Taqlid

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Taqlīd ( Arabic تقليد 'Imitation, imitation') is a terminus technicus of Islamic law , according to which every Muslim is obliged to direct his actions according to the school of law to which he belongs from birth or through accession.

The age of Taqlīd (from the fourth Islamic century) is subsequently given the name "Age of solidification and imitation (ʿaṣr al-ǧumūd wa-t-taqlīd)". In modern, Arabic representations of the history of Fiqh , the term Taqlīd is used as the acceptance of norms without any examination or evidence. The independent interpretation ( Idschtihad ) of the authoritative sources ( Koran and Sunna ), which is based on intellectual efforts, is pushed into the background. Only the "imitation" of the fiqh of the founding generation is considered legitimate.

The person who practices Taqlīd is known as the Muqallid (see also mardschaʿ-e Taghlid ). If Taqlid is based on ignorance, not knowledge, the blind follower cannot be understood as a disciple , a phenomenon that is very fundamental and important. a. in al-Ghazali's book The Savior is criticized from error .

“One of the early opponents of Taqlīd is the Hanbalit Ibn Taimīya . He and, much later, the Wahhabis of the 18th century as a spiritual follower, demand the right to form individual judgments in direct examination of the primary sources Koran and Sunna. "

In its negative sense, the term Taqlīd was taken up by Muslim reformers of the 19th century (see, inter alia, Sayyid Ahmad Khan ). With the criticism of the Taqlīd they combined the demand for "opening the gate" of Ijtihad to an independent and absolute (mutlaq) Ijtihad and the accusation that the traditional schools of law were no longer able to cope with the modern requirements of the judiciary.

literature

• Len Clarke: "The Shīʿī Construction of taqlīd" in Journal of Islamic Studies 12 (2001) 40-64.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Birgit Krawietz: Hierarchy of legal sources in traditional Sunni Islam (=  writings on legal theory . H. 208). Duncker and Humblot, Berlin 2002, ISBN 978-3-428-10302-7 , pp. 70 f . (At the same time: Tübingen, University, habilitation paper, 1999).
2. ↑ Thomas Amberg: On the way to new principles of Islamic ethics. Muhammad Shahrour and the search for religious renewal in Syria (=  culture, law and politics in Muslim societies . Volume 15 ). Ergon-Verlag, Würzburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-89913-714-9 , pp. 46 (At the same time: Heidelberg, Universität, Dissertation, 2008).
3. ↑ Rüdiger Lohlker: Islamic Law (=  UTB . Volume 3562 ). Facultas.wuv, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-8252-3562-8 , p. 188 f .