Marjah-e Taghlid

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Marjah-e Taghlid ( Arabic مرجع التقليد Marjaʿ at-Taqlīd , DMG marǧaʿ at-taqlīd , Persian مرجع تقليد, DMG marǧaʿ-e taqlīd ) means absolute source / authority of imitation and is the highest designation of a twelve Shiite religious scholar for the office of the highest jurist.

The last Mardschaʿ-e taghlid Hossein Borudscherdi

Emergence

With qualification of the religious hierarchy in the 19th century occurred in Iran , in addition to the gradation within the religious title (see Mullah ) for the first time an absolute and unique authority indicates the Mardscha' whose decision the believer blindly as Heinz Halm writes the following (see Taqlid ).

Marjah or Grand Ayatollah

There is no formal process for conferring the title of Marja or Marjaʿ-e Taghlid on an eminent religious scholar. However, there is consensus that the Marjah must have written a comprehensive legal treatise on Sharia law. Even highly esteemed theologians, Koran commentators or Islamic philosophers are not given this title. In Shiite history, superior Ayatollahs were referred to as Mardschaʿ from the 19th century , and the term Grand Ayatollah was established for Marschaʿ from the 1920s . In recent history, some Ayatollahs were referred to as mardschaʿ-e Taghlid, but only by their followers. B. Ruhollah Chomeini ( Iran ), Abu l-Qasim al-Choei ( Iraq ) or Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah ( Lebanon ).

Although each mardscha is at the same level in the religious hierarchy, there has usually been one mardscha with more authority than the others. According to tradition, the monarch determined who this mardscha was. After the death of the "Supreme Marjah" the Shah wrote a letter of condolence to one of the clergymen. The clergyman who received the Shah's letter of condolence could claim the title of the most senior clergyman.

Marjah-e taghlid

So far, all Shiites have recognized as mardschaʿ-e Taghlid:

literature

  • Heinz Halm : The Schia . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1988, ISBN 3-534-03136-9 .
  • Wilfried Buchta: Shiites. Kreuzlingen / Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7205-2491-4
  • Devin J. Stewart: “Islamic Juridical Hierarchies and the Office of Marjiʿ al-Taqlid” in L. Clarke (ed.). Shiʿite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions . Binghamton, NY, 2001. pp. 137-57.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Heinz Halm: The Shiites. Beck 2005. page 86
  2. ↑ SHIʿITE DOCTRINE ii. Hierarchy in the Imamiyya . Encyclopædia Iranica , accessed December 21, 2012
  3. ↑ Andrew S. Cooper: The Fall of Heaven. New York, 2016, p. 107.
  4. ↑ since 1850 head of the Hawza in Najaf , see: iranicaonline: ANṢĀRĪ, SHAIKH MORTAŻĀ
  5. ↑ since 1864 head of the Hawza in Najaf , see iranicaonline: ḤASAN ŠIRĀZI
  6. ↑ by concomitant assumption of supreme teaching of Hawzas in Qom that Boroujerdi had the highest reputation and the fact at that time. Compare: iranicaonline: Borudjerdi ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.iranicaonline.org
  7. ↑ Heinz Halm: Die Schiiten , Beck 2005, page 84
  8. ↑ Nikki Keddi: Religion and Politics in Iran , Yale 1983, page 33 ff