Ebert, Henner Fürtig , Hans-Georg Müller: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Historical origin - economic basis - constitutional structure. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-05-000079-1 , p. 42.
↑ Bayandor: Iran and the CIA. 2010, p. 20.
↑ Andrew S. Cooper: The Fall of Heaven. New York 2016, p. 69.
↑ Bayandor: Iran and the CIA. 2010, p. 79 f.
↑ Andrew S. Cooper: The Fall of Heaven. New York 2016, p. 70.
↑ Nirumand, Daddjou: With God for Power. 1989, p. 82.
↑ See Kazemi 1984, 166.
↑ Baqer Moin: Khomeini , 2000, p. 224.
↑ Heinz Nussbaumer : Khomeini, Anarchy in Allah's Name. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Herbig, Munich et al. 1980, ISBN 3-7766-0961-3 , p. 37.
↑ Abbas Milani: Eminent Persians. The Men and Women who made modern Iran, 1941–1979. Volume 1. Syracuse University Press et al., Syracuse NY et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0-8156-0907-0 , p. 344.

personal data
SURNAME	Kashani, Abol-Ghasem
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Kashani, Abol Ghassem
BRIEF DESCRIPTION	Iranian clergyman and politician
DATE OF BIRTH	1882
PLACE OF BIRTH	Tehran , Iran
DATE OF DEATH	March 14, 1962

[1] Nirumand, Daddjou: With God for Power. 1989, p. 79.

[2] Hans-Georg Ebert, Henner Fürtig , Hans-Georg Müller: The Islamic Republic of Iran. Historical origin - economic basis - constitutional structure. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-05-000079-1 , p. 42.

[3] Bayandor: Iran and the CIA. 2010, p. 20.

[4] Andrew S. Cooper: The Fall of Heaven. New York 2016, p. 69.

[5] Bayandor: Iran and the CIA. 2010, p. 79 f.

[6] Andrew S. Cooper: The Fall of Heaven. New York 2016, p. 70.

[7] Nirumand, Daddjou: With God for Power. 1989, p. 82.

[8] See Kazemi 1984, 166.

[9] Baqer Moin: Khomeini , 2000, p. 224.

[10] Heinz Nussbaumer : Khomeini, Anarchy in Allah's Name. 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Herbig, Munich et al. 1980, ISBN 3-7766-0961-3 , p. 37.

[11] Abbas Milani: Eminent Persians. The Men and Women who made modern Iran, 1941–1979. Volume 1. Syracuse University Press et al., Syracuse NY et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0-8156-0907-0 , p. 344.