Tairo
Taïro ( jap. 大老 ) was a rank in the government of the Tokugawa - shogunate . The title is also translated as regent .
The five regents
Toyotomi Hideyoshi set up a council of the Five Regents (Tairō) for his son, Hideyori , to rule until he came of age. Hideyoshi chose his five most powerful daimyo : Ukita Hideie , Maeda Toshiie , Uesugi Kagekatsu , Mori Terumoto and the Tokugawa Ieyasu . Kobayakawa Takakage was also scheduled to be regent but died before Hideyoshi himself. Hideyoshi hoped that the councilors' power would neutralize one another, but almost immediately after Hideyoshi's death in 1598 , the regents split into two camps, a "western" led by Ishida Mitsunari , and an "eastern" led by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Open war broke out only in the middle of 1600 . This ended with the battle of Sekigahara with a victory for the eastern daimyo.
Tokugawa Ieyasu took on the title of shogun .
Tairō among the Tokugawa
In the Edo period , the highest ministers under the Shogun were usually the Rōjū , but at certain times a Tairō was installed over the Rōjū. The title of Tairō was revived under the Tokugawa in 1632 with the appointment of Ii Naotakas . At the beginning there were still several Tairō, from 1680 the rank was then only awarded to one person. The position remained vacant for longer periods of time.
The Tairō had no everyday administrative tasks in the Hyōjōsho , the assembly of the Rōjū , the highest administrative and judicial body in the Shogunate. Instead, it was his job to participate in important decisions and to chair the panel when necessary. All Tairō of the Edo period were each head of one of four families, all of which belonged to the Fudai daimyō .
At the beginning of the Edo period, the office of Tairō was given to experienced, long-serving Rōjū who were either close relatives of Tokugawa Ieyasu , such as Matsudaira Sadakatsu and Matsudaira Tadaakira , or like Ii Naotaka and Sakai Tadayo already served under Toyotomi Hideyoshi . So it can be understood as an honorary position for Fudai daimyo , but there were also some, like Sakai Tadakiyo and Ii Naosuke , who knew how to use it as a position of power.
The four families to which the Tairo office was restricted were the Sakai , Doi , Ii, and Hotta . There were other Fudai with an income of 100,000 Koku and more who were given a similar post, but these were then referred to as Tairō-kaku, "in Tairō rank". An example is Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu .
Two of the Tairō were killed in office. Hotta Masatoshi was in 1684 by his cousin, the Wakadoshiyori Inaba Masayasu in the Edo Castle killed. In 1860, during the Bakumatsu period, Ii Naosuke was killed in front of the Sakurada Gate by Ronin from Mito and Satsuma .
List of Tairō
| Surname | Kanji | Previous position | Term of office | Term of Office (Japanese Calendar) |
Following position | Fiefdom ( province ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| II Naotaka | 井 伊 直 孝 | - | around 1632–? | at Kan'ei 9 -? | - | Hikone ( Ōmi ) |
| Sakai Tadayo | 酒井 忠 世 | - | 1636 | Kan'ei 13/3/12 - Kan'ei 13/3/19 | death | Maebashi ( Kōzuke ) |
| Doi Toshikatsu | 土井 利 勝 | Rōjū | 1638-1644 | Kan'ei 15/11/7 - Shōhō 1/7/10 | death | Koga ( Shimousa ) |
| Sakai Tadakatsu | 酒井 忠 勝 | Rōjū | 1638-1656 | Kan'ei 15/11/7 - Meireki 2/5/26 | retirement | Obama ( Wakasa ) |
| Sakai Tadakiyo | 酒井 忠 清 | Rōjū | 1666-1680 | Kanbun 6/3/29 - Enpō 8/12/9 | retirement | Maebashi ( Kōzuke ) |
| II Naozumi | 井 伊 直 澄 | Tamari-no-mazume | 1668-1676 | Kanbun 8/11/19 - Enpō 4/1/3 | resignation | Hikone (Ōmi) |
| Hotta Masatoshi | 堀 田 正 俊 | Rōjū | 1681-1684 | Tenna 1/12/11 - Jōkyō 1/8/28 | Murdered | Koga ( Shimousa ) |
| II Naooki |
井 伊 直 興 / 井 伊 直 該 |
Tamari-no-mazume / retirement | 1697-1700 1711-1714 |
Genroku 10/6/13 - Genroku 13/3/2 Shōtoku 1/2/13 - Shōtoku 4/2/13 |
retirement | Hikone (Ōmi) |
| II Naoyuki | 井 伊 直 幸 | Tamari-no-mazume | 1784-1787 | Tenmei 4/11/28 - Tenmei 7/9/1 | resignation | Hikone (Ōmi) |
| II Naoaki | 井 伊 直 亮 | Tamari-no-mazume | 1835-1841 | Tenpō 6/12/28 - Tenpō 12/5/1 | resignation | Hikone (Ōmi) |
| II Naosuke | 井 伊 直 弼 | Tamari-no-mazume | 1858-1860 | Ansei 5/4/23 - Man'en 1/3/3 | Murdered | Hikone (Ōmi) |
| Sakai Tadashige | 酒井 忠 績 | Tamari-no-mazume, Genrōju | 1865 | Genji 2/2/1 - Keiō 1/11/12 | House arrest | Himeji ( Harima ) |
- ↑ Tamari-no-mazume ( 溜 間 詰 ): Title that was usually given to Rōjū in retirement.
- ↑ Ii Naooki changed the 2nd character of his name between his first and second term.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Sansom, George. (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867, p. 22nd
swell
- Sansom , George. (1963). A History of Japan: 1615-1867. Stanford: Stanford University Press .
- Nobuo Miwa (美 和 信 夫) 「江 戸 幕府 大老 就任 者 に 関 す る 考察」 （「麗澤 大学 紀要」 26 号） 昭和 53 年 12 月 ※ 美 和 信 夫 「江 戸 幕府 職 制 信 集美 的 研究:学園 出版 部 1991 年 7 月 発 行 ISBN 4-89205-297-3に も 所載。
- Shin Koike (小池 進) 「江 戸 幕府「 大老 」の 成立 を め ぐ っ て」 小池 進 「江 戸 幕府 直轄 軍 団 の 形成」 吉川弘 文 館 平 成 13 年 9 月 ISBN 978-4-642-03370-1